Impacts on Asphalt Mixture's High Temperature Performance with PR Series Additives Added

Impacts　on　asphalt　mixture's　high　temperature　performance　with　PR　series　additives　added　by　means　of　rutting　test　and　Repeated　Shear　Test　(Constant　Height)　(RSCH)　were　investigated　The　analytic　results　of　the　two　tests　show　that　(1)　rutting　test　is　not　suitable　for　the　high　temperature　performance　evaluation　of　asphalt　mixture　with　PR　series　additives　added　for　the　reason　of　the　conflict　between　dynamic　stability　and　rut　depth;　(2)　the　results　of　RSCH,such　as　K1,K2,N　and　γ,show　very　well　consistency　which　is　suitable　 for　the　high　temperature　performance　evaluation　of　asphalt　mixture　with　PR　series　additives 　added　The　results　of　RSCH　show　that　asphalt　mixture　with　PR　PLAST　S　(PRS) 　added　has　the　best　performance,the　PR　FLEX　MODULE　(PRM)　one　is　the　next　and　t he　original　one　is　the　worst　for　the　high　temperature　anti?shear　performance     

Application of High-elastic Modified Asphalt in Steel Bridge Pavement

To　cope　with　the　fatigue　cracking　occurred　to　the　asphalt　mixture　on　steel　deck　avement,it　is　put　forward　that　the　fatigue　life　of　asphalt　mixture　can　be　improved　by　reducing　the　ailure　energy　of　each　hysteresis　loop　of　asphalt　mixture　according　to　the　cumulative　dissipated　energy　and　hysteresis　loop　theory　in　the　principle　of　viscoelasticity　for　asphalt　mixture　Based　on　this　principle,a　kind　of　modified　asphalt　with　high　elasticity　was　developed,and　its　high　and　low　temperature　performances　and　fatigue　performances　were　also　tested　The　result　shows　that　(1)　low　temperature　deformability　of　the　high?elastic　modified　asphalt　mixture　has　remarkably　improved　and　low　temperature　bending　strain　of　girder　at　-10　℃　is　above　10　000　με;　(2)　the　fatigue　life　of　modified　asphalt　mixture　with　high　elasticity　has　greatly　improved　by　4?point　bending　beam　test　compared　with　common　modified　asphalt　mixture　The　fatigue　life　at　1　000　με　deformability　is　about　19　million　times　which　is　about　20　times　longer　than　that　of　ordinary　asphalt　mixture     

Micromechanical Analysis on Viscoelasticity of Asphalt Mixtures

Mori-Tanaka　equivalent　inclusion　micromechanics　theory　was　employed　to　investigate　the　viscoelasticity　of　asphalt　mixture　Asphalt　mixture　was　regarded　as　composites　which　treated　coarse　aggregate　as　a　rigid　inclusion　and　the　mixture　of　fine　aggregate,filler　and　binder　as　viscoelastic　matrix　The　constitutive　relations　of　coarse　aggregate　inclusion　and　fine　aggregate-filler-binder　matrix　were　converted　into　elastic　problems　by　Laplace　transformation　Then　the　Mori-Tanaka　equivalent　inclusion　and　average　theory　were　used　to　deduce　the 　viscoelastic　performance　of　asphalt　mixture　based　on　that　of　asphalt　mortar　in 　Laplace　space　The　result　shows　that　(1)　coarse　aggregate　inclusion　can　enhance the　viscoelastic　performance　of　fine　aggregate?filler?binder　matrix　and　viscoelastic　constitutive　relation　of　asphalt　mixtures　can　be　expressed　as　the　product　of　an　enhancement　coefficient　of　coarse　aggregate　and　the　viscoelastic　constitutive　relation　of　fine　aggregate?filler?binder　matrix;　(2)　the　viscoelasticity　of　the　complex　asphalt　mixture　can　be　predicted　from　the　viscoelasticity　of　the　homogeneous　fine　aggregate?filler?binder　matrix　by　using　the　nhancement　coefficient;　(3)　the　enhancement　coefficient　is　higher　than　10　and　it　rises　with　increasing　of　coarse　aggregates'　volumetric　fraction　or　Poisson's　ratio　of　fine　aggregate-filler-binder　matrix　but　the　effect　of　the　former　is　more　important　than　that　of　the　latter     

