CFD simulation of propeller and rudder performance when using additional thrust fins

To analyse a possible way to improve the propulsion performance of ships,the unstructured grid and the Reynolds Average Navier-Stokes equations were used to calculate the performance of a propeller and rudder fitted with additional thrust fins in the viscous flow field.The computational fluid dynamics software FLUENT was used to simulate the thrust and torque coefficient as a function of the advance coefficient of propeller and the thrust efficiency of additional thrust fins. The pressure and velocity flow behind the propeller was calculated. The geometrical nodes of the propeller were constituted by FORTRAN program and the NUMBS method was used to create a configuration of the propeller,which was then used by GAMMBIT to generate the calculation model. The thrust efficiency of fins was calculated as a function of the number of additional fins and the attack angles. The results of the calculations agree fairly well with experimental data,which shows that the viscous flow solution we present is useful in simulating the performance of propellers and rudders with additional fins.     

应用RANS(雷诺平均的纳维尔一斯托克斯方程)和动量理论进行螺旋桨诱导速度的计算研究(英文)

In order to provide instructions for the calculation of the propeller induced velocity in the study of the hull-propeller interaction using the body force approach,three methods were used to calculate the propeller induced velocity:1) Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS) simulation of the self-propulsion test,2) RANS simulation of the propeller open water test,and 3) momentum theory of the propeller.The results from the first two methods were validated against experimental data to assess the accuracy of the computed flow field.The thrust identity method was adopted to obtain the advance velocity,which was then used to derive the propeller induced velocity from the total velocity field.The results computed by the first two approaches were close,while those from the momentum theory were significantly overestimated.The presented results could prove to be useful for further calculations of self-propulsion using the body force approach.     

Interaction of two-dimensional impulsively started airfoils

Continuous vortieity panels were used to model general unsteady inviscid, incompressible, two-dimensional flows. The geometry of the airfoil was approximated by series of short straight segments having endpoints that lie on the actual surface. A piecewise linear, continuous distribution of vorticity over the airfoil surface was used to generate disturbance flow. The no-penetration condition was imposed at the midpoint of each segment and at discrete times. The wake was simulated by a system of point vortices, which moved at local fluid velocity. At each time step, a new wake panel with uniform vortieity distribution was attached to the trailing edge, and the condition of constant circulation around the airfoil and wake was imposed. A new expression for Kutta condition was developed to study the interference effect between two impulsively started NACA0012 airfoils. The tandem arrangement was found to he the most effective to enhance the lift of the rear airfoil. The interference effect between tidal turbine blades was shown clearly.     

周期性阵风流对通气超空泡尾流结构影响的数值研究（英文）

A computational model is established to investigate the effects of a periodic gust flow on the wake structure of ventilated supercavities. The effectiveness of the computational model is validated by comparing with available experimental data.Benefited from this numerical model, the vertical velocity characteristics in the entire flow field can be easily monitored and analyzed under the action of a gust generator; further, the unsteady evolution of the flow parameters of the closed region of the supercavity can be captured in any location. To avoid the adverse effects of mounting struts in the experiments and to obtain more realistic results, the wake structure of a ventilated supercavity without mounting struts is investigated. Unsteady changes in the wake morphology and vorticity distribution pattern of the ventilated supercavity are determined. The results demonstrate that the periodic swing of the gust generator can generate a gust flow and, therefore, generate a periodic variation of the ventilated cavitation number σ. At the peak σ, a re-entrant jet closure appears in the wake of the ventilated supercavity. At the valley σ, a twin-vortex closure appears in the wake of the ventilated supercavity. For the forward facing model, the twin vortex appears as a pair of centrally rolled-up vortices, due to the closure of vortex is affected by the structure. For the backward facing model,however, the twin vortex appears alternately as a pair of centrally rolled-up vortices and a pair of centrally rolled-down vortices,against the periodic gust flow.     

A method for numerical calculation of propeller hydrodynamics in unsteady inflow

The hydrodynamic performance of a propeller in unsteady inflow was calculated using the surface panel method. The surfaces of blades and hub were discreted by a number of hyperboloidal quadrilateral panels with constant source and doublet distribution. Each panel's corner coordinates were calculated by spline interpolation between the main parameter and the blade geometry of the propeller. The integral equation was derived using the Green Formula. The influence coefficient of the matrix was calculated by the Morino analytic formula. The tangential velocity distribution was calculated with the Yanagizawa method, and the pressure coefficient was calculated using the Bonuli equation. The pressure Kutta condition was satisfied at the trailing edge of the propeller blade using the Newton-Raphson iterative procedure, so as to make the pressure coefficients of the suction and pressure faces of the blade equal at the trailing edge. Calculated results for the propeller in steady inflow were taken as initialization values for the unsteady inflow calculation process. Calculations were carried out from the moment the propeller achieved steady rotation. At each time interval, a linear algebraic equation combined with Kutta condition was established on a key blade and solved numerically. Comparison between calculated results and experimental results indicates that this method is correct and effective.     

