双火花塞点火汽油机轻度分层混合气生成过程的数值模拟

在JS183FMQ大排量全地形摩托车用汽油机结构的基础上,进行双火花塞点火(DSI)燃烧系统的改造,对该DSI汽油机闭阀喷射模式和开阀喷射模式下燃油喷射及混合气形成过程进行了数值模拟。结果表明,闭阀喷射模式可以确保缸内均质混合气的充分生成;而开阀喷射模式能形成不同程度的混合气分层状态。对开阀喷射模式的进一步研究表明,调整喷油正时使先期燃油组分于气阀开启阶段直接喷入缸内,而部分后期喷射燃油组分存留于气道与空气充分混合生成均质混合气,可形成较为理想的缸内混合气轻度分层状态;结合涡流运动的强化和DSI的采用,这种组合喷射模式具有实现缸内轻度分层稀薄燃烧的可行性。     

基于2阶段喷射的缸内直喷汽油机HCCI燃烧的研究

在缸内直喷汽油机（GDI）上采用2阶段燃油喷射技术来控制缸内混合气形成和燃烧，在GDI发动机上实现了均质混合气压燃（HCCI）燃烧方式，研究了缸内2阶段汽油喷射对HCCI燃烧特性的影响。结果表明，压缩行程中的第2次喷油时间可以有效地控制燃烧始点，二次喷油持续期可以控制燃烧速率、燃烧相位和拓宽发动机负荷。     

汽油机缸内直喷稀薄燃烧技术(GDI)

在对GDI燃油喷射系统和燃烧系统等关键技术的介绍基础上,通过对GDI缸内流场的结构、在不同负荷下混合气分区域控制模式分析,阐明缸内直喷汽油机的工作过程、燃油经济性及排放特点。     

汽油机稀薄燃烧技术发展分析

汽油机的燃油经济性比柴油机差,所以降低汽油机的能耗则显得更为迫切.稀薄燃烧是提高汽油机燃油经济性的重要手段.近些年来,对以分层稀薄燃烧缸内直喷汽油机和均质压燃汽油机为代表的新型稀薄燃烧模式的研究,极大地提高了汽油机的燃油经济性.本文论述了稀薄燃烧的实现方式及其优缺点,并重点介绍了稀薄燃烧的三种形式:气道喷射稀燃系统(PFI)、直接喷射稀燃系统(GDI)和均质混合气压燃系统(HCCI),且相互比较.文章最后简要论述稀薄燃烧的发展趋势及我国在这方面的研究状况.     

燃油喷射压力对缸内直喷汽油机喷雾特性的影响

燃油喷射压力对混合气形成有直接影响,提高喷射压力可进一步降低直喷汽油机微粒排放。使用STAR-CD软件分别建立定容弹和发动机缸内喷雾计算模型,利用喷雾特性可视化试验进行喷雾模型有效性验证,其后分析了燃油喷射压力对喷雾贯穿距、索特平均直径等基本特性参数的影响,研究了燃油喷射压力对缸内混合气形成的影响。结果表明提高燃油喷射压力可有效促进燃油的雾化蒸发,加快混合气形成,提高混合气分布均匀性。     

VVL耦合喷油策略对GDI汽油机混合气形成的影响

利用三维仿真软件Ansys Fluent建立了GDI汽油机的仿真计算模型,就变气门升程耦合不同喷油策略对缸内气流运动和混合气形成的影响进行了模拟计算。结果表明,与大气门升程工况相比,小气门升程工况的缸内湍流运动强度、燃油蒸发和湿壁情况以及点火时刻混合气质量都明显改善;在小气门升程工况,采用两段喷油会缩短油气混合时间,过度推迟二次喷油时刻会恶化混合气质量和燃油湿壁情况;在大气门升程工况,两段喷油会改善混合气均匀性,随着二次喷油时刻推迟,燃油蒸发量增加,湿壁情况加剧,混合气质量得到改善;小气门升程工况下采用二次喷油时刻为470°曲轴转角,前后两次喷油量比例为7∶3的两段喷油方案在燃油蒸发和湿壁以及点火时刻缸内混合气质量这几个方面的效果都很好,是最合理的方案。     