Evaluation of Low?temperature Performance of Porous Asphalt Mixture

To　analyze　influencing　factors　and　evaluation　method　of　low-temperature　performance　of　porous　asphalt　mixture,first,three　kinds　of　modified　binder　were　chosen　as　original,thin　film　aging　and　pressure　aging　samples　for　customary　index　test　and　bending　beam　rheometer　(BBR)　test　at　-12　℃　to　evaluate　low-temperature　performance　of　these　modified　binders　Then,evaluation　of　the　low-temperature　anti?cracking　performance　of　different　kinds　of　porous　asphalt　mixture　was　made　by　thermal　stress　restrained　sample　test　(TSRST)　At　the　sam e　time,the　result　of　abovementioned　TSRST　were　compared　with　the　TSRST　result　of 　samples　of　the　porous　asphalt　mixtures　after　long?term　aging　to　evaluate　the　influence　of　 aging　on　low-temperature　performance　of　porous　asphalt　mixtures　The　results　show　that　(1)　TSRST　result　of　porous　asphalt　mixtures　coincides　with　creep　stiffnesses　of　BBR　test　of　modified　binders;　(2)　the　fracture　temperatures　of　the　porous　asphalt　mixtures　increase　and　their　fracture　stresses　decrease　after　aging;　(3)　the　fracture　stresses　of　porous　asphalt　mixtures　are　just　one-third　of　those　of　dense?gradation　asphalt　mixtures　while　the　fracture　temperatures　almost　the　same,which　indicates　that　their　low?temperature　performances　are　almost　the　same     

Research on Adaptability of Semi?rigid Material as Base Course for Long-life Asphalt Pavement

In　the　light　of　semi?rigid　material　as　base　course　for　perpetual　asphalt　pavement,the　bearing　capacity　and　fatigue　life　of　asphalt　pavement　with　semi-rigid　base　cause　and　different　asphalt　layer's　thickness　were　computed　with　BISAR30　after　chosen　typical　pavement　The　impact　of　thickened　layer　on　the　stress　of　the　semi?rigid　base,the　dry　shrinkage　and　temperature　shrinkages　of　the　material　were　analyzed,and　its　adaptability　as　base　for　perpetual　pavement　was　studied　The　result　shows　that　(1)　under　the　same　load,with　thickening　of　the　asphalt　layer,the　compressive　stress　on　the　top　and　the　tensile　stress　at　the　bottom　of　the　semi?rigid　base　decrease　obviously　and　the　fatigue　life　of 　the　base　increases　substantially;　(2)the　impact　of　temperature　and　humidity　on　the 　semi-rigid　base　is　remarkably　weakened,which　leads　to　the　fractures,erosion　and　reflecting　cracks　of　the　semi?rigid　base　to　be　controlled　effectively     

Construction Behavior of Double Down?side Drifts in a Weak Tunnel with Shallow Cover

Confronted　with　accidents　in　a　shallow?buried　weak　tunnel　using　the　bench　excavation　method,such　as　great　subsidence　and　cracks　in　the　ground　surface　as　well　as　those　in　the　preliminary　support,a　double　downside　drifts　construction　method　was　presented　The　drifts　were　used　to　detect　geological　conditions　and　reinforce　the　lower　parts　of　the　tunnel　Its　construction　procedures　and　load　transiting　mechanism　were　then　described　Its　Construction　behavior　was　also　studied　by　numerical　simulation　using　software　MIDAS　The　results　show　that　(1)　double-side　drifts　can　improve　tunnel　load,the　key　construction　step　is　arch　ring　excavation　and　core　soil　is　good　to　keep　tunnel　steady;　(2)　weak　parts　mainly　l ocate　at　wall　foot　of　drifts,wall　foot　and　crown　foot　of　tunnel,and　the　connections;　(3)　reinforcement　of　soil　under　the　drifts　has　no　apparent　effect　on　improving　rock　deformation　and　support　load　Advice　on　construction　was　proposed　that　main　parts　to　be　reinforced　are　drifts　(its　foot　depth,connection　parts　with　tunnel,and　its　corners)　and　core　soil　should　be　kept　if　rock　is　unsteady　and　needs　reinforcing     

