浅埋暗挖软岩隧道管棚预注浆加固效果分析

为研究浅埋破碎软岩隧道采用管棚预注浆超前支护后的加固效果,以某隧道工程为依托,采用MIDAS/GTS有限元软件,建立了管棚预注浆超前支护、仅采用管棚支护以及无任何超前支护作用下的三种开挖模型并进行了数值模拟分析。结果表明:管棚预注浆超前支护措施在隧道拱顶上部形成加固带,承受了隧道拟开挖区域大部分的围岩荷载,改善了地层成拱能力,有效控制了地表下沉、拱顶沉降和应力集中现象,使地表下沉减小52.7%,拱顶沉降减小58.9%,拱脚收敛减小61.4%,仰拱隆起减小63.8%,竖向应力减小79.2%。管棚支护显著支承隧道上覆围岩压力,有效减小衬砌弯矩,阻止喷射混凝土的开裂破坏,降低土层变形过程中锚杆所承受的拉力;且相比于管棚预注浆超前支护,仅采用管棚支护对控制隧道边墙收敛及隧道仰拱隆起的效果同样显著。对于该软弱破碎围岩浅埋暗挖隧道下穿既有重要管线的施工,采取管棚加预注浆超前支护手段,确保了工程安全顺利进行,研究结果可为类似工程提供一定参考。     

浅埋粉砂岩地层隧道洞口段施工的数值模拟研究

浅埋粉砂岩地层隧道开挖时若处置不当容易引起较大的地表与隧道沉降,甚至会导致隧道掌子面坍塌。文章结合广西沙弯隧道洞口进洞方案,采用数值模拟的方法,研究了首先采用超前小导管注浆与环向注浆加固隧道掌子面,再采用三台阶七步开挖法时,地表沉降与隧道拱顶沉降的变化情况。结果发现:这种施工方案能够保持隧道掌子面与洞口边坡的稳定性,同时地表沉降与隧道拱顶沉降可控,且隧道开挖对隧道中线两侧1.5b范围内地表沉降影响较大,锁脚锚杆能够有效控制隧道的横向收敛变形,二次衬砌应该及时施工。     

厦门淤泥地层大跨度浅埋暗挖地下通道三维变形分析

以厦门市典型淤泥地层修建大跨度浅埋暗挖城市地下通道为工程背景,借助abaqus有限元软件分析市中心某地下通道的三维变形效应和特征,对不同工况下的预加固效果做出评价.分析结果表明,在地下通道下承的大体积淤泥中采用高压旋喷桩斜向加固地层,在开挖区域及其两侧采用高压旋喷桩水平向加固地层,并结合长管棚超前预加固可以很好地控制基础沉降和地表沉陷,若进一步用易切削玻璃纤维锚杆对"待挖核心体"进行纵向加固,则可以更好地控制土体变形,降低施工对周围环境、建筑物以及地下管线的影响.     

超浅埋暗挖大跨隧道下穿既有隧道的沉降控制技术

文章基于成都博览城综合交通枢纽18号线西博城站超浅埋暗挖大跨隧道施工实例,针对原设计CRD法施工存在的不足,提出了超浅埋暗挖大跨隧道下穿既有隧道的沉降控制和CRD法施工优化技术方案,并在施工中采用旋喷桩、超前大管棚和超前小导管注浆等辅助措施进行地层加固,优化CRD小分部台阶开挖法及衬砌分部分块施工方案。实践证明,采用优化的CRD法施工方案和措施是有效的,减少了安全风险、加快了施工进度、降低了工程成本,可为今后类似工况条件下地铁区间暗挖大跨隧道下穿既有城市道路、隧道的施工和地表沉降控制提供借鉴。     

浅埋暗挖隧道下穿次高压燃气管保护方案

地铁施工中经常会遇到地下管线近接的问题,尤其是燃气管道,极大地影响了地铁暗挖隧道的施工安全和施工工期。深圳地铁2号线东延线土建2222标安-侨区间施工中,隧道下穿次高压燃气管道时采取了"水平旋喷桩+深孔帷幕注浆地层加固及管线悬吊"的综合保护方案,有效地控制了燃气管的沉降,确保了隧道施工中燃气管道的安全。文章论述了保护方案的比较与实施以及效果分析。     

水平旋喷桩预支护在软弱黄土隧道中的试验研究

为提高软弱黄土隧道地基承载力,针对研究项目洞口段围岩的特点,提出水平旋喷桩预支护方案.经计算分析,参考水平旋喷桩在其它工程项目中的应用情况.初步确定水平旋喷桩加固体的直径、长度、纵向间距等.结合围岩地质条件,采用不同的灰水比、注浆压力、钻机提升速度等施工控制参数开展大规模现场成桩试验.对所有成型桩体直径、长度、3 d及28 d强度进行检验.由检验结果调整预设计参数,得出了水平旋喷桩设计控制指标、施工工艺参数.工程应用表明,采用水平旋喷桩超前支护技术具有较强的适应性和可操作性,提高了软弱黄土地区公路隧道围岩稳定性和地基承载力,可为软弱黄土地区公路隧道的设计与施工提供借鉴.     

