连续配筋水泥混凝土路面裂缝发展规律研究

裂缝位置是连续配筋路面的薄弱面,裂缝间距和裂缝宽度则是CRCP配筋设计的两个控制指标。通过对不同配筋率的两段CRCP路面裂缝进行长期观测,分析归纳了CRCP路面的主要裂缝类型、裂缝形态、裂缝主要参数以及各参数的变化规律。研究发现横向裂缝是CRCP的主要裂缝形式,除了常见形态外,还出现了大量群集裂缝以及Y形裂缝。裂缝可以用裂缝间距、裂缝宽度以及裂缝长度等参数来表征,各参数随配筋率、端部锚固形式、观测气温以及时间而不断变化,相关研究结论可为今后CRCP路面实施裂缝控制技术以及CRCP的优化设计提供有益的参考。     

沥青混凝土路面非荷载性裂缝形成机理研究

首先阐述引起沥青混凝土路面裂缝的原因可以归结为荷载性裂缝和非荷载性裂缝两大类,温度裂缝和反射裂缝是非荷载裂缝的两种主要型式。接着从非荷载性裂缝的角度出发,详细分析了温度收缩裂缝、温度梯度裂缝和反射裂缝形成的机理,指出温度梯度是引起路面横向裂缝的主要原因,而反射裂缝是半刚性基层裂缝和温度裂缝综合作用的结果。     

连续配筋混凝土路面裂缝发展规律浅析

裂缝是混凝土路面的薄弱点,而裂缝宽度和间距是评价的直观指标。以耒宜高速公路为依托,对新、旧连续配筋混凝土路面进行裂缝调查,对裂缝形态、裂缝宽度、裂缝间距3个方面进行了分析、评价,并提出裂缝间距、宽度与龄期的关系,以供读者参考。     

混凝土裂缝成因、分类与防治

从裂缝的产生原因入手,塑性裂缝、干缩裂缝、温度裂缝以及荷载裂缝进行了描述并给出了相应的防治方法,同时对混凝土置换法、表面封闭法以及灌浆法3种混凝土裂缝的修补方法进行了阐述。实践证明,本文所涉及的混凝土裂缝修补方法全面有效。     

提高地铁隧道钢筋混凝土耐久性措施研究

如何有效提高混凝土的耐久性,控制大型钢筋混凝土构筑物的裂缝,是土建工程的一个重点和难点。本文阐述了混凝土裂缝的种类,从收缩裂缝、温度裂缝、不均匀沉降裂缝等方面论述了裂缝的产生原因,并从工程设计、材料、施工、养护等方面提出了裂缝控制的措施与方法。对既有的混凝土裂缝,根据不同情况,采取有针对性的治理方案进行治理,保障了结构的安全运营。     

桥梁混凝土裂缝成因、预防与处理

混凝土裂缝的成因复杂而繁多，有时甚至多种因素相互影响。但就一些具体裂缝而言，总有主导原因。为了便于分析、鉴别工程中发生的裂缝。根据裂缝产生的原因，常见裂缝可分为荷载引起的裂缝、温度变化引起的裂缝、收缩引起的裂缝、地基基础变形引起的裂缝、化学反应引起的裂缝等。在实际工程施工中要区别对待，根据实际情况选用合适的方法进行预防。     

预应力砼连续箱梁桥常见裂缝成因分析

讨论了预应力砼连续箱梁桥中常见的 3种裂缝 ,即主拉应力斜裂缝、纵向裂缝和底板砼劈裂 ,从设计和施工两个方面分析了裂缝形成的原因 ,着重讨论了主拉应力裂缝和纵向裂缝     

高等级沥青路面表面裂缝扩展规律及寿命研究

为了减缓沥青路面表面裂缝,基于断裂力学理论并应用有限元软件ABAQUS,建立了20节点等参元有限元模型,对路面表面裂缝进行数值计算,且采用Paris公式预测了表面裂缝扩展寿命,分析探讨了应力强度因子K2在表面裂缝扩展过程中的变化规律及路面结构参数对表面裂缝疲劳寿命的影响。计算表明:(1)表面裂缝的扩展只考虑偏荷载作用,在裂缝的扩展过程中,随着表面裂缝向下不断的扩展,其K2增大到一个峰值后,再缓慢下降。(2)在路面结构参数正常取值的范围内,对表面裂缝扩展寿命影响较大的是面层厚度、面层模量、基层模量,而土基模量、底基层厚度、底基层模量、基层厚度对表面裂缝扩展寿命的影响很小。     