面向缸内直喷汽油机燃烧调控中若干基础问题研究综述

汽油机缸内直喷技术可比进气道喷射自然吸气均质混合气汽油机热效率提高20-25%。然而稀燃时火焰传播速率低,火核生成困难,因此采用分层混合气燃烧组织方式用于提高点火性能和燃烧速率,采用提高缸内充量运动强度和废气再循环在保证燃烧速率的同时降低NOx排放。因此对缸内直喷汽油机燃烧调控进行研究具有提高内燃机利用效率的意义。     

2GRF-SEV型6缸发动机

丰田公司的D-4S发动机安装了新型燃油喷射系统，即各缸分别装有缸内直喷式喷油嚣和进气道燃油喷射器的双喷油系统。发动机在高负荷时，由于缸内直喷的进气冷却效果使充量效率提高，改善敲缸，从而实现了高压缩比下的高功率；发动机在中低负荷时，对缸内直喷和进气道喷射两套系统进行最佳控制，力求降低油耗并使燃烧稳定。此外，在冷起动后使催化器尽快暖机，实现净化排放。D-4S发动机的缸内直喷式喷油器采用了可提高喷雾空间分散性的高压双缝喷嘴喷油器，高雾化的燃油从2个喷口喷射到燃烧室，从而实现了均质燃烧。     

均质GDI汽油机混合气形成的影响因素研究

文中以一款增压直喷汽油机燃烧系统开发为例,从低速及高速两种工况,研究了气道及燃烧室形状、油束布置方案等因素对缸内混合气形成过程的影响。分析结果显示改变进气道及燃烧室屋脊形状、增加缸盖排气侧挤气面积以及调整油束喷射角度,可以提高缸内滚流运动强度、加强油气混合过程,从而有效改善了点火前缸内混合气的分布情况。研究了高转速下喷油时刻对混合气形成及燃油湿壁情况的影响,结果显示喷油起始角为390°CA时综合效果较好。采用较优方案组合进行的初步性能试验表明,外特性及部分负荷工况下的燃烧效率较高,动力性及经济性基本达到既定目标。     

i—VTECL超稀薄燃烧汽油发动机

本田公司新开发的超稀薄燃烧i-VTECI型直喷汽车发动机介绍如下：直喷汽油机的难点是在实现排气净化的同时实现高输出功率。使汽车同时具有优越的环保性和行驶动力性。过去的稀薄燃烧汽油机是燃料从气缸的斜上方喷入缸内，i—VTECI型发动机是在原本田i-VTEC（电子控制可变气门正时）系统，采用新开发的燃料中央喷射方式，把燃料喷射器放在气缸中心位置，     

Effects of valve timing and intake flow motion control on combustion and time-resolved HC & NOx formation characteristics

In SI engines, valve events have a major influence on volumetric efficiency, fuel economy and exhaust emissions. Moreover, swirl and tumble motions in the intake charge also improve combustion speed and quality by stratifying the mixture as well as intensifying the mixing rate of air and fuel. This paper investigates the behaviors of an engine and the combustion phenomenon for various intake valve timings and intake charge motions using CVVT system and port masking schemes. Test condition includes a part load and a cold idle condition inclusive of a cold start of the engine. Time-resolved HC and NOx emissions were also measured at an exhaust port to examine their formation mechanisms and behaviors with fast response HC/NOx analyzers. In conclusion, the fast burning of fuel and improved combustion quality by enhanced charge motions reduced unburned HC emissions, and advancing the intake valve opening reduced HC as well as NOx. Furthermore, HCs during the cold transient phase and idle conditions decreased with recalibrated start parameters such as lean air-fuel ratio and spark retardation via the enhancement of intake charge motions.     

