COWS原油储罐清洗技术在吐哈油库的应用

以吐哈油库19#原油储罐引用国外先进的机械清洗设备清洗为例,介绍了该机械清洗设备的工作原理及其组成,结合吐哈油库19#原油储罐油质的特点,给出了此次原油储罐清洗系统布置及工艺流程。根据吐哈油库19#原油储罐的实际清洗效果,证明采用该机械清洗设备进行原油储罐机械清洗具有原油清洗彻底、原油回收率高、安全环保、施工周期短、节约施工成本等优点,该机械清洗设备可以得到普遍应用与推广。     

储罐机械清洗设备清洗工艺与应用

清洗作业是储罐运行中的一项重要工作,可保证储罐的正常运行。介绍了储罐机械清洗技术工作原理,储罐机械清洗较人工清洗具有显著的优势。介绍了清洗设备主要构成,分析了原油储罐清洗的主要工艺流程。结合吐哈油库20#原油储罐油质的特点和现场具体情况,制定了专项清洗方案,给出此次原油储罐清洗的具体工艺流程。应用上述工艺流程,能够更快更好地满足储罐的清洗要求,节省了人力、物力和财力,创造更多的效益。     

提高高压水射流清洗小直径管道效率的方法

根据高压水射流清洗的工作机理,结合小直径管道清洗的特殊性,选择了影响清洗效果的主要参数,合理地对相互影响较大的参数分组,并重点研究了压力与流量,靶距与打击力,冲击角与清洗速度,扩散角与射流形状等关键参数的选择和匹配,分析了清洗小直径管道时喷头和喷嘴选择的一般方法。分析表明：清洗小直径管道时,合理匹配各组清洗参数,可以有效提高射流的利用率,为提高清洗效率、有效利用高压水射流清洗提供一定的依据。     

关于举办工业设备清洗化验分析技术培训和职业技能认证通知

<正>中国工业清洗协会文件中清协教培发[2015]10号各单位或个人:化验分析技术贯穿于工业设备化学清洗、水处理等全过程,从垢样采集鉴定、设备材质的检验、清洗方案的制定、清洗原料的质量控制、化学清洗全过程阶段的检测、清洗效果的评价及清洗废液的处理排放都需要通过化验分析和检验检测来判定,化验分析所起的作用至为关键。     

基于高压水射流和机械臂的公路隧道摄像头清洗试验

为了解决公路隧道摄像头清洗高空作业存在效率低和安全隐患的问题，提出采用高压水射流方法清洗镜面，并设计了六自由度清洗装备。以隧道摄像头表面的污染物为对象，采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪（FTIR）分析了污染物成分；为获得较优的清洗工艺参数组合，在陕西省玉华宫周围隧道采集了70个摄像头样本，采用单因素变量法开展了清洗参数优化试验，利用“灰度化+锐化+二值化”的方法对图像进行了处理，研究了清洗压力（0.5～2.0 MPa）、清洗距离（0.3～1.5 m）和清洗时间（0.2～2.0 s）对清洁率的影响。试验结果表明，隧道摄像头壳体表面污染物的主要成分为碳黑和多环芳烃，而镜面表面污染物主要为颗粒状扬尘；较优的清洗工艺参数组合为清洗压力0.5 MPa、清洗距离1 m、清洗时间0.4 s（以0.2 s为间隔冲洗2次），在此参数组合下清洁率在99%以上。     

大客车空调系统的维护之道

<正>客车空调系统的运行好坏与日常维护十分重要关系,进行维护时应遵守操作规范。一、空调系统的维护1.定期清洗冷凝器和蒸发器(1)冷凝器外部的清洗。如果不及时清洗外部,不仅降低制冷效果,同时会增加各种能源消耗。(2)冷凝器内部的清洗。清洗时将     

