软弱地层超大矩形顶管盾构隧道近接施工加固方案优选研究

为保证软弱地层中超大矩形顶管盾构隧道近接施工安全，以某矩形顶管盾构隧道近接下穿既有高速铁路为工程背景，研究超大矩形顶管盾构隧道近接下穿高铁段不同施工加固方案的效果。结果表明：采用超前注浆可使开挖面主动失稳位移减小25.64%，被动失稳位移减小17.65%，轨道沉降减小30.38%。采用人工挖孔桩+D型钢便梁可使开挖面主动失稳位移减小51.28%，被动失稳位移减小29.41%，轨道沉降减小42.31%；现场监测表明，采用人工挖孔桩+D型钢便梁加固后轨道沉降最大值仅为1.65 mm，超大矩形顶管盾构隧道成功下穿既有高速铁路，人工挖孔桩+D型钢便梁保证了超大矩形顶管盾构隧道近接施工安全和高速铁路正常运营。     

新建地铁隧道“零距离”下穿既有车站施工技术分析

新建地铁隧道"零距离"下穿既有运营地铁车站结构的施工将引起既有车站结构的变形,影响既有地铁正常运营。文章以北京地铁7号线下穿既有10号线双井站为工程背景,针对地铁区间隧道"零距离"穿越既有车站全断面开挖、台阶法开挖及CRD法开挖引起的既有车站主体结构、既有10号线轨道及区间隧道支护结构等的变形和受力状态进行了数值模拟,对比分析了不同开挖方案引起的既有车站结构及轨道的变形特性;以既有线轨道的变形量为控制标准,结合施工引起既有车站结构的受力变化,确定了区间隧道"零距离"下穿既有车站的施工开挖方案;同时对采用CRD法施工时的不同加固措施对既有车站及轨道变形的控制效果进行了数值模拟分析,确定了施工中地层加固范围及加固长度等注浆加固参数。现场监测分析结果表明,基于数值模拟分析优化并实施的区间隧道交叉中隔壁法(CRD)开挖方案以及在左右线隧道间的夹土层、隧道掌子面地层及隧道左右外轮廓3 m内地层进行加固的施工技术方案保证了既有线轨道变形速率不大于0.04 mm/d和既有车站主体结构累计变形量小于10 mm的要求。     

城际铁路隧道与邻近建筑物的相互影响研究

城际铁路隧道不可避免地要下穿建筑物密集的市区,其开挖施工会引起地表沉降,危及建筑物的安全,因此评估城际铁路隧道和邻近建筑物的相互影响就成为迫切需要解决的问题。文章以实际工程为例,将隧道、地基和上部结构作为一个整体,系统地研究了建筑物和下穿隧道的相互影响,针对不同的施工工法和不同的地质情况进行了敏感性分析,并对各类工程措施的效果进行了评估。研究结果表明,基础桩端嵌入地层性质对建筑物沉降、结构内力以及后续的加固处理措施影响很大;相对于隧道不同部位的桩基受隧道施工的影响各不相同,隧道正上方和侧上方45°附近桩基受开挖影响较大;同样地层情况下,盾构法开挖后建筑物的沉降和内力值要比矿山法低;桩基托换对整体沉降的控制要好于加固地层措施,然而桩基托换措施却增大了建筑物局部变形和内力值;建筑荷载作用位置附近隧道段内力会有所增大。因此需要预计各类可能的情况,并根据具体情况综合采取相应的措施。     

地铁下穿既有线和扩大基础桥梁施工方案研究

北京地铁六号线朝阳门—东大桥区间隧道下穿既有地铁二号线朝阳门站和二环主路朝阳门桥施工,工程难度极大,施工安全控制极为重要。为研究新建隧道施工过程对围岩与既有结构的影响,保证施工期间既有结构的安全使用、有效控制地表沉降,针对本工程拟定了不同施工方案并采用有限元计算软件MIDAS-GTS进行三维仿真模拟,分析其对围岩与下穿建筑物的变形控制效果。依据既有结构沉降控制标准,最终提出采用新建隧道与既有车站零距离刚对刚接触、自隧道两侧同时开挖、在既有车站两侧同时施做水平旋喷桩的方案。该方案将为六号线下穿既有车站和扩大基础桥梁的设计与施工提供理论依据。     

