城镇埋地燃气管道失效原因分析

文中对发生泄漏的某城镇燃气管道进行了失效原因分析,通过尺寸测量、宏观分析、电镜分析、化学成分及拉伸性能分析、金相分析等,得出了燃气管道断裂原因为管道环焊缝在外部载荷的应力作用下发生了断裂扩展,并确定了管道起源开裂的位置。     

气田集输管道弯头失效分析

某气田L360材质埋地集输管道2年发生4次泄漏。文中通过宏观检验、化学成分分析、金相分析、硬度分析、拉伸性能分析、冲击韧性分析等综合测试方法，从材料质量、使用环境等方面分析管道失效的原因。结果表明：被测管道材料C、Si、S元素超标；介质中含有氯离子，造成管道出现应力腐蚀开裂。不合格的材料和使用环境中的氯离子综合作用导致了管道失效。     

海上平台压力管道损伤分析

通过宏观检验、壁厚测定、UT、MT、PT、金相检测、铁素体测定等技术方法,对海上平台压力管道安全状况进行调查研究。针对海上平台的压力管道典型损伤案例,分析了海上平台压力管道潜在的主要损伤机理;并对主要的典型损伤提出了具有针对性的检测方法,以方便在检验过程中发现并识别管道存在的损伤,及时排除隐患,从而预防管道损伤失效,有效保障管道的运行安全。     

管道弯头爆裂失效分析

对粗混胺工艺管道弯头爆裂处,通过宏观检查弯头裂口外观、测厚检查弯头减薄、化学分析弯头化学成分变化等情况,分析了弯头爆裂失效的原因。结果表明:介质对管壁长时间腐蚀及介质流动对弯头冲刷造成管壁减薄是粗混胺工艺管道失效的原因。文中的分析给工艺管道的设计和管理提供了可靠的依据,避免同类事故的再次发生,确保化工生产安全经济运行。     

汽轮机主蒸汽疏水管爆管失效分析

针对一台汽轮机主蒸汽疏水管爆管事故,通过宏观检查爆口外观、分析管材成分变化、分析金相组织变化、检查弯头减薄、检查强度变化等,分析了疏水管爆管失效的原因。确定材质劣化和介质冲刷严重造成管壁减薄是疏水管爆管事故的原因。提出了相应的建议和措施,确保设备安全运行。     

发电机内冷水冷器失效分析

本厂发电机组用的内冷水冷器，其中的换热用黄铜管的穿孔失效问题，是长期以来困扰我厂发电机正常运行的症结，本文通过对失效管件取样进行了显微金相检查，扫描电镜和Ｘ－ＲＡＹ能谱分析，查出失效主因，并相应对循环水质的控制和黄铜管的处理工艺提出合理的建议。     

双点腐蚀缺陷对管道剩余寿命的影响

腐蚀是造成油气管道失效和破坏的主要原因之一。在腐蚀严重区域,由于同时存在单点腐蚀和双点腐蚀,管道面临着更大的失效和破坏风险。若仍按单点腐蚀预测该区域管道的剩余寿命,进行可靠性分析,会造成较大的分析误差。文中应用Monte Carlo法,分别计算单点腐蚀和双点腐蚀的失效概率。通过比较分析发现:由于双点腐蚀的相互作用,管道的失效概率明显增加,剩余强度和剩余寿命减小;随着双点腐蚀蚀坑间距的不断增加,其失效概率不断降低,最终趋于单点腐蚀失效概率。     

电站锅炉水冷壁管严重腐蚀原因分析及处理

对一电站锅炉水冷壁管发生严重腐蚀爆裂处,通过宏观检查裂口外观、显微镜检查腐蚀坑底部金相组织、化学分析管材成分变化等情况,分析了水冷壁管爆裂失效的原因。结果表明:锅炉生产冷凝回水出现异常是引起锅炉水冷壁管严重腐蚀的直接原因。避免和防止同类事故的再次发生,确保锅炉及化工生产正常安全经济运行。     

基于ANSYS有限元分析的海底管道变形数值模拟

某海底管道由于拖锚损伤导致局部失效变形。文中基于变形管道的偏移量、着力点破坏程度、塑性变形区域等信息,通过ANSYS有限元分析软件对管道在锚拉力作用下的变形过程进行数值模拟,计算变形管道所受的最大拉力和弯曲角度等参数,并验证整个变形过程。结果表明,该海底管道在至少2 657 k N的外力作用下牵引拉伸导致变形失效。     

复合保温蒸汽直埋管道工艺控制

随着城市集中供热的发展 ,蒸汽管道直埋技术得到了广泛应用 ,同时也暴露出了如管道内管泄漏、管道保温失效等问题。为避免此类问题 ,在设计和施工经验的基础上 ,通过对管道实际运行机理的分析 ,提出采用科学的结构设计、严格保温管的加工工艺和管线施工工艺的方法 ,解决诸如管道内漏和保温失效的问题。     

奥氏体不锈钢有缝弯头在爆破试验中的失效分析

某奥氏体不锈钢有缝弯头在进行爆破试验中,未达到标准规定压力提前发生爆破开裂。文中主要通过金相显微镜和扫描电镜对弯头断口处和远离断口处的金相显微组织和断口形貌进行观察,通过光谱分析和材料拉伸试验对弯头材料的化学成分和力学性能进行检测评估,结合弯头加工成型的实际工艺情况,对弯头提前失效的原因进行综合的分析。材料本身存在缺陷及夹杂物导致了弯头的失效。     

