白山隧道塌方处治技术及其监测结果分析

白山左线隧道施工中,针对塌方发展过程和塌方机理,实施了一套基于"地表排水、围岩注浆、衬砌增强、基底防降"的塌方综合治理方案。文章分析了方案实施后的地表沉降、拱顶下沉、拱腰和边墙水平收敛的位移变化规律,以及初期支护背后水压力、初期支护与围岩的接触应力、锚杆轴力、型钢拱架应力及二次衬砌混凝土应力的发展趋势。结果表明:在软弱围岩地段,拱墙二次衬砌的施作显著改善了初期支护与围岩的接触应力,有效地减小了地表沉降及隧洞周边位移;同时,拱墙二次衬砌能有效地分担锚杆和型钢拱架的的部分荷载,改善仰拱二次衬砌的受力状况;塌方综合治理方案效果较好,保障了该隧道剩余塌方段的安全施工。     

深埋引水隧洞软弱围岩支护结构受力特征研究

文章依托工程实例,针对深埋软弱围岩引水隧洞支护体系的受力特征,开展了现场试验研究,并基于强度折减理论和数值模拟分析,提出了一种计算软岩隧洞施工期间二次衬砌承载力及其强度安全系数的方法,对围岩和二次衬砌的稳定性进行了评估分析。研究表明:边墙部位锚杆发挥拉拔支护效应明显,根据锚杆中性点位置推测出的软弱围岩塑性区有不断发展和扩张的趋势;初期支护钢拱架架设后能立即发挥支护作用,给予围岩较大的支护力;采用该方法求出的二次衬砌在施工期间将参与承担12%的围岩释放荷载,墙脚应力集中部位的安全系数最小,二次衬砌承载特征的计算结论与二次衬砌接触压力的现场试验结论基本吻合。成果可为深埋软弱围岩条件下的隧洞修建提供一定参考。     

隧道衬砌多点独立加载试验系统研发与应用

隧道衬砌模型试验是一种研究衬砌力学性能和开裂行为、指导隧道衬砌结构设计优化与维修加固的重要试验手段。文章介绍了自主研发的隧道衬砌多点独立加载试验系统,该系统能够按照二次衬砌荷载的分布形态和量值,对大尺寸衬砌模型的15个关键位置进行低速高精度加载,实现复杂受力条件下衬砌结构受力变形和开裂行为的物理模拟。以某黄土隧道浅埋段衬砌断面为试验背景,基于二次衬砌受荷现场监测结果,利用该试验系统进行了相似比为1∶10的二次衬砌受力变形模型试验,归纳总结了二次衬砌的开裂特征与应变变化规律。结果表明,该系统加载效果良好,加载精度满足工程试验要求。其试验结果有助于预测二次衬砌裂缝病害发展,明确衬砌加固重点区域,可为衬砌的维修加固提供帮助。     

黄土地区地铁隧道不同湿陷变形方式模型试验系统的研制及应用研究

为研究不同湿陷变形方式下黄土地区地铁隧道周围土体的沉降量变化规律,研制出一种测量黄土在均匀湿陷、不均匀湿陷时沉降量的模型试验装置。该装置由模型箱、流速控制系统和沉降量测量系统组成。通过室内模型试验对黄土在遇水后的湿陷变形规律进行总结,并对黄土地层在两种不同浸水方式下隧道围岩土体的变形规律进行分析。试验结果表明:不均匀湿陷最终累计沉降量大于均匀湿陷最终累计沉降量,说明不均匀湿陷对地铁结构物的危害更大;两种湿陷变形方式均为隧道中线附近沉降最大,因此,施工时应该重点加强隧道中线的位移监测。通过室内模型试验,分析了均匀与不均匀湿陷对黄土地铁隧道变形影响,研究结果对湿陷性黄土地区地铁隧道建设中施工把控及灾害规避具有重要意义。     

百丈隧道穿越流塑状富水破碎带施工措施及其安全性评价

百丈隧道左洞ZK152+433~ZK152+463段穿越流塑状富水破碎带施工时反复出现变形侵限、塌方等情况,给工程施工带来前所未有的挑战。文章详细阐述了施工过程中采取的各种处治措施,总结了不同处治方案和效果,并采用数值分析方法对隧道结构安全性进行了分析。结果表明:(1)对于流塑状富水破碎带,加密超前支护是防止开挖时围岩出现较大变形或者坍塌的最有效措施。百丈隧道流塑状富水破碎带最终采用了每榀钢架(钢架间距50 cm)都打设一环3.5 m长?51自进式锚杆的超前支护方式,即每个断面都有7层超前支护,最终有效控制了开挖后围岩变形,避免衬砌侵限与塌方;(2)对于流塑状富水破碎带,加固围岩尤其是边墙与基底处围岩非常重要,可有效减少开挖过程中衬砌的整体式下沉。采用抛石挤淤+注浆的方式进行边墙与基底围岩加固,其效果比采用单纯注浆方式好得多;(3)对于外部荷载较明确的隧道,采用计算分析结合工程经验的方式确定衬砌支护参数,既能保证隧道结构安全,又使其经济合理;(4)在双车道隧道施工中,采用三台阶法施工,应尽量缩短台阶长度,使初期支护及时封闭成环,从而可以较好地控制围岩变形。     

