Evaluation of preview G-Vectoring control to decelerate a vehicle prior to entry into a curve

This paper describes the development of the braking assistance system based on a “G-Vectoring” concept. The present work focuses in particular on “Preview G-Vectoring Control” (PGVC), which is based on the “G-Vectoring Control” (GVC) scheme. In GVC, the longitudinal-acceleration control algorithm is based on the actual lateral jerk. PGVC decelerates a vehicle before it enters a curve, and is based on a new longitudinal-acceleration control algorithm which uses predicted and actual lateral jerk. Using the predicted lateral jerk makes it possible to decelerate the vehicle prior to curve entry. This deceleration can emulate a driver’s deceleration as the vehicle approaches a curve entry. PGVC is based on such deceleration algorithms and enables automatic deceleration similar to the action of a driver. It is thus possible to significantly improve the driver’s feeling when this system is activated. Driving tests with this new control system on snowy-winding course confirmed that the automatic brake control quality improved considerably compared to manual driver control considering both lap time and ride quality. These results indicate that PGVC can be a useful braking assistance system not only to improve the driver’s handling performance but also to reduce the brake-task during driving on winding roads.     

考虑驾驶人风格的跟车预警规则研究

为研究驾驶人的跟车特性及探究可适用于不同风格驾驶人的跟车预警规则,为自动驾驶车辆开发可满足不同用户驾驶需求和驾乘体验的主动安全预警系统,选取50名被试驾驶人开展实车试验,采集驾驶人跟车行为表征参数并基于雷达数据确定跟车事件提取规则。选取平均跟车时距和平均制动时距为二维向量,使用基于K-means聚类结果的高斯混合模型将驾驶人聚类为3种风格类型(冒进型、平稳型、保守型)。通过分析3组驾驶人的跟车及制动数据,将不同类型驾驶人的制动时距分位数作为跟车预警阈值,结合实际预警数据及不同制动时距分位数对应的预警正确率,对现有跟车预警规则进行调整,以适应不同类型驾驶人的驾驶需求。研究结果表明:3组驾驶人的平均跟车时距和平均制动时距差异显著,冒进型驾驶人倾向于选择较小的跟车时距和制动时距,保守型驾驶人的跟车时距和制动时距则普遍较大;3组驾驶人的实际跟车预警次数为215次,驾驶人采取制动操作而系统未予以预警的次数为329次,系统整体预警正确率为21.9%,漏警率为87.5%,通过分析信息熵等判定当前预警规则并不合理;将每类驾驶人制动时距的10%分位数作为阈值时的预警效果较好,调整后的跟车预警规则能在一定程度上适应不同的驾驶人类型。     

制动与转向协调动作的车辆避撞控制研究（双语出版）

为了弥补现有汽车避撞控制策略以及碰撞风险评价指标单一的不足，提出转向和制动协调的主动避撞控制系统。首先规划了五次多项式换道路径，在对其理论分析的基础上得到转向临界避撞距离和与目标车道车辆的安全距离约束。其次，考虑道路附着系数和系统延迟的影响，基于制动过程给出制动临界避撞距离，并以纵向行驶安全系数ξ和碰撞时间倒数T^-1_TC划分安全行驶区域，利用驾驶人实车跟车数据标定稳态跟随/定速巡航区域的阈值。随后，通过转向/制动临界避撞距离的对比给出2种避撞方式的安全收益范围。最后搭建Simulink/CarSim联合仿真模型，并对其进行不同初始条件下的避撞仿真试验。研究结果表明：转向操作在制动距离不足时仍是有效的；当主车高速近距离接近静止前车时，主车可以顺利采取转向换道动作，而常规ACC系统在2.5 s处的车间相对距离为-0.76 m，事实上已经发生了碰撞；当相邻车道前车与主车纵向间距不满足换道安全距离约束时，避撞控制系统进入紧急制动模式，最大制动减速度达到-0.8g（g为重力加速度），实际最小车间距为5.1 m；通过转向和制动的协调动作，充分发挥了车辆的避撞潜力；ξ和T^-1_TC指标的融合，可以更好地评估碰撞风险并实现不同控制模式的转换，在保证行车安全的同时可避免过分制动给乘客造成的紧张感。     