天然气站往复式压缩机活塞失效分析

针对天然气站往复式压缩机活塞的断裂事故,运用失效分析方法,开展了活塞断口扫描电镜分析、能谱和金相分析。根据断口形貌的电镜和金相观察结果,结合理论知识,分析确定了该活塞发生断裂事故的主要原因,即在特定工况下该活塞的材料缺陷是造成断裂的主要因素。     

加载管线弯头壁厚减薄分析

为查明某压气站压缩机组附属加载管线弯头壁厚减薄的原因,采用宏观检查、壁厚测量、理化性能分析、金相分析和能谱分析等方法,发现弯头组织中存在大量呈片状分布的非金属夹杂物是导致弯头壁厚减薄的原因,夹杂物导致弯头内部分层,使得壁厚检测时超声波传播遇到不同界面反射回波,显示壁厚减薄。最后给出了防止发生类似事故的建议。     

天然气输送用双抗型钢管的焊接工艺试验研究

为了研究影响双抗型钢管的抗氢诱导裂纹和抗硫化物应力腐蚀开裂的产生因素,对某双抗型钢管采用双V型坡口形式,通过不同线能量下手工电弧焊工艺施焊后,对焊接接头的力学性能、焊接裂纹性能、最高硬度、金相组织进行试验分析。采用美国腐蚀工程师协会的试验方法进行试验,发现钢管焊缝试样的硫化氢应力腐蚀裂纹大多沿着粒状贝氏体晶界和焊缝组织不均匀部位分布,并且硬度越高,裂纹敏感性越高。     

Designing computable general equilibrium models for transportation applications

This paper presents a review of Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model applications for spatial economic and transport interaction modelling. This paper has three objectives (1) To deliver an up to date and comprehensive literature review on applications of CGE models in transportation, (2) To analyze the different methodological approaches and their theoretical and practical advantages and disadvantages, and (3) To ultimately provide guidance on designing CGE models for various transportation analyses. The content of the paper is as follows: first, a brief introduction to CGE models is provided. The history of CGE models is traced, ranging from their origins and seminal applications in economics, to their eventual adoption in transportation research. This is followed by a comprehensive review of the application of CGE models to transport projects and policies. Various applications in transportation are reviewed in terms of their intended application, as well as their treatment of space and time. Finally, these applications are contrasted with respect to their methodological approaches, with a close examination of various influential model choices. Here, the essential design choices made within these model applications are explained and debated, to clearly elaborate on the workings of the models and the design choices facing CGE model developers.     

E‐Shopping and its Relationship with In‐store Shopping: Empirical Evidence from the Netherlands and the USA

Abstract

Despite considerable examination of the impact of telecommunications on travel, little empirical evidence sheds light on the impact of e‐shopping on travel—a recent and increasingly popular form of telecommunications. This paper analyses determinants of online buying and their relationship with in‐store shopping, using empirical data obtained from Minneapolis, USA, and Utrecht, the Netherlands. Based on chi‐square tests and logistic and ordinary least‐squares regressions, the results indicate that online buying is affected by sociodemographics and spatial characteristics of people, their Internet experience, and their attitudes towards in‐store shopping. US respondents who prefer to see products in person are less likely to buy online. Dutch respondents are more likely to buy online as travel times to shops are shorter. At first sight, this counterintuitive result might be related to an urban, innovative lifestyle that supports e‐shopping. A more detailed analysis of Dutch online buyers reveals that they make more shopping trips than non‐online buyers and have a shorter shopping duration. The results indicate that the relationship between online buying and in‐store shopping is not one of substitution but of complementarity.     

System for assessing Aviation’s Global Emissions (SAGE), Part 2: Uncertainty assessment

This paper focuses on assessing and applying the Federal Aviation Administration’s System for assessing Aviation’s Global Emissions (SAGE), Version 1.5, to evaluate global aircraft fuel consumption and emissions. The model is capable of computing fuel burn and emissions on a flight-by-flight, fleet and global basis. Here, a parametric study was conducted to rank-order the effects that the modeling uncertainties had on estimates of fuel burn and emissions. Statistical methods were applied to analyze both the random and systematic errors of the model. Also, applying the model to a sample policy analysis case allowed an examination of more stringent engine certification standards for mitigating aviation emissions. Uncertainties of the model were carefully accounted for in the fuel burn and emissions scenarios of the policy options. Results show that for some applications, SAGE may be used to resolve small differences in fleet emissions performance. Although the absolute uncertainty in flight-by-flight NO_x predictions from the model are of the order of 40%, results show that it is well within the current capabilities of the model to distinguish between the fleet average NO_x emissions associated with the typical NO_x stringency options considered in policy analyses.     

油田小口径管道内壁腐蚀检测技术

油田集输系统管道因内腐蚀穿孔造成停产事故和环境污染等,是油田安全生产的重大隐患,及早发现和判断管道内腐蚀情况越来越重要,为此研究开发了一种油田小口径管道内壁腐蚀检测技术.该技术采用长距离小口径管道内部视频检测车,通过视频观察和录像、里程记忆等系统的精密集成,实现了小口径管道长距离内壁表面状况检测.通过试验,获得令人满意...     

沉管隧道地震响应分析

文章采用田村重四郎和冈本舜三提出的沉埋隧道地震响应分析的数学模型,对南京长江越江隧道(沉管段)方案进行了地震响应的纵向受力分析。分析中采用了隧址处100年超越概率为2%的人工合成地震加速度,考虑了不同管段的联结方式和不同的计算参数,对初步设计中沉管段结构的安全性进行了论证,所提供的数据曾为设计单位所采纳[1]。