上软下硬地层地铁隧道下穿既有城市道路的变形规律及控制措施研究

在上软下硬地层中进行隧道开挖时,常引起较大的地表沉降,危及既有建(构)筑物。文章依托深圳地铁7号线安托山停车场出入线下穿深圳北环大道工程,采用数值模拟和现场监控量测相结合的方法,利用三维有限差分软件FLAC~(3D)建立了下穿施工过程数值计算模型,分析"八"字形隧道下穿既有道路施工过程中,路面沉降特性及地层沉降规律,并通过现场多种监控量测手段加以对比验证。研究结果表明:地表沉降槽总体呈"人"字型,在隧道间距小于2.0D时,左右隧道拱顶沉降槽叠加效应明显。在隧道间距小于4.0D时,地表沉降有较大叠加;左右隧道开挖引起的上覆地层变形影响范围随深度增加而减小,减小速度随地层深度增加而增加;通过分析模拟过程中每一开挖步引起的地表沉降量,论述了超前支护措施对控制地表沉降的作用,并就超前注浆参数进行对比研究,进而优化了施工工法与支护对策。     

中铁科研院西南院一科研成果获评国际先进水平

正2020年5月8日,中铁科研院西南院参与的"穿越高速公路、居民聚居区及大型溶洞的隧道综合施工技术研究"科研成果获评国际先进水平。该项目以成贵铁路大方隧道为工程依托,针对隧道下穿高速公路、居民聚居区及大型溶洞等复杂地质条件,提出了在隧道开挖轮廓线外采用袖阀管+隧周注浆的环状加固拱结构和双层超长管棚支护下穿高速公路的方案,解决了大断面隧道下穿高     

超浅埋暗挖大跨隧道下穿既有隧道的沉降控制技术

文章基于成都博览城综合交通枢纽18号线西博城站超浅埋暗挖大跨隧道施工实例,针对原设计CRD法施工存在的不足,提出了超浅埋暗挖大跨隧道下穿既有隧道的沉降控制和CRD法施工优化技术方案,并在施工中采用旋喷桩、超前大管棚和超前小导管注浆等辅助措施进行地层加固,优化CRD小分部台阶开挖法及衬砌分部分块施工方案。实践证明,采用优化的CRD法施工方案和措施是有效的,减少了安全风险、加快了施工进度、降低了工程成本,可为今后类似工况条件下地铁区间暗挖大跨隧道下穿既有城市道路、隧道的施工和地表沉降控制提供借鉴。     

地铁隧道穿越既有车站的沉降预测及加固措施

文章结合北京地铁7号线某区间隧道施工工程实例,用经验法、分析法和数值模拟法预测了隧道施工穿越既有地铁车站引起的地表沉降;并提出在地铁下穿既有车站时,采取深孔注浆、小导管注浆等方式来加固土体,以达到控制地表沉降值的目的,同时满足既有车站的行车安全.     

道路隧道盾构施工对既有地铁隧道的影响分析

以北京市展西路道路工程下穿地铁四号线为工程背景,研究了道路隧道盾构施工对既有地铁隧道的影响。建立了三维有限元模型,通过模拟盾构开挖过程,分析了既有隧道在未进行地层加固情况下的反应,确定了既有隧道的危险部位。研究表明,隧道施工对既有隧道的影响较大,需对地层进行加固以减小对隧道的影响;分析了不同的地层加固方案,并对隧道施工中可能出现的问题及解决方法提出了建议。     