Experimental Research on Fatigue Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Reams Strengthened with HPFL under Overloading Conditions

In　order　to　study　the　fatigue　behavior　of　RC　beams　strengthened　with　High　Performance　Ferrocement　Laminates　(HPFL)　under　overloading　conditions,static　and　fatigue　experiments　were　conducted　on　two　control　beams　and　nine　strengthened　beams　The　failure　mode,fatigue　life,deflection　and　material　strain　under　overloading　conditions　were　analyzed　The　result　shows　that　(1)　fatigue　failure　of　the　beams　subjected　to　overload　starts　with　steel　rupture　at　the　bottom　and　the　fatigue　life　is　only　between　327　000　and　668　000　while　fatigue　 life　of　strengthened　beams　is　greater　than　two　million　times　in　case　of　not　overload ing;　(2)　compared　with　the　control　specimen,the　fatigue　life　of　strengthened　beams　is　obvio usly　extended　and　increased　with　the　increase　of　steel　mesh　consumption;　(3)　after　the　same　number　of　cycles,the　deflections,the　strains　of　concrete　and　steels　of　four　strengthened　beams　are　lower　than　those　of　the　control　specimen　Debonding　at　the　interface　of　HPFL　and　concrete　is　not　observed　because　of　shear　pins　planted　at　the　end　of　the　beams     

Study on Model Experiment of Prestressed Concrete Skewed Box Girder with Transversely Segmental Construction

he　prestressed　concrete　skewed　box　girder　with　transversely　segmental　construction　was　brought　out　on　the　basis　of　the　need　in　the　engineering,both　model　experiments　and　FE　analysis　of　the　presented　construction　and　the　beam　box　with　integral　construction　were　carried　out　With　the　analysis　of　the　obtained　data　by　mathematical　statistics,comparison　of　table　and　graph,and　the　corresponding　FE　analysis,the　difference　of　mechanical　performances　of　both　constructions　was　analyzed　under　various　experimental　loading　cases　The　results show　that　(1)　the　deflection　of　the　presented　construction　is　about　53%　larger　than　that　of　the　beam　box　with　integral　construction,the　longitudinal　strain　is　135%　larger　than　that　of　the　latter,and　the　longitudinal　strain　of　the　cast　concrete　is　59％　as　large　as　that　of　the　same　area　at　the　beam　box　with　integral　construction　before　concrete　cracking;　(2)　there　exists　stress　redistribution　in　the　cross-section　of　presented　construction,which　can　restrain　the　tensional　distortion　of　the　wet?joint,and　the　value　of　the　stress　cannot　be　computed　by　the　current　FE　program     

Experimental Study on Damage Assessment of Concrete T-beam Bridges

The　effect　of　damaged　transverse　connection　of　diaphragm　beams　on　the　bearing　capacity　of　prefabricated　concrete　T?beam　bridges　was　studied　through　model　experiment　and　finite　element　analysis　On　the　basis　of　standard　drawing　of　16　m　T?beam　bridge,a　refabricated　concrete　T?beam　bridge　model　on　the　scale　of　1　to　4　was　designed　by　using　of　welding　steel　plate　The　impacts　of　different　condition　on　transverse　load　distribution　were　discussed　The　result　shows　that　(1)　flange　connection　has　little　impact　on　the　transverse　load　distribution　when　the　diaphragm　beams　are　connected　reliably;　(2)　the　damage　of　transverse　connections　has　much　influence　on　the　transverse　load　distribution　of　adjacent　girders　but　it　has　little　effect　on　the　girders　apart　from　them;　(3)　if　a　certain　transverse　connection　is　damaged　entirely　except　for　that　of　the　end　diaphragm　beams,the　load　distribution　would　not　degenerate　to　the　conditions　determined　by　the　flange　connection　because　of　the　advantageous　effects　of　the　other　diaphragm　beams;　(4)　only　when　the　bilateral　diaphragms　of　one　beam　are　damaged　at　the　same　time,the　lateral　load　distribution　will　degenerate　to　the　conditions　determined　by　the　flange　connection     

