岩溶富水隧道可控注浆施工技术研究

以重庆市轨道交通一号线中梁山隧道工程岩溶富水段注浆堵水工程为例,综合分析了帷幕注浆的理论数据和中梁山隧道岩溶富水段超前帷幕注浆堵水实践经验数据,以探索超前帷幕注浆可控施工技术;在实践中,通过注浆终孔可控、注浆终压可控、注浆量可控、注浆材料可控等方法来实现帷幕注浆可控,以达到快速、安全、文明、高效的注浆施工。     

动水动态信息化注浆施工技术研究

在我国城市建设中,随着城市岩溶富水隧道的修建,岩溶富水隧道的帷幕注浆技术在城市隧道施工中得到了广泛运用。但在岩溶富水隧道施工中,由于对不良地质的超前预报是有限的,当前采用的帷幕注浆具有一定的探索性和盲目性。为了加强对帷幕注浆的指导性和可控性,进行动水动态信息化施工技术的研究是必要的。动水动态信息化注浆设计、施工技术的核心体现在:信息化注浆模型地质数据的更新;注浆方案的优化;现场动态控制。文章介绍了中梁山隧道岩溶富水段帷幕注浆的施工情况,研究分析了帷幕注浆动水动态信息化施工的技术特点和运用效果。     

隧道高压富水裂隙注浆堵水施工技术

结合现场施工实际,根据不同地质条件、水压和涌水量等实际情况,可分别采取径向注浆、周边帷幕注浆、全断面帷幕注浆、超前管棚注浆等多种注浆堵水方案。实践证明,针对高压富水裂隙,麦积山隧道斜井施工中采用"多种浆材结合、排水泄压开放式注浆"的思路在理论和实际操作上是可行的,为后续正洞施工及类似隧道工程突涌水施工提供参考。     

围岩加固注浆技术在软弱富水大断层施工中的应用与研究

齐岳山隧道F11断层纵向长235 m,断层处主要为高压富水软弱围岩.施工中通过改变原有的注浆施工理念,将原帷幕注浆“柱加固模式”,优化为“桶状加固模式”;通过不断的技术优化,在保证注浆施工质量和开挖施工安全的前提下,将原全断面帷幕注浆192个孔优化为102个,将注浆工期从288天提前为133天.实践证明,围岩加固技术在投资、工期等方面较全断面帷幕注浆法具有比较明显的优势.     

别岩槽隧道穿越茨竹垭大断层的工程对策

文章介绍了别岩槽隧道茨竹垭(F1)大断层的地质背景、岩体构造、地下水等地质特性,详细论述了穿越该断层的相关工程措施:超前地质预测预报、超前帷幕注浆、超前大管棚注浆预支护、加强型复合式衬砌等,重点提出了帷幕注浆设计、施工的关键技术,对类似工程的设计与施工具有较高的参考价值.     

超前预支护技术在浏阳河隧道施工中的应用

文章以长沙市湘江大道浏阳河隧道暗挖段施工为例,介绍了该工程所采用的长短管棚和小导管相结合的超前支护、玻璃纤维锚杆超前加固、地面垂直注浆和全断面超前帷幕预注浆等复杂地质条件下暗挖段超前综合加固支护施工技术。工程实践证明,此项技术有效地保障了暗挖段的施工质量和安全。     

帷幕注浆技术在富水区隧道开挖中的应用研究

为了有效解决富水区隧道开挖出现特大突泥涌水这一问题,文章以广西岑溪至水汶高速公路山心隧道为依托工程,采用有限元和水力学方法,结合超前地质预报情况,提出了适用于富水区地层特大突泥涌水隧道的全断面帷幕注浆加固方法,制定了帷幕注浆方案,并采用瞬变电磁数据和物探方法对注浆效果进行评价,结果表明注浆稳固效果明显,可有效保证隧道开挖掘进施工。     

圆梁山隧道粉细砂充填型溶洞注浆技术探讨

文章以圆梁山隧道2号粉细砂充填型溶洞注浆施工为例,介绍了在高压、富水、粉细砂充填型溶洞注浆施工中其注浆材料、注浆参数以及注浆工艺选择等方面应注意的问题,可为今后类似工程的注浆施工提供借鉴.     