浅埋暗挖隧道下穿次高压燃气管保护方案

地铁施工中经常会遇到地下管线近接的问题,尤其是燃气管道,极大地影响了地铁暗挖隧道的施工安全和施工工期。深圳地铁2号线东延线土建2222标安-侨区间施工中,隧道下穿次高压燃气管道时采取了"水平旋喷桩+深孔帷幕注浆地层加固及管线悬吊"的综合保护方案,有效地控制了燃气管的沉降,确保了隧道施工中燃气管道的安全。文章论述了保护方案的比较与实施以及效果分析。     

Survey of R&D in PRT systems

A survey of research and development in advanced transit has been made by Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg in cooperation with Trans21 in Boston. Summary findings are reported for fourteen academic research programs and ten development programs for PRT. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the International Conference of PRT and other Emerging Systems held in Minneapolis in 1996.     

The Impact of Container Type Diversification on Regional British Port Development Strategies

Abstract

Despite a concentration of container traffic in the southeast of the UK over the last few decades, regional ports are attempting new development strategies to capture or retain specific traffic segments. These include intra-European short-sea traffic and a potentially increasing feeder market. These trends are reflected in the movement of different container types, which result in a number of planning challenges related to changing infrastructural and operational requirements. This paper uses highly disaggregated data on container type movements to address three issues that can inform these planning challenges. First, the imbalance of trade resulting in empty container repositioning; second, the requirement for gauge-cleared rail routes to cater for the increasing proportion of high-cube containers; and third, the specialisation of European short-sea traffic at secondary UK ports. The results reveal the disproportionate repositioning of empty containers at Scottish ports and the importance of 45?ft, high-cube and pallet-wide containers at regional ports, highlighting their focus on intra-European short-sea traffic and raising difficulties relating to their lower quality of landside infrastructure (particularly rail) in comparison to the large south-eastern ports. The potential repercussions on hinterland infrastructure development raise questions about both public and private sector responses to regional port development.     

Modular route bus design – A method of meeting transport operation and vehicle manufacturing requirements

This research examines the problem of route bus specification and vehicle manufacturability. In order for bus operators to provide transport services, a range of vehicle configurations must be available from bus manufacturers, generating variety which has a negative impact on the manufacturing process. Larger part inventories, uncontrolled labour tasks and more troublesome maintenance are known impacts of this variety. This research identifies the functional necessities in route bus interior design and reduces the problems in bus manufacture and operation caused by specification diversity by proposing a modularised system of bus design. In particular, it makes recommendations as to how bus configuration should be carried out, ensuring an optimum mix of operational and manufacturing needs:

• 1.Determine user needs before the bus specification process.
• 2.Designs to be developed by the manufacturer in response to user needs.
• 3.This design should be standardised where possible, as suggested by the user needs.
• 4.Where user needs dictate product variations, apply a mass customisation approach to accommodate these needs.

The recommendations are communicated in design proposals for a modular bus interior, demonstrated by four cases designed to meet the present status quo of bus interior design and predictions for the future of the field.     

Optimization of bus stop locations for improving transit accessibility

A mathematical model is developed in this paper to improve the accessibility of a bus service. To formulate the optimization model, a segment of a bus route is given, on which a number of demand entry points are distributed realistically. The objective total cost function (i.e. the sum of supplier and user costs) is minimized by optimizing the number and locations of stops, subject to non‐additive users' value of time. A numerical example is designed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method thus developed to optimize the bus stop location problem. The sensitivity of the total cost to various parameters (e.g. value of users' time, access speed, and demand density) and the effect of the parameters on the optimal stop locations are analyzed and discussed.     

Productive efficiency and ownership of urban bus services

The established ownership mix of urban bus operations in Australia provides a unique opportunity to investigate the productivity differences between public and private bus service supply. Using duality theory in economics which links economic indices of factor productivity to the cost structure of a firm, we develop empirical measures of total and partial productivity of inputs, and adjust the differences for the effects of ownership status and operating environment. The evidence supports the notion that private supply of public passenger transport in general has performed more efficiently in the past than public supply, although the differences in productivity need not continue in the future.     