HAP综合裂缝处理法在广惠高速公路施工中的应用

对广惠高速公路裂缝的具体情况进行详细充分的调查,分析裂缝成因,根据裂缝成因及破坏程度的不同开发应用了HAP综合裂缝处理法对裂缝进行处理,成功地解决了路面裂缝、唧浆和坑槽等病害。HAP综合裂缝处理法主要包括HAP改性环氧树脂灌缝胶高压灌注法、HAP高性能改性环氧砂浆填补法、HAP改性沥青浇注法等三种方法。     

沙漠戈壁公路沥青路面裂缝成因分析及处治措施

我国沙漠戈壁公路在建成不久后路面病害就显现出来,特别是裂缝类病害,尤为严重.以G215国道柳园至敦煌公路沥青路面裂缝为例,横向裂缝、纵向裂缝广泛分布.调查分析裂缝的特征,分析出沙漠戈壁的极端气候,路面材料选择不当,盐渍土对路基、路面的侵蚀及过往施工质量问题是沥青路面裂缝病害的成因.根据裂缝形成的原因,提出沙漠戈壁公路沥青路面裂缝的处治措施,可为同类工程提供经验.     

A vehicle type-based approach to model car following behaviors in simulation programs (case study: Car-motorcycle following behavior)

Traffic simulation models often neglect the important role of motorcycles and assume a flow of various combinations of cars. This paper addresses how much different would be the behavior of a car driver while following a motorcyclist compared to cases in which a car follows another car, along with a segment of an urban highway in the non-congested flow. Recognition of such a difference might help to develop existing simulation models and to improve the behavior of car drivers in such a way to lead to lower accidents with motorcycles. To reach the goal, a GHR (Gazis-Herman-Rothery) model for car following is applied and data have been collected by video cameras during 15?min time intervals in three different days. Analysis of 198 car-motorcycle and 374 car-car following observations has indicated that when a car driver follows a motorcycle, keeps a higher headway (about 10?m in the low speed) with a lower acceleration/deceleration in comparison with the situation in which car driver follow another one. It means that the behavior of the follower car driver would be more cautious compared to situations in which a car driver follows another one, especially in space headways <10?m. In addition to main findings of the paper for developing a more realistic simulation program, the paper also addresses that in cases when the required safe space between a car and a motorcycle would be endangered, a warning message could be generated for the car driver (by implementing an in-veh ITS technology) to warn driver about keeping a safe distance.     

Real-time implementation of a traction control algorithm on a scaled roller rig

Traction control is a very important aspect in railway vehicle dynamics. Its optimisation allows improvement of the performance of a locomotive by working close to the limit of adhesion. On the other hand, in case the adhesion limit is surpassed, the wheels are subjected to heavy wear and there is also a big risk that vibrations in the traction occur. Similar considerations can be made in the case of braking. The development and optimisation of a traction/braking control algorithm is a complex activity, because it is usually performed on a real vehicle on the track, where many uncertainties are present due to environmental conditions and vehicle characteristics. This work shows the use of a scaled roller rig to develop and optimise a traction control algorithm on a single wheelset. Measurements performed on the wheelset are used to estimate the optimal adhesion forces by means of a wheel/rail contact algorithm executed in real time. This allows application of the optimal adhesion force.     