Heat Exhaust Ventilation for Ultra long GIL Tunnel（超长GIL管廊排热通风研究）

The GIL chamber in the utility tunnel under Tanxinpei Road in Wuhan is an ultra long closed structure. Heat exhaust ventilation is the controlling problem in engineering design for the project, especially the heat transfer between the tunnel and the surrounding soil in the long term. A one dimensional model for the GIL chamber is established by using the IDA tunnel simulation software to analyze the short term and long term heat exhaust, respectively. The short term heat exhaust is analyzed for the typical climate of summer/winter/transitional seasons and the long term analysis is carried out under the seasonal changes in 1 year/ 10 years/ 30 years. The short term analysis results indicate that the slope of the utility tunnel and the temperature gradient lead to lower ventilation efficiency in certain areas. The long term analysis results show that the air temperature in the GIL chamber and the wall temperature rise most pronouncedly during the first 5-6 years of operation and remain stable for the remaining time within 30 years. It also is found that around 10%-40% of the heat is released to the surrounding soil. A three dimensional model of the GIL chamber is established using the fluid mechanics based program, OpenFOAM, for 3D simulation. The effects of cables and brackets on the temperature and velocity fields in the chamber are analyzed. The effect of non uniformity of velocity distribution and the stack effect on the temperature distribution in the GIL chamber are revealed. The results can provide some reference for the design and specification revision of heat exhaust ventilation for similar utility tunnels in the future.     

Distribution Laws of Fire Temperature Fields in Immersed Tunnel: A Case Study of Hong Kong Zhuhai Macao Bridge Immersed Tunnel Project（沉管隧道火灾温度场分布规律研究——以港珠澳大桥沉管隧道为例）

The large testing platform for immersed tunnel is established to analyze the distribution laws of the temperature field and its influencing factors when a tunnel fire breaks out. Meanwhile, the combination method of physical testing (1∶1 full scale fire test) and numerical calculation FDS are applied. Some conclusions are drawn as follows: (1) Longitudinal wind speed within limits can decrease the maximum temperature of tunnel crown top effectively when fire breaks out in tunnel. (2) The maximum temperature of tunnel crown top and fire behavior are related to fire types obviously. (3) The high temperature resistance safe position of the tunnel equipment is below 3.5 m of tunnel sidewall in case of fire source heat quantity of 50 MW. (4) The fire maximum temperature is positively related to heat release rate (HRR) and longitudinal wind speed.     

Analysis of Performance of High Liquid-limit-soil Foundation Reinforced by Geogrids

According　to　the　features　of　high?liquid?limit　foundation　in　southwest　mountainous　area　and　the　characteristics　of　geogrid　reinforced　cushion,geogrid　reinforced　cushion　was　used　to　reinforce　high?liquid　foundation　By　using　the　elastic?plastic　finite　element　analysis method,the　mechanisms　of　the　geogrid　reinforced　cushion　were　studied　The　results　show　that　geogrid　reinforced　cushion　can　greatly　reduce　loading　and　deformation　and　improve　the　high?liquid　foundation　stability　In　addition,the　effect　of　factors　such　as　location,lay ers,stiffness,etc　of　geogrids　on　reinforcement　and　the　regularity　were　discussed　Compari son　of　centrifugal　model　test　result　with　numerical　calculation　result　indicates　that　the　error　is　negligible　between　them,which　shows　that　(1)　constitutive　relationship,calculation　model　and　calculation　parameters　are　reasonable;　(2)　numerical　simulation　reflects　deformation　behavior　of　high?liquid　foundation　improvement　effectively　and　the　results　of　numerical　analysis　are　re liable     

Coupled Numerical Analysis of Anti?crack Mechanism of Large Stone Asphalt Mixture