舰船气泡尾流数值模拟(英文)

Based on a volume of fluid two-phase model imbedded in the general computational fluid dynamics code FLUENT6.3.26, the viscous flow with free surface around a model-scaled KRISO container ship (KCS) was first numerically simulated. Then with a rigid-lid-free-surface method, the underwater flow field was computed based on the mixture multiphase model to simulate the bubbly wake around the KCS hull. The realizable k-ε two-equation turbulence model and Reynolds stress model were used to analyze the effects of turbulence model on the ship bubbly wake. The air entrainment model, which is relative to the normal velocity gradient of the free surface, and the solving method were verified by the qualitatively reasonable computed results.     

Numerical solutions for a two-dimensional airfoil undergoing unsteady motion

Continuous vorticity panels are used to model general unsteady inviscid, incompressible, and two-dimensional flows. The geometry of the airfoil is approximated by series of short straight segments having endpoints that lie on the actual surface. A piecewise linear, continuous distribution of vorticity over the airfoil surface is used to generate disturbance flow. The no-penetration condition is imposed at the midpoint of each segment and at discrete times. The wake is simulated by a system of point vortices, which move at local fluid velocity. At each time step, a new wake panel with uniform vorticity distribution is attached to the trailing edge, and the condition of constant circulation around the airfoil and wake is imposed. A new expression for Kutta condition is developed to study (i) the effect of thickness on the lift build-up of an impulsively started airfoil, (ii) the effects of reduced frequency and heave amplitude on the thrust production of flapping airfoils, and (iii) the vortex-airfoil interaction. This work presents some hydrodynamic results for tidalstream turbine.     

采用高阶边界元法的楔形体变速度入水数值模拟(英文)

A high order boundary element method was developed for the complex velocity potential problem. The method ensures not only the continuity of the potential at the nodes of each element but also the velocity. It can be applied to a variety of velocity potential problems. The present paper, however, focused on its application to the problem of water entry of a wedge with varying speed. The continuity of the velocity achieved herein is particularly important for this kind of nonlinear free surface flow problem, because when the time stepping method is used, the free surface is updated through the velocity obtained at each node and the accuracy of the velocity is therefore crucial. Calculation was made for a case when the distance S that the wedge has travelled and time t follow the relationship s=Dtα, where D and α are constants, which is found to lead to a self similar flow field when the effect due to gravity is ignored.     

Numerical study on flow-induced noise for a steam stop-valve using large eddy simulation

The noise induced by the fluctuant saturated steam flow under 250 °C in a stop-valve was numerically studied.The simulation was carried out using computational fluid dynamics（CFD） and ACTRAN.The acoustic field was investigated with Lighthill＇s acoustic analogy based on the properties of the flow field obtained using a large-eddy simulation that employs the LES-WALE dynamic model as the sub-grid-scale model.Firstly,the validation of mesh was well conducted,illustrating that two million elements were sufficient in this situation.Secondly,the treatment of the steam was deliberated,and conclusions indicate that when predicting the flow-induced noise of the stop-valve,the steam can be treated as incompressible gas at a low inlet velocity.Thirdly,the flow-induced noises under different inlet velocities were compared.The findings reveal it has remarkable influence on the flow-induced noises.Lastly,whether or not the heat preservation of the wall has influence on the noise was taken into account.The results show that heat preservation of the wall had little influence.     