A nonlinear model predictive control formulation for obstacle avoidance in high-speed autonomous ground vehicles in unstructured environments

This paper presents a nonlinear model predictive control (MPC) formulation for obstacle avoidance in high-speed, large-size autono-mous ground vehicles (AGVs) with high centre of gravity (CoG) that operate in unstructured environments, such as military vehicles. The term ‘unstructured’ in this context denotes that there are no lanes or traffic rules to follow. Existing MPC formulations for passenger vehicles in structured environments do not readily apply to this context. Thus, a new nonlinear MPC formulation is developed to navigate an AGV from its initial position to a target position at high-speed safely. First, a new cost function formulation is used that aims to find the shortest path to the target position, since no reference trajectory exists in unstructured environments. Second, a region partitioning approach is used in conjunction with a multi-phase optimal control formulation to accommodate the complicated forms the obstacle-free region can assume due to the presence of multiple obstacles in the prediction horizon in an unstructured environment. Third, the no-wheel-lift-off condition, which is the major dynamical safety concern for high-speed, high-CoG AGVs, is ensured by limiting the steering angle within a range obtained offline using a 14 degrees-of-freedom vehicle dynamics model. Thus, a safe, high-speed navigation is enabled in an unstructured environment. Simulations of an AGV approaching multiple obstacles are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm.     

A list of accident scenarios for three legs skewed intersections

The term ‘scenario’ is used in the safety field to designate a prototype or a model of an accident process characterised by chains of facts, actions, causal relations and consequences in terms of damage to people and property. The prototypical scenarios, properly realized, provide a basis on which to consider the action to be taken, but also a concrete backup for accident information for use in information campaigns or training. The objective of this study is to define the prototypical accident scenarios for a particular configuration of road intersection: the skewed intersection. Limited sight distance at skewed intersections leads to safety issues. A non-skewed intersection provides the best operating conditions as drivers can easily sense the direction in which they are travelling, estimate the speeds of the opposing traffic and smoothly complete a maneuver in shorter time. In skewed intersections, instead, the ability of drivers to recognize any conflicting vehicles diminishes in comparison to right-angle intersections. The logical-deductive approach used in this paper for the determination of accident scenarios is based on an analysis of a large database of incidents, which occurred on several roads in eastern Sicily on 35 skewed intersections at three-legs. The skew angle of the minor leg of all the intersections studied is between 15° and 20°. This research allowed to develop accident scenarios related to particular configurations of intersections, compatible with the Italian rules. Prototypical scenarios are constructed using samples of accidents occurring on a particular type of study area, especially when they are based on files from in-depth investigations. The method used is an inductive approach, based on an examination of each case, grouping together similar cases and building a prototypical scenario using this case grouping. From the in-depth analysis of database accidents 9 prototypical accident scenarios have been identified for the skewed intersections.     

Driver behavior formulation in intersection dilemma zones with phone use distraction via a logit-Bayesian network hybrid approach

Use of cellular phone while driving is one of the top contributing factors that induce traffic crashes, resulting in significant loss of life and property. A dilemma zone is a circumstance near signalized intersections where drivers hesitate when making decisions related to their driving behaviors. Therefore, the dilemma zone has been identified as an area with high crash potential. This article utilizes a logit-based Bayesian network (BN) hybrid approach to investigate drivers' decision patterns in a dilemma zone with phone use, based on experimental data from driving simulations from the National Advanced Driving Simulator (NADS). Using a logit regression model, five variables were found to be significant in predicting drivers' decisions in a dilemma zone with distractive phone tasks: older drivers (50–60 years old), yellow signal length, time to stop line, handheld phone tasks, and driver gender. The identified significant variables were then used to train a BN model to predict drivers' decisions at a dilemma zone and examine probabilistic impacts of these variables on drivers' decisions. The analysis results indicate that the trained BN model was effective in driver decision prediction and variable influence extraction. It was found that older drivers, a short yellow signal, a short time to stop line, nonhandheld phone tasks, and female drivers are factors that tend to result in drivers proceeding through intersections in a dilemma zone with phone use distraction. These research findings provide insight in understanding driver behavior patterns in a dilemma zone with distractive phone tasks.     