车路集成环境下车辆防撞预警安全状态判别模型的研究

针对现有安全状态判别模型未能兼顾行车安全与道路空间资源利用率,且忽略了实际行驶环境下动态制动减速度信息的问题,提出了车路集成条件下车辆防撞预警安全状态判别模型。通过车-路通信协作实现对路面类型等实际行驶环境因素的动态识别,并确定车辆采取制动措施时所能获得的动态制动减速度;通过分析前车与自车的有效制动时间和车辆制动全过程,建立了新型临界跟车距离模型,并给出了模型关键参数的获取方法。仿真结果表明,该判别模型具有较强的自适应性,更贴近车辆实际行驶环境下的制动过程,有利于提高道路空间的利用率。     

eTS fuzzy driver model for simultaneous longitudinal and lateral vehicle control

In this paper, evolving Takagi-Sugeno (eTS) fuzzy driver model is proposed for simultaneous lateral and longitudinal control of a vehicle in a test track closed to traffic. The developed eTS fuzzy driver model can capture human operator’s driving expertise for generating desired steering angle, throttle angle and brake pedal command values by processing only information which can be supplied by the vehicle’s on-board control systems in real time. Apart from other fuzzy rule based (FRB) models requiring human expert knowledge or off-line clustering, the developed eTS driver model can adapt itself automatically, even ‘from scratch’, by an on-line learning process using eTS algorithm while human driver is supervising the vehicle. Proposed eTS fuzzy driver model’s on-line human driver identification capability and autonomous vehicle driving performance were evaluated on real road profiles created by digitizing two different intercity express ways of Turkey in IPG© CarMaker® software. The training and validation simulation results demonstrated that eTS fuzzy driver model can be used in product development phase to speed up different tests via realistic simulations. Furthermore eTS fuzzy driver model has an application potential in the field of autonomous driving.     

Feedback brake distribution control for minimum pitch

The distribution of brake forces between front and rear axles of a vehicle is typically specified such that the same level of brake force coefficient is imposed at both front and rear wheels. This condition is known as ‘ideal’ distribution and it is required to deliver the maximum vehicle deceleration and minimum braking distance. For subcritical braking conditions, the deceleration demand may be delivered by different distributions between front and rear braking forces. In this research we show how to obtain the optimal distribution which minimises the pitch angle of a vehicle and hence enhances driver subjective feel during braking. A vehicle model including suspension geometry features is adopted. The problem of the minimum pitch brake distribution for a varying deceleration level demand is solved by means of a model predictive control (MPC) technique. To address the problem of the undesirable pitch rebound caused by a full-stop of the vehicle, a second controller is designed and implemented independently from the braking distribution in use. An extended Kalman filter is designed for state estimation and implemented in a high fidelity environment together with the MPC strategy. The proposed solution is compared with the reference ‘ideal’ distribution as well as another previous feed-forward solution.     

制动减速度与制动响应时间的匹配设计及优化分析

制动减速度和制动响应时间作为商用车制动系统两项重要技术指标,直接影响车辆行车安全。本文通过对某款8×8车型的制动减速度与制动响应时间进行匹配设计、测试分析及设计优化,最终使制动减速度达到理想状态,制动响应时间大幅缩短,制动性能得到了大幅提升,进一步提高了整车的安全性。     

基于交通信息的电动汽车制动策略及仿真

为了提高滑行能量回收经济性和踏板制动安全性、舒适性,基于交通信息,提出了电动汽车(EV)制动协调策略。分析了滑行制动的经济性,由交通信息和汽车行驶状态确定滑行制动强度;由道路信息和前方车辆信息建立汽车安全距离模型和碰撞预警策略,利用预警信息对滑行制动和踏板制动强度进行协调。对本策略进行仿真验证。结果表明:利用交通信息的滑行策略,在通行良好工况下综合能耗减少1.1%,拥堵工况下减轻驾驶员的制动疲劳;预警和协调策略避免了频繁预警,减小了紧急避撞触发几率。因此,利用交通信息能够辅助驾驶员进行更加合理的制动。     

Development of a Driving Behavior-Based Collision Warning System Using a Neural Network

An advanced driver assistance system (ADAS) uses radar, visual information, and laser sensors to calculate variables representing driving conditions, such as time-to-collision (TTC) and time headway (THW), and to determine collision risk using empirically set thresholds. However, the empirically set threshold can generate differences in performance that are detected by the driver. It is appropriate to quickly relay collision risk to drivers whose response speed to dangerous situations is relatively slow and who drive defensively. However, for drivers whose response speed is relatively fast and who drive actively, it may be better not to provide a warning if they are aware of the collision risk in advance, because giving collision warnings too frequently can lower the reliability of the warnings and cause dissatisfaction in the driver, or promote disregard. To solve this problem, this study proposes a collision warning system (CWS) based on an individual driver’s driving behavior. In particular, a driver behavior model was created using an artificial neural network learning algorithm so that the collision risk could be determined according to the driving characteristics of the driver. Finally, the driver behavior model was learned using actual vehicle driving data and the applicability of the proposed CWS was verified through simulation.     