多种施工技术在广州地铁二号线纪越区间隧道的综合应用

城市地铁区间隧道的施工,依据不同的地质状况、环境要求、施工机具等条件,可以选择明挖、矿山、盾构、顶管、沉管、凿岩等不同的施工方法.在广州地铁二号线纪越区间隧道的矿山法施工中,综合应用了水平冻结、注浆止水帷幕、洞内超前深孔注浆、CRD法、密排小导管桩、控制爆破、监测信息反馈、地面跟踪注浆的施工技术,取得了满意的效果,确保了工程的安全顺利施工.     

齐岳山隧道富水溶槽注浆堵水技术

齐岳山隧道进口端采取反坡施工,隧道施工到DK362 060处遇到富水溶槽。文章主要介绍了该富水溶槽的注浆设计方案、注浆材料及堵水技术。     

Survey of R&D in PRT systems

A survey of research and development in advanced transit has been made by Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg in cooperation with Trans21 in Boston. Summary findings are reported for fourteen academic research programs and ten development programs for PRT. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the International Conference of PRT and other Emerging Systems held in Minneapolis in 1996.     

Optimization of bus stop locations for improving transit accessibility

A mathematical model is developed in this paper to improve the accessibility of a bus service. To formulate the optimization model, a segment of a bus route is given, on which a number of demand entry points are distributed realistically. The objective total cost function (i.e. the sum of supplier and user costs) is minimized by optimizing the number and locations of stops, subject to non‐additive users' value of time. A numerical example is designed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method thus developed to optimize the bus stop location problem. The sensitivity of the total cost to various parameters (e.g. value of users' time, access speed, and demand density) and the effect of the parameters on the optimal stop locations are analyzed and discussed.     

Productive efficiency and ownership of urban bus services

The established ownership mix of urban bus operations in Australia provides a unique opportunity to investigate the productivity differences between public and private bus service supply. Using duality theory in economics which links economic indices of factor productivity to the cost structure of a firm, we develop empirical measures of total and partial productivity of inputs, and adjust the differences for the effects of ownership status and operating environment. The evidence supports the notion that private supply of public passenger transport in general has performed more efficiently in the past than public supply, although the differences in productivity need not continue in the future.     

管道风险分析指数评分法中分值调整初探

管道风险分析指数评分法中重要步骤之一就是确定影响管道事故因素的权重,各个管道风险因素在整个管道事故中所占的权重是不相同的。针对目前管道风险分析指数评分法基本假设之一（各因素的分值范围都是0～100分）,为了更加客观、准确、合理地反映各个风险因素对于管道事故的影响程度,提出并论述了依据层次分析法的数学逻辑性进行综合计算得出管道风险因素的权重,然后对评分法中各个因素的最高分值,根据其权重不同进行相应调整,从而增强评价者对风险因素的认识和评判能力,提高管道风险评价结果的准确性。     