间接空冷机组用塔外扫描式清洗系统

针对间接空冷塔外清洗压力低,无法穿过散热器,清洗水量大等问题,研究了高压水射流清洗技术,采用长靶距喷嘴,喷射距离达到2 000 mm,扫描式结构,实现间接空冷机组塔外高效清洗。该方法已应用在国电克拉玛依2×350 MW热电联产工程间接冷却机械通风塔清洗项目上。     

大型原油储罐机械清洗热水清洗效率的提升

结合大型原油储罐机械清洗的现状及工艺,针对其热水清洗阶段效率不高的问题,从用水量、喷枪布置及清洗工艺、罐内浮油的抽吸效率、含油污水的油水分离效率等方面进行分析;通过设计安装抽吸辅助装置、温水射流装置等新装置,提出基于抽吸口位置的喷枪布置方案和清洗工艺,有针对性地控制清洗温度;减少了用水量及循环清洗次数,提高了罐内浮油的抽吸效率和油水分离效率。在实际作业中有效提高了热水清洗效率,节约作业时间2/3以上。     

高压水射流清洗技术在地源水井清洗中的应用

阐述了高压水射流清洗技术在地源水井的清洗修复时所采用的工艺步骤及正确的辅助设备选型,经过反复试验研究,确定清洗压力应控制在45～65 MPa、旋转速度控制在50～60 r/min、直径为1.4 mm单孔喷嘴的倾斜角度控制在2°～5°左右、升降速度控制在1～2 m/min等,通过反复剥离腐蚀层,达到地源水井的清洗恢复目的。经过实际应用,该高压水射流清洗技术在地源水井的清洗修复取得令人满意的清洗效果。     

内衬PE型碳钢及PE管道的清洗技术研究

文中介绍了PE管线的清洗方法,并分析了各种方法的优点和存在的问题。介绍了爆破除垢法的具体步骤、清洗工艺、应用情况和清洗效果,可用于化工介质输送的PE管道内部结垢清洗,有效解决结垢被推动后使管道堵塞的问题。     

Willingness-to-pay for infrastructure investments for alternative fuel vehicles

This study investigates potential demand for infrastructure investment for alternative fuel vehicles by applying stated preference methods to a Japanese sample. The potential demand is estimated on the basis of how much people are willing to pay for alternative fuel vehicles under various refueling scenarios. Using the estimated parameters, the economic efficiency of establishing battery-exchange stations for electric vehicles is examined. The results indicate that infrastructural development of battery-exchange stations can be efficient when electric vehicle sales exceed 5.63% of all new vehicle sales. Further, we find a complementary relationship between the cruising ranges of alternative fuel vehicles and the infrastructure established.     

A procedure for estimating transit subsidization requirements for developing countries

The paper presents a procedure that has been developed for estimating subsidization requirements for urban transit services in developing countries. The procedure is based on a subsidization policy of reducing transport expenditure burden on the average commuter, by maintaining his transport expenditure-income ratio at a reasonable level. It is designed for both regulated and deregulated transport markets. It requires, as input, historical data (previous year) on fare, productivity, and load factor for the transport service or mode concerned, the transport expenditure-income ratio distribution of the commuters, and the current level of commuter personal transport allowance. It is based on the premise that transport expenditure-income ratio is inversely related to income. The subsidization formula developed in the paper yields a level of subsidy that is commensurate with the level of control a government is able to exercise over transit operations.     

A methodology for classification by priority for action: Selecting road stretches for network noise action plans

Road traffic noise is an element of outstanding importance within the overall context of environmental impact. This problem must be technically addressed from an efficient viewpoint, and solutions or alternatives should be considered by means of appropriate and consolidated procedures.Up to now, there is no regulated guideline for establishing well-founded priorities when dealing with the diverse road stretches included in the corresponding Action Plans against noise under the Environmental Noise Directive (2002/49/EC). To this end, the present study proposes a methodology to sort, by priority, road stretches identified by their noise problems and therefore requiring appropriate action. The methodology is based on the so-called “road stretch priority index” (henceforth referred to as RSPI). This index involves a number of variables (called “road stretch priority variables”) that are weighted according to their influence on the road traffic noise problem. Thus, the RSPI makes it possible to prioritize different stretches of the Action Plan. To illustrate the application of the proposed methodology, this paper also describes a real case entailing a difficult choice, applying the proposed methodology to a review of the Action Plan against Noise 2008–2012 in the province of Almería, for the road network of the regional government of Andalusia, Spain.     