黄土公路隧道结构设计与施工中的若干问题

针对黄土公路隧道结构设计和施工中的理论研究滞后于工程实践的现实情况,结合白虎山隧道、新庄岭隧道、土家湾隧道三座黄土公路隧道衬砌结构力学性状研究成果,提出了以黄土公路隧道拱顶中心线侧压力系数为判据的深、浅埋界定的新方法,指出应结合黄土特性及埋置深度进行隧道衬砌设计,不宜按计算摩擦角或围岩类别确定隧道的围岩压力;设计时除进行荷载计算外,还应根据工程地质条件,经工程类比及综合研究后确定衬砌结构。应根据不同的地质条件确定设计原则和施工方法,例如,地质条件较差地段应采用微台阶或分区微台阶法施工,而不采用侧壁导洞法或双侧壁导洞法;在取得同等支护效果的条件下应加强初期支护;在湿陷性黄土地区应特别注意水的处理。     

隧道不同支护体系的支护效果模型试验研究

为研究隧道不同支护体系的支护效果,文章以Ⅳ级围岩双车道公路隧道为研究对象,采用相似比为1∶30的模型试验研究不同支护体系的承载能力,取拱顶位移20 mm(换算成隧道原型则为60 cm)时的外部荷载作为围岩-支护体系的极限承载能力,试验结果表明:(1)不论是围岩+系统锚杆+喷射混凝土,还是围岩+喷射混凝土,或者是围岩+系统锚杆支护体系,其极限承载能力均较毛洞状态有很大提高。其中围岩+系统锚杆+喷射混凝土支护体系提高了56.8%,围岩+喷射混凝土支护体系提高了48.3%,围岩+系统锚杆支护体系提高了47.8%;(2)系统锚杆+喷射混凝土的支护效果最好,其次为喷射混凝土,再次为系统锚杆。而系统锚杆与喷射混凝土的支护效果相差无几,难分伯仲;(3)系统锚杆和喷射混凝土的联合支护并没有达到1+1=2或者2的效果,可以做适当优化。     

软弱隧道围岩锚杆支护效应的落门试验研究

在软弱围岩中进行隧道开挖,往往因岩体变形过分或局部应力集中而导致围岩失稳破坏,在实际工程中大多采用锚杆作早期支护。文章以Ⅳ级软弱围岩为参照对象,利用相似模型试验进行了锚杆支护条件下的隧道施工过程模拟,对开挖过程中围岩的渐进破坏特征、破坏模式以及锚杆的支护效应进行了研究。试验结果表明,隧道开挖将会在隧道周边形成一应力扰动区,而真正塌落成拱的只是该扰动区的一部分;由于有锚杆的支承作用,拱顶岩体的破坏呈分区破坏模式;岩体的破坏范围主要集中在隧道两侧与水平面成45°+φ/2的扇形区域内;在隧道开挖后,拱顶上方岩体的切向应力升高形成承载压力拱,主要位于距拱顶约1.0~1.25B处(B为隧道跨度)。     

浅埋大断面黄土隧道初期支护研究

结合郑西客运专线大断面黄土隧道对比试验,研究分析了浅埋大断面黄土隧道初期支护中锚杆、格栅及型钢钢架的作用以及长期有争议的锚杆作用及钢架类型问题。试验结果表明:有锚杆拱顶沉降值是无锚杆拱顶沉降值的1.7倍,两者的水平收敛、土压力、钢架应力相差不大;格栅和型钢钢架各项试验数值也相差较小。因此,根据分析结果提出了"在浅埋老黄土隧道设计中取消拱部系统锚杆,采用格栅钢架,加强拱部锁脚锚杆设置"的建议。     

公路隧道减震模型试验及数值模拟

文章以嘎隆拉隧道洞口段为原型,拟定了相似关系,选取了围岩和衬砌的相似材料,制作了公路隧道减震试验模型。在试验模型中设置了减震层,选择了振动台模型试验测点的布置位置,制定了加载制度,进行了振动台加载试验;分析了试验结果,并与有限元分析结果进行了对比,定义了减震率;从应力和应变两方面分析了减震层的动力特性及减震效果,得出减震层的设置对隧道减震能起到一定的作用。     

Survey of R&D in PRT systems

A survey of research and development in advanced transit has been made by Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg in cooperation with Trans21 in Boston. Summary findings are reported for fourteen academic research programs and ten development programs for PRT. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the International Conference of PRT and other Emerging Systems held in Minneapolis in 1996.     

Optimization of bus stop locations for improving transit accessibility

A mathematical model is developed in this paper to improve the accessibility of a bus service. To formulate the optimization model, a segment of a bus route is given, on which a number of demand entry points are distributed realistically. The objective total cost function (i.e. the sum of supplier and user costs) is minimized by optimizing the number and locations of stops, subject to non‐additive users' value of time. A numerical example is designed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method thus developed to optimize the bus stop location problem. The sensitivity of the total cost to various parameters (e.g. value of users' time, access speed, and demand density) and the effect of the parameters on the optimal stop locations are analyzed and discussed.     