不同干预方式下右转车辆避让行人效果研究

为探究车辆右转过程中不同干预方式对驾驶人未规避行人行为的改善情况，设计听觉警示、触觉警示、形式惩罚、利益惩罚和道德惩罚5种干预方式，分为控制组、警示组和惩罚组，试验基于眼动仪和模拟驾驶仪展开。定义注视次数、注视点分布信息熵、平均注视时间、视线转移路径、区域关注概率和瞳孔面积6项指标表征驾驶人眼动特性，提取制动踏板深度比例、行车速度2项指标反映车辆运行状态。经方差分析确定各干预方式差异的显著性水平，从注视特性指标、扫视特性指标、瞳孔面积指标、驾驶人制动指标和机动车制动指标5个方面分析不同干预下驾驶人视觉及操纵响应特征，并收集被试反馈的追踪问卷。试验结果表明：不同干预方式对右转车辆未避让行人均有规范作用，各组干预效果由强到弱依次为利益惩罚、道德惩罚、形式惩罚、触觉警示和听觉警示。利益惩罚性主动干预效果优势显著，注视点分布信息熵最高为0.74，右侧平均注视次数为6次，平均注视时间增加至13.25 s，驾驶人对右侧注视概率增加至0.403，瞳孔面积明显增大，制动踏板深度比例维持在0.8，右转车速下降至20 km·h^-1以下，谨慎驾驶程度和避让行人意识均有提升。一致性追踪问卷调查表明，结束试验时32%的驾驶人对利益惩罚印象深刻，驾驶人对其主观认可度高达83%，具有较强的推广性；该干预方式可帮助驾驶人规范驾驶行为，树立避让行人的安全驾驶意识。     

Human-Centered Design of an Acc-With-Braking and Forward-Crash-Warning System

This paper addresses the development of driver assistance systems whose functional purposes are to provide both adaptive cruise control (ACC) and forward collision warning (FCW). The purpose of the paper is to combine concepts from human factors psychology, vehicle-dynamics, and control theory, thereby contributing to the body of knowledge and understanding concerning human-centered approaches for designing and evaluating driver assistance systems. Conceptual and experimental results pertaining to driving manually and with the assistance of ACC and FCW are presented. The following human-centered aspects of driver-assistance systems are analyzed and presented: the looming effect; including rule-based and skill-based behavior in the design of ACC systems; using desired dynamics in controlling the driving process; braking rules that trade headway range for deceleration level; and collision-warning rules based on two different stress indicators. Field-test data are examined to justify and verify the parametric values selected for use in human-centered ACC systems. Measured data from on-road driving are used to evaluate the performance of proposed FCW systems in braking situations. The paper concludes with observations concerning the difficulty of developing a clear understanding of when and why drivers brake.     

Human driving data-based design of a vehicle adaptive cruise control algorithm

This paper presents a vehicle adaptive cruise control algorithm design with human factors considerations. Adaptive cruise control (ACC) systems should be acceptable to drivers. In order to be acceptable to drivers, the ACC systems need to be designed based on the analysis of human driver driving behaviour. Manual driving characteristics are investigated using real-world driving test data. The goal of the control algorithm is to achieve naturalistic behaviour of the controlled vehicle that would feel natural to the human driver in normal driving situations and to achieve safe vehicle behaviour in severe braking situations in which large decelerations are necessary. A non-dimensional warning index and inverse time-to-collision are used to evaluate driving situations. A confusion matrix method based on natural driving data sets was used to tune control parameters in the proposed ACC system. Using a simulation and a validated vehicle simulator, vehicle following characteristics of the controlled vehicle are compared with real-world manual driving radar sensor data. It is shown that the proposed control strategy can provide with natural following performance similar to human manual driving in both high speed driving and low speed stop-and-go situations and can prevent the vehicle-to-vehicle distance from dropping to an unsafe level in a variety of driving conditions.     