电控168F 汽油机燃烧与排放特性分析

自主开发了通用小型汽油机电控燃油喷射系统,通过柔性控制混合气浓度优化燃烧性能和发动机排放及其他综合性能。将其应用于168 F汽油机,通过研究过量空气系数（φa ）对整机工作过程和排放特性的影响来制订控制策略。为满足美国EPA现行排放法规,标定工况需使用比功率混合气偏浓的混合气减少NOx 排放,部分负荷采用偏稀的混合气控制CO和 HC排放,同时需要控制发动机的循环波动。结合优化点火提前角（θ）研究形成了整机匹配的最佳φa 和θ并写入MAP ,汽油机整机动力性不变,排放和经济性能提高,能全面满足用户使用和美国EPAⅢ排放法规要求。     

缸内直喷汽油机喷油及燃烧过程三维数值模拟

对某直喷汽油机部分负荷时的进气、喷油、混合气形成及燃烧过程进行了数值模拟。分析了喷油正时对混合气分布、燃烧性能及排放性能的影响。模拟结果显示,在喷油开始时刻为480°曲轴转角时混合气分布比较理想,达到了分层稀燃的目标。生成物NO的主要来源是参与燃烧的空气中的氮,NO的生成随温度的提高而急剧增加;炭烟生成的条件是高温和缺氧,局部较浓混合气相对缺氧导致炭烟生成。     

Study on combustion characteristics of lean mixture ignited by diesel fuel injection

We have investigated combustion characteristics of lean gasoline–air pre-mixture ignited by diesel fuel injection using a high compression direct injection diesel engine. Gasoline was supplied as a uniform lean mixture by using carburetors, and diesel fuel was directly injected into the cylinder. It was confirmed that the lean mixture of air–fuel ratio between 150 and 35 could be ignited and burned by this ignition method. As the diesel fuel injection increased, HC concentration decreased, and NO and CO concentration increased. The exhaust gas emission of pollutants could be reduced when lean mixture was ignited by an optimum diesel fuel injection.     

Characteristics of gasoline in-cylinder direct injection engine

Combustion characteristics of a gasoline direct-injection (DI) engine were studied with fuel injection timing varied. This study showed that emissions at part load are reduced by optimizing in-cylinder air motion and injection timing. Antiknock quality and volumetric efficiency are improved at high loads. With our DI system fuel does not stick on the intake port wall during engine warmup and transient mode, and thus even a cold engine can be controlled with a quick response and a high resolution, which, as a result, can reduce emissions. Also, lean limit is significantly improved by optimizing the injection timing.     

稀薄燃烧发动机改型设计及正时策略优化

基于某高速汽油机,对燃烧室结构、燃油喷射特性、凸轮型线改型设计为稀薄燃烧发动机。提出利用响应面模型对正时策略进行分析和优化的研究方法,并建立利用响应面进行多目标优化计算的流程。以提高有效功率和降低有效燃油消耗率为优化目标,以点火正时、空燃比和进排气正时为设计变量,建立了发动机性能与响应面耦合优化模型。分析与试验结果表明:较标准混合比燃烧时,稀薄燃烧发动机的进排气提前角减小,点火正时提前,最低燃油消耗率下降3.9%,最大功率提升9.7%;同时利用响应面优化方法提高了优化效率。     

车用乙醇汽油对发动机进气系统沉积物的影响

通过12 000km道路行车试验及M111发动机台架试验,对比研究乙醇汽油与普通无铅汽油对发动机进气系统沉积物的影响;同时,在M111发动机实验台架上,还对加入清净剂后的乙醇汽油与普通无铅汽油进行了进气阀沉积物与总燃烧室沉积物的实验研究。结果显示:乙醇汽油进气系统沉积物较为严重,应加入有效的汽油清净剂。     

Operating strategy for gasoline/diesel dual-fuel premixed compression ignition in a light-duty diesel engine