Productive efficiency and ownership of urban bus services

The established ownership mix of urban bus operations in Australia provides a unique opportunity to investigate the productivity differences between public and private bus service supply. Using duality theory in economics which links economic indices of factor productivity to the cost structure of a firm, we develop empirical measures of total and partial productivity of inputs, and adjust the differences for the effects of ownership status and operating environment. The evidence supports the notion that private supply of public passenger transport in general has performed more efficiently in the past than public supply, although the differences in productivity need not continue in the future.     

Determinants of modal choice in freight transport

In the next few years, exciting developments in the field of freight transport are likely to occur. The Channel Tunnel will be perceived as giving railways much greater distance of operation, compared to the current train ferry to/from Great Britain. The further development of swap-body technology will allow easier modal transfer and the creation, in 1992, of a single market in Europe will transform the pattern of trade. All of these are likely to have significant impacts on modal choice, and hence modal split, in freight transport. Reappraisal by many firms of the modes of transport used is likely but will it result in a net transfer of freight from road to rail and, if so, to what extent? To answer such questions, an accurate and reliable method of predicting modal split is required. Research in the past has concentrated on the development of modal split models based on generalised costs. These fail to explain adequately the prevalence of road freight in the UK. From surveys of freight managers within industry, it is clear that models to date rely too heavily on the economic cost factor and too little on behavioural factors (Jeffs 1985). This paper derives from a recent study of freight transport modal choice from the standpoint of the transport decision-maker within the firm. It attempts to shed light on the actual parameters which should be incorporated into a modal split model. Many variables appear to exert an influence on modal choice decision-making process. However, it is possible to categorise them into six main groups, namely: customer-requirements; product-characteristics; company structure/organisation; government interventions; available transport facilities; and perceptions of the decision-maker him/herself. It is the interactions and inter-relationships between these which ultimately determine freight modal split. This study has shown that the relationship between the outcome of the transport decision process and the values of particular determinants of modal split is not straight-forward, due to the complexity and variety of interactions involved. Perhaps one of the main reasons for researchers' failure hitherto to develop a successful modal-split model has been the preoccupation with techniques that rely on the development of common metric (e.g. generalised cost), which has led to the exclusion of some important explanatory variables along quite different dimensions. Another important issue concerns the appropriate level of aggregation. In order not to reduce the explanatory power of the key variables, it is important to work at a disaggregate level, although this does make substantial demands on data. The use of factor analysis enables both the aggregation of information without loss of behavioural reality and the specification of variables in terms of a common metric. In conclusion, freight transport has usually been examined within too narrow a framework. It must be placed firmly within the context of the total industrial process. The demand for freight transport is directly influenced by the level, composition and geographical distribution of production and consumption activities. Freight flows are complex and so it is highly unlikely that a universal mode-choice model can ever be developed. Future research should, therefore, be directed towards developing partial models in response to specific needs of those involved in decision-taking in the freight sector.     

管道风险分析指数评分法中分值调整初探

管道风险分析指数评分法中重要步骤之一就是确定影响管道事故因素的权重,各个管道风险因素在整个管道事故中所占的权重是不相同的。针对目前管道风险分析指数评分法基本假设之一（各因素的分值范围都是0～100分）,为了更加客观、准确、合理地反映各个风险因素对于管道事故的影响程度,提出并论述了依据层次分析法的数学逻辑性进行综合计算得出管道风险因素的权重,然后对评分法中各个因素的最高分值,根据其权重不同进行相应调整,从而增强评价者对风险因素的认识和评判能力,提高管道风险评价结果的准确性。     

天然气站往复式压缩机活塞失效分析

针对天然气站往复式压缩机活塞的断裂事故,运用失效分析方法,开展了活塞断口扫描电镜分析、能谱和金相分析。根据断口形貌的电镜和金相观察结果,结合理论知识,分析确定了该活塞发生断裂事故的主要原因,即在特定工况下该活塞的材料缺陷是造成断裂的主要因素。     

中国城市道路规划方位性问题研究

文章结合中国的传统建筑文化理念和现代科学原理,从历史文化、能源节约、环境保护、房地产定价、交通安全等多方面分析研究了城市道路在规划和设计时所应遵从的定向规则。     

A century of evolution of the accessibility concept

The concept of accessibility has acquired numerous meanings along multiple dimensions during the century of its evolution. This essay argues for the salience of two dimensions: application-based and definition-based. In its application, accessibility has incorporated positive and normative dimensions which have varied in prominence over time. In its definition, accessibility has varied between a mode of evaluation incorporating measured mobility and proximity, on the one hand, and a predefined market basket of urbanist improvements to transportation and land use systems, on the other. Advocates of the accessibility shift should emphasize both the measured approach to accessibility and accessibility’s normative side.