Stresses　of　pavement　with　flexible　base　of　LSAM-30,ATPB-30　and　AC-30I　at　the　most　adverse　point　under　the　function　of　traffic　load　and　temperature　load　as　well　as　the　coupling　of　them　were　calculated　and　compared　by finite　element　method.　The　result　indicates　that　flexible　bases　of　LSAM?30　and　ATPB?30　are　more　effective　in　the　prevention　of　reflection　crack　Because　of　the　great　volume　of　coarse　aggregate　and　large　maximum　nominal　particle?size,the　LSAM-30　thermal　conductivity　is　greater,and　the　temperature　shrinking　coefficient　is　lower　as　well　as　the　modulus　of　resilience,which　could　reduce　the　emperature　gradient　among　the　structure　layers　effectively　and　then　minish　the　thermal　stress　At　the 　same　time,the　adequate　flexibility　performance　of　the　LSAM　may　also　absorb　strain　energy　at　the　crack　of　the　semi?rigid　subbase　sufficiently　As a　result,itpresented　preferable　reflection　crack　resistance　A　case　study　was　conducted　to do　comparative　analysis　of　anti?cracking　performance　of　LSAM-30,ATPB-30　and　AC-30I　flexible　bases　A　long?term　follow?up　observation　of　test　roads　with　the　three　bases　shows　that　the　pavement　with　LSMA　base　is　in　good　condition　and　no　sign　of　crack　found　while　pavements　with　ATPB?30　and　AC?30I　flexible　bases　have　varying　degrees　of　crack　LSMA　flexible　base　has　an　obvious　performance　of　anti-crack     

NEWLY ESTABLISHED LABORATORY

A new laboratory in China Automotive Technology and Research Center (CATARC), which was designed to test the automotive lighting & signalling equipment and field of vision, is going to be put into operation. The official ceremony will be held in the near future.     

Analysis of Adaptability of TBM in Trial Boring Stage of Super long Tunnel（超特长隧洞TBM集群试掘进阶段适应性分析）

The total length of the 2nd stage water transfer project in the northern area of Xinjiang of China is 540 km. The project consists of three tunnels, namely Xi Er (XE) Tunnel, Ka Shuang (KS) Tunnel and Shuang San (SS)〖HJ6.5mm〗 Tunnel, with lengths of 139.04 km, 283.27 km and 92.15 km respectively. All of these three tunnels have deep cover and are super long tunnels, and 95.6% of the total length of these three tunnels is constructed by TBMs. KS Tunnel is the longest water tunnel built or under construction in the world. In the paper, the trial TBM boring scheme and schedule of the water transfer project are introduced; the geological conditions revealed are statistically analyzed; and main project difficulties, i.e. durability of key equipment in long distance driving, passing through fault and fracture zones, water inrush, single head ventilation and transportation in long distance tunneling, anti slope drainage, and rock breaking efficiency and boring efficiency, are put forward. The adaptability of the TBMs used is analyzed from the aspects of adaptability to different surrounding rocks, adaptability to bad geological conditions and countermeasures, long distance ventilation and belt conveyor mucking and countermeasures, and TBM boring stability (such as equipment availability, boring time proportion, system malfunction and operation time). The following conclusions are obtained: (1) Accurate geological survey is the precondition of efficient tunneling. (2) The open type TBM can better adapt to Grade Ⅱ and Ⅲ of surrounding rocks, jointed and fractured zones and small faults; the adaptability of the TBMs used to the large scale fault fracture zones and water rich strata in this project is poor, and it needs to be improved in aspects of TBM equipment, supporting and construction technology. (3) The average availability of the TBM equipment in the trial boring stage is 89.9%, however, the malfunction rate of some ancillary equipment is high, particularly oil leakages occur to the main bearing seals; in order to achieve long distance tunneling, it is necessary to further improve the reliability and durability of the TBM equipment. (4) The average net boring efficiency in the trial boring stage is 296%, and TBM1 in Section Ⅱ of SS Tunnel achieves up to 45.2 % net boring efficiency; and highest monthly progress rate is 1 280 m, which created the highest record of the open type TBM boring in China. (5) TBM need to make great efforts to achieve 90% of the equipment system′s availability and over 40% of the tunneling efficiency.     