富水流砂地层中下穿立交桥及燃气管线隧道围岩变形控制技术

深圳地铁四号线里程K9+125～K9+255段为富水流砂地层,该段隧道穿越立交桥群,与摩擦桩最小近接距离为5.46 m,且多条管线穿越隧道上方,隧道围岩变形控制要求极高,施工风险大.结合该隧道施工研究.总结了袖阀管联合钢管注浆加固桥桩技术、地面旋喷分仓止水帷幕结合洞内管棚和小导管注浆控制围岩变形技术、掌子面封堵技术、CRD法隧道开挖技术和排水技术等施工技术体系.其研究结果对国内同类施工条件下的工程施工具有一定的借鉴意义.     

桃树坪隧道富水未成岩粉细砂预加固施工技术

富水未成岩粉细砂隧道开挖后围岩极不稳定,呈流塑状,极易出现溜塌现象、造成初期支护变形侵限,甚至大的坍塌,严重影响到工程的质量、安全、工期及成本。为确保施工进度、安全及质量,必须采取预加固措施。文章结合兰渝铁路LYS-7标段桃树坪隧道出口段的施工实践,介绍了隧道出口富水未成岩粉细砂地层的高压旋喷注浆预加固技术。     

隧道超前支护与水平旋喷技术开发

隧道超前水平旋喷支护是解决大断面隧道穿越松散不良地层的可靠方法,具有加固效果好、施工速度快等优点,是目前国际先进的隧道超前支护方法。针对隧道施工环境和目前水平旋喷工法存在的问题,研制成功一种带孔口止浆器的全方位高压喷射注浆新工法,以及国内第一台隧道全方位高压喷射注浆钻机及其旋喷后台配套设备。该工法能够可靠实现隧道开挖超前支护的拱棚。在水平倾斜、侧斜及仰角高压喷射注浆时可实现孔内浆液的饱满和压力控制及仰角喷射注浆时可实现孔内浆液的饱满和压力控制,能够确保注浆体质量,减少对地层的消弱,从而控制地基变形;废浆液通过导流管实现有序排放,避免施工场地环境污染。     

铁路黄土隧道变形规律及建设管理要点研究

黄土隧道施工过程中,常出现支护破坏和隧道塌方等事故。文章基于黄土隧道工程的监控量测数据,采用统计分析方法对不同围岩级别、埋深和含水率下的黄土隧道变形规律进行了研究。结果表明:(1)Ⅳ级围岩黄土隧道拱顶下沉、周边收敛的量值分别集中在50 mm和35 mm以内,Ⅴ级围岩黄土隧道拱顶下沉、周边收敛则集中在60 mm和40 mm以内;(2)Ⅳ级、Ⅴ级围岩双线黄土隧道拱顶下沉和周边收敛变形值与含水率呈正相关关系,变形速率则先增大后减小,在含水量超过16%时变形增大明显;(3)基于拱顶沉降统计,提出Ⅳ级、Ⅴ级围岩黄土隧道设计预留变形量值范围可分别取7～9 cm和12～15 cm;(4)黄土隧道工程建设管理要点是提前梳理重难点工程,施工前严格方案审核,加强地表处理,施工时强化地质预报和监控量测,严格变更设计管理,重点做好工艺管理和施工质量控制。     

The Impact of Container Type Diversification on Regional British Port Development Strategies

Abstract

Despite a concentration of container traffic in the southeast of the UK over the last few decades, regional ports are attempting new development strategies to capture or retain specific traffic segments. These include intra-European short-sea traffic and a potentially increasing feeder market. These trends are reflected in the movement of different container types, which result in a number of planning challenges related to changing infrastructural and operational requirements. This paper uses highly disaggregated data on container type movements to address three issues that can inform these planning challenges. First, the imbalance of trade resulting in empty container repositioning; second, the requirement for gauge-cleared rail routes to cater for the increasing proportion of high-cube containers; and third, the specialisation of European short-sea traffic at secondary UK ports. The results reveal the disproportionate repositioning of empty containers at Scottish ports and the importance of 45?ft, high-cube and pallet-wide containers at regional ports, highlighting their focus on intra-European short-sea traffic and raising difficulties relating to their lower quality of landside infrastructure (particularly rail) in comparison to the large south-eastern ports. The potential repercussions on hinterland infrastructure development raise questions about both public and private sector responses to regional port development.     

Survey of R&D in PRT systems

A survey of research and development in advanced transit has been made by Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg in cooperation with Trans21 in Boston. Summary findings are reported for fourteen academic research programs and ten development programs for PRT. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the International Conference of PRT and other Emerging Systems held in Minneapolis in 1996.     

Modular route bus design – A method of meeting transport operation and vehicle manufacturing requirements

This research examines the problem of route bus specification and vehicle manufacturability. In order for bus operators to provide transport services, a range of vehicle configurations must be available from bus manufacturers, generating variety which has a negative impact on the manufacturing process. Larger part inventories, uncontrolled labour tasks and more troublesome maintenance are known impacts of this variety. This research identifies the functional necessities in route bus interior design and reduces the problems in bus manufacture and operation caused by specification diversity by proposing a modularised system of bus design. In particular, it makes recommendations as to how bus configuration should be carried out, ensuring an optimum mix of operational and manufacturing needs:

• 1.Determine user needs before the bus specification process.
• 2.Designs to be developed by the manufacturer in response to user needs.
• 3.This design should be standardised where possible, as suggested by the user needs.
• 4.Where user needs dictate product variations, apply a mass customisation approach to accommodate these needs.