质量比对于柔性圆柱体流激振动的影响（英文）

The effect of the mass ratio on the flow-induced vibration(FIV) of a flexible circular cylinder is experimentally investigated in a towing tank. A Tygon tube with outer and inner diameters of 7.9 mm and 4.8 mm, respectively, was employed for the study. The tube was connected to a carriage and towed from rest to a steady speed up to 1.6 m/s before slowing down to rest again over a distance of 1.6 m in still water. Reynolds number based on the cylinder's outer diameter was 800–13,000, and the reduced velocity(velocity normalized by the cylinder's natural frequency and outer diameter) spanned from 2 to 25. When connected, the cylinder was elongated from 420 mm to 460 mm under an axial pre-tension of 11 N. Based on the cylinder's elongated length, the aspect ratio(ratio of the cylinder's length to outer diameter) was calculated as 58. Three mass ratios(ratio of the cylinder's structural mass to displaced fluid mass, m*) of 0.7, 1.0, and 3.4 were determined by filling the cylinder's interior with air, water, and alloy powder(nickel-chromium-boron matrix alloy), respectively. An optical method was adopted for response measurements. Multi-frequency vibrations were observed in both in-line(IL) and cross-flow(CF) responses; at high Reynolds number, vibration modes up to the 3rd one were identified in the CF response. The mode transition was found to occur at a lower reduced velocity for the highest tested mass ratio. The vibration amplitude and frequency were quantified and expressed with respect to the reduced velocity. A significant reduced vibration amplitude was found in the IL response with increasing mass ratios, and only initial and upper branches existed in the IL and CF response amplitudes. The normalized response frequencies were revealed to linearly increase with respect to the reduced velocity, and slopes for linear relations were found to be identical for the three cases tested.     

Comparative measurements on the flow structure of a marine propeller wake between an open free surface and closed surface flows

In order to investigate the effects of a free surface on the wake behind a rotating propeller, experiments were carried out in a circulating water channel for two cases: one with an open free surface and one with a closed free surface covered by a rigid plate. Four hundred instantaneous velocity fields were measured using a two-frame particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique at four different blade phases. These were ensemble-averaged to investigate the time-averaged flow structure in the near-wake region. For a surface ship, the flow behind the propeller is influenced by the hull wake and the free surface. The phase-averaged mean velocity fields show the potential wake and the viscous wake formed by the boundary layers developed on the blade surfaces. The interaction between the bilge vortices and the incoming flow along the ship’s hull deforms the wake structure. Tip vortices are generated periodically, and the slipstream contraction occurs in the near-wake region. The free surface was found to affect the axial velocity component and vortex structure behind the propeller. As the flow goes downstream, the tip and trailing vortices dissipate due to turbulent diffusion and active mixing with adjacent vortices.     

Investigation on the vortex structure of propeller wake influenced by loading on the blade

The vortex structure of the wake behind a marine propeller was investigated in terms of loading variation by using particle image velocimetry. One hundred and fifty instantaneous velocity fields were ensemble averaged to study the spatial evolution of the wake and the behavior of the tip vortices in the region ranging from the trailing edge to one propeller diameter downstream. The trailing vorticity was found to be related to the radial velocity jump, and the viscous wake was affected by the boundary layers developed on the blade surfaces. A vortex identification method using the swirling strength was employed to extract the location of the tip vortex. The loading on the blade made a clear difference to the contraction angles. Slipstream contraction occurred in the very near wake region, and unstable oscillation occurred because of reduced interaction between the tip vortex and the wake sheet behind the maximum contraction point for each loading condition. The maximum tangential velocity around the tip vortex center revealed the average radius of its core, which was used for calculating the vortex strength. Additionally, variation of the average radius of tip vortices with the change of blade loading was related to vortex tube stretching in the wake region. The nearly constant vortex strength continued up to one diameter downstream for light loading and design loading conditions.     

基于CFD法的对转螺旋桨敞水性能参数匹配研究

摘要：采用雷诺平均纳维-斯托克斯（RANS)法对B型螺旋桨和对转螺旋桨周围的粘性流场进行数值处理,运用Pro/E和GAMBIT软件分别进行三维建模和网格划分,并采用ORIGIN和TECPLOT后处理软件对结果进行图像处理。分析研究湍流模型对螺旋桨水动力性能的影响,对对转桨进行数值计算验证,同时对其敞水性能参数的匹配问题进行探讨,分析其尾流和速度场的变化情况。结果表明：SST 模型为较佳的湍流模型;对转桨在适当的桨距比和直径比的情况下,后桨可充分吸收前桨的尾涡能量,其推进效率明显提高。     

导管螺旋桨的推力、进速与诱导速度沿盘面的分布特征

运用计算流体力学方法对在不同工况中导管螺旋螺旋桨的推力、转矩以及螺旋桨周围的流场特性进行观察,对导管螺旋桨盘面处的进速、诱导速度的沿盘面的分布以及螺旋桨所发出的推力与周围速度场之间的关系进行分析。计算结果表明,由于导管出口处激发出的下游尾涡作用,螺旋桨推力、转矩、盘面的进速以及诱导速度分量的时域过程表现出了一种多次峰谷值振荡变化的动力学特征;轴向进速是影响螺旋桨推力、转矩变化的主要因素。     