Routing and charging locations for electric vehicles for intercity trips

This study addresses two problems in the context of battery electric vehicles (EVs) for intercity trips: the EV routing problem and the EV optimal charging station location problem (CSLP). The paper shows that EV routing on the shortest path subject to range feasibility for one origin–destination (O–D) pair, called the shortest walk problem (SWP), as well as a stronger version of the problem – the p-stop limited SWP – can be reduced to solving the shortest path problem on an auxiliary network. The paper then addresses optimal CSLPs in which EVs are range feasible with and without p-stops. We formulate the models as mixed-integer multi-commodity flow problems on the same auxiliary network without path and relay pattern enumeration. Benders decomposition is used to propose an exact solution approach. Numerical experiments are conducted using the Indiana state network.     

A methodology for assessing eco-cruise control for passenger vehicles

This paper compares and assesses fuel consumption models, cost functions, and solution methods, as they all have an influence on the resulting profile and associated fuel savings of an eco-cruise control system for passenger vehicles. An eco-cruise control system uses road topographical data obtained from a high-resolution digital map to control the vehicle velocity to optimize its fuel consumption. The optimal velocity profile is the result of an optimal control problem.     

Well-to-wheel analysis for electric, diesel and hydrogen traction for railways

This paper derives the energy efficiencies and CO₂ emissions for electric, diesel and hydrogen traction for railway vehicles on a well-to-wheel basis, using the low heating value and high heating value of the enthalpy of oxidation of the fuel. The tank-to-wheel and well-to-tank efficiency are determined. Gaseous hydrogen has a WTW efficiency of 25% low heating value, if produced from methane and used in a fuel cell. This efficiency is similar to diesel and electric traction in the UK, US, and California. A reduction of about 19% in CO₂ is achieved when hydrogen gas is used in a fuel cell compared to diesel traction, and a 3% reduction compared to US electricity.     

城市交叉口交通拥挤最大排队长度估算模型

文章针对交通波模型应用于城市道路排队长度估算所存在的问题，评述了累计到达-离去模型应用的优势。通过对累计到达-离去模型的三种变形形式的分析比较，选用出其中的一种模型为基础模型进行改进，得到城市交叉口交通拥挤最大排队长度估算模型，并通过VISSIM仿真实验验证了这一改进模型的实用性。     

Planning for implementation

Although the urban transportation planning process has evolved into the most sophisticated of all urban planning processes, the increasirig difficulty in implementing long-range transportation plans in urban areas today suggests basic questions concerning the process which deserve critical examination.Planning for implementation of urban transportation programs, particularly during periods of rapidly changing human values, requires a continuing re-evaluation of both technical and organizational strategies and their interrelationships.This paper raises some fundamental questions about the traditional activities and relationships that have characterized most urban transportation planning programs in the past. It also suggests a number of strategies, both technical and organizational, that may contribute to the implementation of plans and programs resulting from the transportation planning process.The first portion of this paper discusses the implications of not providing transportation services to match metropolitan growth. The experience of the Washington Metropolitan Area over the past decade is used to illustrate these implications.A discussion of organizational and institutional constraints upon the planning process follows. Then, the implications for the planning process are explored, and the scale of planning is reviewed as well as the need for monitoring the performance and impact of facilities.Next, the paper deals with the need to broaden the range of solutions to transportation problems, including consideration of economic and land development policies to reduce travel demand, as well as the provision of new facilities.Finally, techniques for involving decision-makers in the planning process are discussed. Examples of special project activities in the Washington area are used to illustrate these techniques and their value.