The recommendations are communicated in design proposals for a modular bus interior, demonstrated by four cases designed to meet the present status quo of bus interior design and predictions for the future of the field.     

Determinants of modal choice in freight transport

In the next few years, exciting developments in the field of freight transport are likely to occur. The Channel Tunnel will be perceived as giving railways much greater distance of operation, compared to the current train ferry to/from Great Britain. The further development of swap-body technology will allow easier modal transfer and the creation, in 1992, of a single market in Europe will transform the pattern of trade. All of these are likely to have significant impacts on modal choice, and hence modal split, in freight transport. Reappraisal by many firms of the modes of transport used is likely but will it result in a net transfer of freight from road to rail and, if so, to what extent? To answer such questions, an accurate and reliable method of predicting modal split is required. Research in the past has concentrated on the development of modal split models based on generalised costs. These fail to explain adequately the prevalence of road freight in the UK. From surveys of freight managers within industry, it is clear that models to date rely too heavily on the economic cost factor and too little on behavioural factors (Jeffs 1985). This paper derives from a recent study of freight transport modal choice from the standpoint of the transport decision-maker within the firm. It attempts to shed light on the actual parameters which should be incorporated into a modal split model. Many variables appear to exert an influence on modal choice decision-making process. However, it is possible to categorise them into six main groups, namely: customer-requirements; product-characteristics; company structure/organisation; government interventions; available transport facilities; and perceptions of the decision-maker him/herself. It is the interactions and inter-relationships between these which ultimately determine freight modal split. This study has shown that the relationship between the outcome of the transport decision process and the values of particular determinants of modal split is not straight-forward, due to the complexity and variety of interactions involved. Perhaps one of the main reasons for researchers' failure hitherto to develop a successful modal-split model has been the preoccupation with techniques that rely on the development of common metric (e.g. generalised cost), which has led to the exclusion of some important explanatory variables along quite different dimensions. Another important issue concerns the appropriate level of aggregation. In order not to reduce the explanatory power of the key variables, it is important to work at a disaggregate level, although this does make substantial demands on data. The use of factor analysis enables both the aggregation of information without loss of behavioural reality and the specification of variables in terms of a common metric. In conclusion, freight transport has usually been examined within too narrow a framework. It must be placed firmly within the context of the total industrial process. The demand for freight transport is directly influenced by the level, composition and geographical distribution of production and consumption activities. Freight flows are complex and so it is highly unlikely that a universal mode-choice model can ever be developed. Future research should, therefore, be directed towards developing partial models in response to specific needs of those involved in decision-taking in the freight sector.     

管道风险分析指数评分法中分值调整初探

管道风险分析指数评分法中重要步骤之一就是确定影响管道事故因素的权重,各个管道风险因素在整个管道事故中所占的权重是不相同的。针对目前管道风险分析指数评分法基本假设之一（各因素的分值范围都是0～100分）,为了更加客观、准确、合理地反映各个风险因素对于管道事故的影响程度,提出并论述了依据层次分析法的数学逻辑性进行综合计算得出管道风险因素的权重,然后对评分法中各个因素的最高分值,根据其权重不同进行相应调整,从而增强评价者对风险因素的认识和评判能力,提高管道风险评价结果的准确性。     

天然气站往复式压缩机活塞失效分析

针对天然气站往复式压缩机活塞的断裂事故,运用失效分析方法,开展了活塞断口扫描电镜分析、能谱和金相分析。根据断口形貌的电镜和金相观察结果,结合理论知识,分析确定了该活塞发生断裂事故的主要原因,即在特定工况下该活塞的材料缺陷是造成断裂的主要因素。     

中国城市道路规划方位性问题研究

文章结合中国的传统建筑文化理念和现代科学原理,从历史文化、能源节约、环境保护、房地产定价、交通安全等多方面分析研究了城市道路在规划和设计时所应遵从的定向规则。     

A century of evolution of the accessibility concept

The concept of accessibility has acquired numerous meanings along multiple dimensions during the century of its evolution. This essay argues for the salience of two dimensions: application-based and definition-based. In its application, accessibility has incorporated positive and normative dimensions which have varied in prominence over time. In its definition, accessibility has varied between a mode of evaluation incorporating measured mobility and proximity, on the one hand, and a predefined market basket of urbanist improvements to transportation and land use systems, on the other. Advocates of the accessibility shift should emphasize both the measured approach to accessibility and accessibility’s normative side.     

生命大过天

文章介绍了广西壮族自治区公路管理局开展专项行动,治理以桥梁为重点的交通基础设施安全隐患的情况,针对在役桥梁、在建桥梁和农村公路桥梁存在的安全隐患提出了相应的治理措施。