Intelligent collision warning using license plate segmentation

Given the increase of vehicles in traffic, traffic accidents have become a crucial and urgent issue for some countries. Particularly, in heavy traffic conditions, rear-end collisions make up the majority of traffic accidents, which make the traffic jam worse. This article proposes a novel approach to rear-end collision warning systems using areas of license plates acquired with a single camera mounted on a car. The edges of the front car's license plate are segmented and a rectangle is sketched to calculate the area, which is used for estimating distance between the cars. Relative speed of the front car is computed using the differences of the rectangles in a specific time. Distance and relative speed are obtained from the estimated areas of the license plates and transferred to the fuzzy inference system to send a warning signal to the driver for collision prevention, in emergency cases. The experiments are greatly encouraging, indicating that number plate segmentation can be utilized to estimate the distance and fuzzy inference system can be developed to create a warning signal to the drivers.     

聚脲润滑脂在汽车行业的应用

聚脲润滑脂具有较宽的温度使用范围，优良的氧化安定性和胶体安定性，耐高温、耐腐蚀、抗水淋、抗不良介质的影响，尤其是在高温下具有较长的使用寿命，是一种多效、通用的高档润滑脂。介绍了该润滑脂在国外汽车行业的应用情况，指出，为适应我国汽车工业的发展，应大力发展和推广应用。     

多站点航运协调调度模型与算法

为了提高内河航运中船闸整体通过能力,基于单航向且每个站点仅考虑一个船闸的情况,对同一条河流上的多个站点,建立了多站点航运协调调度模型,并在目标函数中引入船闸服务水平等级因子,提出了相邻船闸间的耦合约束。依据苏北运河上船舶的概率统计信息,设计了仿真优化算法对模型进行求解。仿真结果显示,闸室平均面积利用率均高于80％,船舶平均等待时间均在3h以内,对应船闸服务水平达到二级。仿真结果表明了模型和算法的有效性。     

Total dynamic response of a PSS vehicle negotiating asymmetric road excitations

A planar suspension system (PSS) is a novel automobile suspension system in which an individual spring–damper strut is implemented in both the vertical and longitudinal directions, respectively. The wheels in a vehicle with such a suspension system can move back and forth relative to the chassis. When a PSS vehicle experiences asymmetric road excitations, the relative longitudinal motion of wheels with respect to the chassis in two sides of the same axle are not identical, and thus the two wheels at one axle will not be aligned in the same axis. The total dynamic responses, including those of the bounce, pitch and the roll of the PSS vehicle, to the asymmetric road excitation may exhibit different characteristics from those of a conventional vehicle. This paper presents an investigation into the comprehensive dynamic behaviour of a vehicle with the PSS, in such a road condition, on both the straight and curved roads. The study was carried out using an 18 DOF full-car model incorporating a radial-spring tyre–ground contact model and a 2D tyre–ground dynamic friction model. Results demonstrate that the total dynamic behaviour of a PSS vehicle is generally comparable with that of the conventional vehicle, while PSS exhibits significant improvement in absorbing the impact forces along the longitudinal direction when compared to the conventional suspension system. The PSS vehicle is found to be more stable than the conventional vehicle in terms of the directional performance against the disturbance of the road potholes on a straight line manoeuvre, while exhibiting a very similar handling performance on a curved line.     

DSP-based self-organising fuzzy controller for active suspension systems

This study proposed a self-organising fuzzy controller (SOFC) for controlling an active suspension system to evaluate its control performance. During the control process, the SOFC continually updated the learning strategy in the form of fuzzy rules. The fuzzy rule table of this SOFC could be initially set to zero. This not only overcame the difficulty in finding appropriate membership functions and control rules for designing a fuzzy controller, but also solved the database problem where the fuzzy rules of a fuzzy controller, once determined, remained fixed and could not suitably regulate them in real time to optimise the dynamic response of the system required to gain the desired control performance. To demonstrate the applicability of the proposed SOFC for active suspension systems, a quarter-car hydraulic-servo suspension system was designed and constructed to evaluate the feasibility of active suspension control. Additionally, to conform to real-time application requirements in the vehicular industry, the SOFC was implemented with a digital signal processor to control the hydraulic-servo suspension system so that the control performance could be determined. The SOFC has shown a better control performance in suppressing the vibration amplitude of the vehicle body for enhancing the structural safety of the vehicle and increasing the life of the suspension system. It also effectively suppressed the amplitude of the vehicle body acceleration and reduced the tire deflection for improving the ride and the handling quality of a vehicle better than a passive control, as verified in experimental results.