Design Standard for Thermal Insulation and Drainage Facilities of Railway Tunnels in Cold Regions（寒区铁路隧道保温排水设施设计标准研究）

Targeted to the issue of lacking of systematic design standards for thermal insulation and drainage facilities of railway tunnels in cold regions, the authors propose the method of design division of railway tunnels in cold regions based on the division of cold regions, the current technical status of thermal insulation and drainage in tunnels, and the investigation on some tunnel freezing damage cases in northeastern China and the northern part of North China. Through analyzing the application conditions of the thermal insulation and drainage facilities and combining the measured temperatures in the operating tunnels and drainage facilities, the authors propose the suggested length for the thermal insulation and drainage facilities of tunnels in cold regions in different divisions. The results show that: (1)railway tunnels in cold regions may be classified into 5 divisions based on annual average temperature and average temperature in the coldest month; (2)the elevated thermal insulation ditch only adapts to the cold regions with a higher temperature; (3)an effective measure for thermal insulation and drainage in cold regions is to embed ditches into structures within a certain range from the portal; (4)the ditches may be arranged in structures for the trunk section of long tunnels equipped with thermal insulation measures; (5)for the tunnels with the necessary conditions available, the double spur grade and a steep gradient in the longitudinal slope may be applied, which is beneficial to improving drainage conditions and preventing the ditch from freezing.     

The Symbolic Significance of The Scarlet Letter

As a great romantic novelist in America in 19th century,Hawthorne was outstanding in handling the application of symbolism.The Scarlet Letter is Hawthorne's most important symbolic novel,which stands as the best work of Hawthorne and one of the indubitable masterpieces of American literature.This thesis aims at the exploration of the usage of the symbolism in the novel.It mainly discusses the deep symbolic significance of the scarlet letter "A" and the little pearl.The scarlet letter is the central symbol of the novel.Its symbolic meaning changes from 'adultery' to 'able',even 'angelic' in the novel.It also examines the symbolic meanings of little Pearl and some typical natural surroundings such as the jail,the forest,the rosebush and so on.     

Perspective of the auto market in 2009

MARKET The Chinese auto market is perhaps the only miracle land at a time of global recession. The financial crisis is extending and sales in the main countries allow no optimism. May still found sliding figures in the previous month:in the US it was 34 percent down     

Research on Erection Methods of Steel Stiffening Truss Girder for Baling River Bridge

Four　methods　of　erecting　steel　stiffening　truss　girder　of　suspension　bridge,including　the　deck　lifting　gantry　crane　method,the　cable-mounted　crane　method,the　cantilever　erection　method　with　derrick　crane　and　the　incremental　launching　method,were　studied　Based　on construction　conditions　of　the　bridge,according　to　the　optimal　combination　of　various　factors　such　as　construction　safety,quality,period,environmental　protection　and　economic　performance,etc,the cantilever　erection　method　with　derrick　crane　was　recommended　for　the bridge.　On　this　basis,three　categories　of　connection　in　cantilever　erection　methods,including　the　all　hinged　method,the　successive　fully　splicing　method　and　the　successive　splicing　with　temporary　erection　hinge　method,were　studied　The　successive　splicing　with　temporary　erection　hinge　method　was　recommended　in　the　bridge　with　consideration　of　the　requirements　of　construction　safety,quality　and　time　limit　In　addition,the　traction　method　of　hangers　at　the　top　end　during　cantilever　erection　was　studied　Finally,the　erection　method　of　three　key　 stages,including　the　first　segment　near　the　pylon,the　standard　segment,as　well　as　the　closure　segment　of　steel　stiffening　truss　girde,r　was　studied.　The　cantilever　erection　method　with　derrick　crane　provides　a　new　way　for　design　and　construction　of　long-span　suspension　bridge　with　steel　stiffening　truss　girder　in　the　western　area　of　China     

Enhance International Exchange and Cooperation Jointly Promote ITS Development in China

Intelligent Transport System (ITS), a sys-tematic integration of modern hi-techs, such as computer technologies, communication technolo-gies, etc., is an important development trend in the field of communication & transportation sys-tem in the 21st century. The Chinese govern-