Environmental problems have become a major issue for diesel engine development. Although emission aftertreatment systems such as DPFs (diesel particulate filters), LNTs (lean NOx traps) and SCR (selective catalytic reduction) have been used in diesel vehicles, the manufacturing cost increase caused by this equipment can be hard to be control. Thus, it is better for engine emissions to be reduced by improving the combustion system. A dual-fuel combustion concept is a recommended method to improve a combustion system and effectively reduce emissions. Low reactivity fuel including gasoline and natural gas, which was supplied to the intake port by the FPI (port fuel injector), improved the premixed air-fuel mixture conditions before ignition. Additionally, a small amount of high reactivity fuel, in this case diesel, was injected into the cylinder directly as an ignition source. This dual-fuel combustion promises lower levels of NOx (nitrogen oxide) and PM (particulate matter) emissions due to the elimination of local rich regions in the cylinder. However, it is challenging to control the dual-fuel combustion because the combustion stability and efficiency deteriorate due to the lack of ignition source and reactivity. Thus, it is important to establish an appropriate dual-fuel operating strategy to achieve stable, high efficiency and low emission operation. As a result of this research, a detailed operating method of dual-fuel PCI (premixed compression ignition) was introduced in detail at a low speed and low load condition by using a single cylinder diesel engine. Engine operating parameters including the gasoline ratio, a diesel injection strategy consisting of multiple injectors and timing, the EGR (exhaust gas recirculation) rate and the intake pressure were controlled to satisfy the low ISNOx (indicated specific NOx) and PM emissions levels (0.21 g/kWh and 0.1 FSN, 0.040 g/kWh, respectively) as per the EURO-6 regulation without any after-treatment systems. The results emphasized that a well-constructed dual-fuel PCI operating strategy showed low NOx and PM emissions and high GIE (gross indicated fuel conversion efficiency) with excellent combustion stability.     

Mixture formation of direct gasoline injection engine:: in-cylinder gas sampling using fast flame ionization detector

Local mixture concentration near the spark plug of a direct gasoline injection engine was observed by a fast flame ionization detector. To ensure combustion stability in DISC (Direct Injection Stratified Charge) operation using conventional lean burn intake ports, the swirl ratio and the piston configuration were optimized. Swirl is needed to retain well-vaporized and stable mixture near the spark plug, especially under light load. Also, adequate volume in the piston cavity is required for trapping curved fuel spray. Measurement with a fast flame ionization detector was very effective for understanding the mixture features on DISC operation.     

Reduction of emissions with propane addition to a diesel engine

Recent studies on dual-fuel combustion in compression-ignition (CI) engines, also known as diesel engines, fall into two categories. In the first category are studies focused on the addition of small amounts of gaseous fuel to CI engines. In these studies, gaseous fuel is regarded as a secondary fuel and diesel fuel is regarded as the main fuel for combustion. The objectives of these studies typically involve reducing particulate matter (PM) emissions by using gaseous fuel as a partial substitution for diesel fuel. However, the addition of gaseous fuel raises the combustion temperature, which increases emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO_x). In the second category are studies focused on reactivity-controlled compression-ignition (RCCI) combustion. RCCI combustion can be implemented by early diesel injection with a large amount of low-reactivity fuel such as gasoline or gaseous fuel. Although RCCI combustion promises lower NO_x and PM emissions and higher thermal efficiency than conventional diesel combustion, it requires a higher intake pressure (usually more than 1.7 bars) to maintain a lean fuel mixture. Therefore, in this study, practical applications of dual-fuel combustion with a low air-fuel ratio (AFR), which implies a low intake pressure, were systemically evaluated using propane in a diesel engine. The characteristics of dualfuel combustion for high and low AFRs were first evaluated. The proportion of propane used for four different operating conditions was then increased to decrease emissions and to identify the optimal condition for dual-fuel combustion. Although the four operating conditions differ, the AFR was maintained at 20 (? approximately equal to 0.72) and the 50% mass fraction burned (MFB 50) was also fixed. The results show that dual-fuel combustion can reduce NO_x and PM emissions in comparison to conventional diesel combustion.