螺旋桨梢涡流场的DES模拟

文章应用分离涡模型（DES）对螺旋桨尾流中梢涡流场分布进行了数值研究。为准确模拟螺旋桨梢涡流场的信息,应用全六面体网格对螺旋桨计算域进行网格划分,通过迭代计算确定螺旋桨梢涡涡核的位置。为避免数值离散误差,对梢涡区域进行了网格加密处理。为了研究螺旋桨梢涡空间形态,文中采用涡核识别的“Q准则”,对螺旋桨梢涡等值面进行定义。计算结果表明,该文建立的尾流中梢涡流场分布数值模拟方法能够准确预报出螺旋桨梢涡流场的分布及涡核形状,与实验测量结果相符。     

用升力面理论预报螺旋桨性能和桨叶表面压力分布

本文提出了一个依据升力面理论预报螺旋桨在不同工况下的性能和桨叶表面压力分布的计算方法。该方法计入了桨叶侧斜、纵斜、径向变螺距和径向变伴流等因素的影响。 在附着涡和自由涡的分析中引入模式函数,导出桨叶区内变密度自由涡的涡强分布,从而得到了表达整个涡系的涡强分布公式,并以此计算由整个涡系产生的诱导速度。这就使得有可能用较短的计算时间和较少的计算机存储量以较高的精度求解一个如此复杂的问题。 作者已经提供了一个理论计算程序。一些计算实例与实验结果的比较表明本文所提供的方法是令人满意的。     

基于欧拉方程的实效伴流计算

采用有限体积法计算螺旋桨与船尾的干扰流场,船尾流场采用欧拉方程进行求解,通过与螺旋桨性能计算程序相互迭代确定其实效伴流场。对桨盘处轴向伴流的计算表明,计算结果是合理的。     

某集装箱船伴流场的CFD计算策略分析

以某集装箱船为研究对象,从网格划分、湍流模型、VOF方程的时间离散格式及自由面是否计及等4方面对其进行了艉部轴向伴流场的数值计算策略分析,计算得到不同因素影响下的轴向伴流的周向分布图、等值线图以及桨盘面处的平均伴流分数,并将各计算结果与伴流试验结果进行比对。对于该船型,在计算艉部伴流场时,宜采用SSTk-ω模型,在考虑黏性自由面条件下选用显式VOF法,并适当增加船艉至桨盘面区域的网格数量。     

导管调距桨的定常性能预估

本文建立了一个预估导管可调螺距螺旋桨水动力性能的数值计算方法，即螺旋浆用升力面理论、导管采用面元法，通过迭代计算考虑浆和导管的相互影响。引入了一个修正的螺旋浆尾涡模型，来模拟尾涡片的扭曲变形及分离现象，对导管桨性能预估的各种影响因素分析了系统研究，并考虑了桨毂对性能的影响。对JD简易导管桨和导管调距桨（JD7704导管＋JDC三叶可调螺距螺旋浆）分别进行了计算，并与实验结果进行了比较。结果表明，本文所建立的方法可较好地预估导管桨的水性能，精度比以往有较大的提高。     

Comparison of Scour and Flow Characteristics Around Circular and Oblong Bridge Piers in Seepage Affected Alluvial Channels

The present study examines scour geometry and turbulent flow characteristics around circular and oblong piers in alluvial channel with downward seepage. Experiments were conducted in plane sand bed of non-uniform sand under no seepage, 10% seepage and 15% seepage conditions. Scour depth at oblong pier is significantly lesser than the scour depth at circular one. However, the scour depth at both piers reduces with downward seepage. The measurements show that the velocity and Reynolds stresses are negative near the bed at upstream of piers where the strong reversal occurs. At downstream of oblong pier near the free surface, velocity and Reynolds stresses are less positive; whereas, they are negative at downstream of circular pier. The streamline shape of oblong pier leads to reduce the strength of wake vortices and consequently reversal flow at downstream of pier. With application of downward seepage turbulent kinetic energy is decreasing. The results show that the wake vortices at oblong pier are weaker than the wake vortices at circular pier. The strength of wake vortices diminishes with downward seepage. The Strouhal number is lesser for oblong pier and decreases with downward seepage for both oblong and circular piers.