Determinants of modal choice in freight transport

In the next few years, exciting developments in the field of freight transport are likely to occur. The Channel Tunnel will be perceived as giving railways much greater distance of operation, compared to the current train ferry to/from Great Britain. The further development of swap-body technology will allow easier modal transfer and the creation, in 1992, of a single market in Europe will transform the pattern of trade. All of these are likely to have significant impacts on modal choice, and hence modal split, in freight transport. Reappraisal by many firms of the modes of transport used is likely but will it result in a net transfer of freight from road to rail and, if so, to what extent? To answer such questions, an accurate and reliable method of predicting modal split is required. Research in the past has concentrated on the development of modal split models based on generalised costs. These fail to explain adequately the prevalence of road freight in the UK. From surveys of freight managers within industry, it is clear that models to date rely too heavily on the economic cost factor and too little on behavioural factors (Jeffs 1985). This paper derives from a recent study of freight transport modal choice from the standpoint of the transport decision-maker within the firm. It attempts to shed light on the actual parameters which should be incorporated into a modal split model. Many variables appear to exert an influence on modal choice decision-making process. However, it is possible to categorise them into six main groups, namely: customer-requirements; product-characteristics; company structure/organisation; government interventions; available transport facilities; and perceptions of the decision-maker him/herself. It is the interactions and inter-relationships between these which ultimately determine freight modal split. This study has shown that the relationship between the outcome of the transport decision process and the values of particular determinants of modal split is not straight-forward, due to the complexity and variety of interactions involved. Perhaps one of the main reasons for researchers' failure hitherto to develop a successful modal-split model has been the preoccupation with techniques that rely on the development of common metric (e.g. generalised cost), which has led to the exclusion of some important explanatory variables along quite different dimensions. Another important issue concerns the appropriate level of aggregation. In order not to reduce the explanatory power of the key variables, it is important to work at a disaggregate level, although this does make substantial demands on data. The use of factor analysis enables both the aggregation of information without loss of behavioural reality and the specification of variables in terms of a common metric. In conclusion, freight transport has usually been examined within too narrow a framework. It must be placed firmly within the context of the total industrial process. The demand for freight transport is directly influenced by the level, composition and geographical distribution of production and consumption activities. Freight flows are complex and so it is highly unlikely that a universal mode-choice model can ever be developed. Future research should, therefore, be directed towards developing partial models in response to specific needs of those involved in decision-taking in the freight sector.     

A century of evolution of the accessibility concept

The concept of accessibility has acquired numerous meanings along multiple dimensions during the century of its evolution. This essay argues for the salience of two dimensions: application-based and definition-based. In its application, accessibility has incorporated positive and normative dimensions which have varied in prominence over time. In its definition, accessibility has varied between a mode of evaluation incorporating measured mobility and proximity, on the one hand, and a predefined market basket of urbanist improvements to transportation and land use systems, on the other. Advocates of the accessibility shift should emphasize both the measured approach to accessibility and accessibility’s normative side.     

Governing autonomous vehicles: emerging responses for safety,liability, privacy,cybersecurity, and industry risks

ABSTRACT

The benefits of autonomous vehicles (AVs) are widely acknowledged, but there are concerns about the extent of these benefits and AV risks and unintended consequences. In this article, we first examine AVs and different categories of the technological risks associated with them. We then explore strategies that can be adopted to address these risks, and explore emerging responses by governments for addressing AV risks. Our analyses reveal that, thus far, governments have in most instances avoided stringent measures in order to promote AV developments and the majority of responses are non-binding and focus on creating councils or working groups to better explore AV implications. The US has been active in introducing legislations to address issues related to privacy and cybersecurity. The UK and Germany, in particular, have enacted laws to address liability issues; other countries mostly acknowledge these issues, but have yet to implement specific strategies. To address privacy and cybersecurity risks strategies ranging from introduction or amendment of non-AV specific legislation to creating working groups have been adopted. Much less attention has been paid to issues such as environmental and employment risks, although a few governments have begun programmes to retrain workers who might be negatively affected.     

Real-world gaseous and particle emissions of a Bi-fuel gasoline/CNG Euro 6 passenger car

The objective of the present study is the assessment of the environmental impact of a bivalent (bi-fuel) vehicle, running either on gasoline or compressed natural gas (CNG). To that aim, a Euro 6 passenger car was tested under various real-world driving conditions. In order to cover the full range of conventional powertrains currently in the market, the tests were also repeated on a Euro 6 diesel passenger car. Both cars were driven in two routes, the first complying with the regulation limits and the second going beyond them. Carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO_x) and particle number (PN) emissions were recorded using a Portable Emissions Measurement System (PEMS). Apart from the aggregated emission levels, in g/km, the exact emission location along the route was also assessed. Natural gas proved beneficial for CO and PN emissions, the level of which always remained below the respective legislation limits. On the other hand, under the dynamic driving conditions with gasoline, the relevant limits were exceeded. Cold start, occurring at the beginning of the urban part, and motorway driving were identified as major contributors to total emissions, especially in gasoline mode. However, the application of natural gas was associated with a penalty in NO_x emissions, which were significantly increased as compared to gasoline. Local peaks within the urban part were identified in CNG mode. In any case, the diesel vehicle was by far the highest NO_x emitter.