Determinants of modal choice in freight transport

In the next few years, exciting developments in the field of freight transport are likely to occur. The Channel Tunnel will be perceived as giving railways much greater distance of operation, compared to the current train ferry to/from Great Britain. The further development of swap-body technology will allow easier modal transfer and the creation, in 1992, of a single market in Europe will transform the pattern of trade. All of these are likely to have significant impacts on modal choice, and hence modal split, in freight transport. Reappraisal by many firms of the modes of transport used is likely but will it result in a net transfer of freight from road to rail and, if so, to what extent? To answer such questions, an accurate and reliable method of predicting modal split is required. Research in the past has concentrated on the development of modal split models based on generalised costs. These fail to explain adequately the prevalence of road freight in the UK. From surveys of freight managers within industry, it is clear that models to date rely too heavily on the economic cost factor and too little on behavioural factors (Jeffs 1985). This paper derives from a recent study of freight transport modal choice from the standpoint of the transport decision-maker within the firm. It attempts to shed light on the actual parameters which should be incorporated into a modal split model. Many variables appear to exert an influence on modal choice decision-making process. However, it is possible to categorise them into six main groups, namely: customer-requirements; product-characteristics; company structure/organisation; government interventions; available transport facilities; and perceptions of the decision-maker him/herself. It is the interactions and inter-relationships between these which ultimately determine freight modal split. This study has shown that the relationship between the outcome of the transport decision process and the values of particular determinants of modal split is not straight-forward, due to the complexity and variety of interactions involved. Perhaps one of the main reasons for researchers' failure hitherto to develop a successful modal-split model has been the preoccupation with techniques that rely on the development of common metric (e.g. generalised cost), which has led to the exclusion of some important explanatory variables along quite different dimensions. Another important issue concerns the appropriate level of aggregation. In order not to reduce the explanatory power of the key variables, it is important to work at a disaggregate level, although this does make substantial demands on data. The use of factor analysis enables both the aggregation of information without loss of behavioural reality and the specification of variables in terms of a common metric. In conclusion, freight transport has usually been examined within too narrow a framework. It must be placed firmly within the context of the total industrial process. The demand for freight transport is directly influenced by the level, composition and geographical distribution of production and consumption activities. Freight flows are complex and so it is highly unlikely that a universal mode-choice model can ever be developed. Future research should, therefore, be directed towards developing partial models in response to specific needs of those involved in decision-taking in the freight sector.     

管道风险分析指数评分法中分值调整初探

管道风险分析指数评分法中重要步骤之一就是确定影响管道事故因素的权重,各个管道风险因素在整个管道事故中所占的权重是不相同的。针对目前管道风险分析指数评分法基本假设之一（各因素的分值范围都是0～100分）,为了更加客观、准确、合理地反映各个风险因素对于管道事故的影响程度,提出并论述了依据层次分析法的数学逻辑性进行综合计算得出管道风险因素的权重,然后对评分法中各个因素的最高分值,根据其权重不同进行相应调整,从而增强评价者对风险因素的认识和评判能力,提高管道风险评价结果的准确性。     

天然气站往复式压缩机活塞失效分析

针对天然气站往复式压缩机活塞的断裂事故,运用失效分析方法,开展了活塞断口扫描电镜分析、能谱和金相分析。根据断口形貌的电镜和金相观察结果,结合理论知识,分析确定了该活塞发生断裂事故的主要原因,即在特定工况下该活塞的材料缺陷是造成断裂的主要因素。     

中国城市道路规划方位性问题研究

文章结合中国的传统建筑文化理念和现代科学原理,从历史文化、能源节约、环境保护、房地产定价、交通安全等多方面分析研究了城市道路在规划和设计时所应遵从的定向规则。