视线遮挡条件下面向弱势道路使用者的避撞策略研究

由于视线障碍物造成的“鬼探头”事故已经成为当前城市道路交通事故的主要类型之一。针对汽车碰撞视线遮挡条件下横穿的弱势道路使用者(VRU)的场景, 设计了1种基于碰撞时间比和安全制动距离的避撞策略, 建立车辆与VRU的交通状态数学模型, 分析“鬼探头”场景下的制动避撞临界距离。结合临界距离和车辆与VRU的碰撞时间比, 将可以避免碰撞的场景分为3种工况, 分别采用不同的制动减速度, 建立自动紧急制动避撞策略。通过Euro NCAP CPNC测试场景对该策略与传统TTC制动算法进行比较分析。结果表明, 在Euro NCAP CPNC测试场景中, 自车利用该避撞策略在理想情况下能够在更高的车速情况下完成避撞; 在不能避免碰撞的高速行驶工况中较传统TTC算法能够更加有效降低碰撞速度, 同时降低事故重伤风险和死亡风险, 提高车辆的安全性。      

Human-Centered Design of an Acc-With-Braking and Forward-Crash-Warning System

This paper addresses the development of driver assistance systems whose functional purposes are to provide both adaptive cruise control (ACC) and forward collision warning (FCW). The purpose of the paper is to combine concepts from human factors psychology, vehicle-dynamics, and control theory, thereby contributing to the body of knowledge and understanding concerning human-centered approaches for designing and evaluating driver assistance systems. Conceptual and experimental results pertaining to driving manually and with the assistance of ACC and FCW are presented. The following human-centered aspects of driver-assistance systems are analyzed and presented: the looming effect; including rule-based and skill-based behavior in the design of ACC systems; using desired dynamics in controlling the driving process; braking rules that trade headway range for deceleration level; and collision-warning rules based on two different stress indicators. Field-test data are examined to justify and verify the parametric values selected for use in human-centered ACC systems. Measured data from on-road driving are used to evaluate the performance of proposed FCW systems in braking situations. The paper concludes with observations concerning the difficulty of developing a clear understanding of when and why drivers brake.     

In-depth understanding of lane changing interactions for in-vehicle driving assistance systems

Lane-changing events are often related with safety concern and traffic operational efficiency due to complex interactions with neighboring vehicles. In particular, lane changes in stop-and-go traffic conditions are of keen interest because these events lead to higher risk of crash occurrence caused by more frequent and abrupt vehicle acceleration and deceleration. From these perspectives, in-depth understanding of lane changes would be of keen interest in developing in-vehicle driving assistance systems. The purpose of this study is to analyze vehicle interactions using vehicle trajectories and to identify factors affecting lane changes with stop-and-go traffic conditions. This study used vehicle trajectory data obtained from a segment of the US-101 freeway in Southern California, as a part of the Next Generation Simulation (NGSIM) project. Vehicle trajectories were divided into two groups; with stop-and-go and without stop-and-go traffic conditions. Binary logistic regression (BLR), a well-known technique for dealing with the binary choice condition, was adopted to establish lane-changing decision models. Regarding lane changes without stop-and-go traffic conditions, it was identified based on the odd ratio investigation that he subject vehicle driver is more likely to pay attention to the movement of vehicles ahead, regardless of vehicle positions such as current and target lanes. On the other hand, the subject vehicle driver in stop-and-go traffic conditions is more likely to be affected by vehicles traveling on the target lane when deciding lane changes. The two BLR models are adequate for lane-changing decisions in normal and stop-and-go traffic conditions with about 80 % accuracy. A possible reason for this finding is that the subject vehicle driver has a tendency to pay greater attention to avoiding sideswipe or rear-end collision with vehicles on the target lane. These findings are expected to be used for better understanding of driver’s lane changing behavior associated with congested stop-and-go traffic conditions, and give valuable insights in developing algorithms to process sensor data in designing safer lateral maneuvering assistance systems, which include, for example, blind spot detection systems (BSDS) and lane keeping assistance systems (LKAS).     

人-车-路交互下的驾驶人风险响应度建模

人机共驾中，共驾模式的选择和驾驶控制权的分配高度依赖于对驾驶人状态的正确识别。为了分析人机共驾中驾驶人的状态，对行车风险场模型进行重构，通过构建风险场力作用机制，建立包含驾驶人特性、自车特性和外部风险特性的人-车-路闭环系统中的驾驶人风险响应度模型，用于表征驾驶人对风险的认知能力和应对倾向。根据24位驾驶人在跟车和并道2个场景中的驾驶试验结果，对不同风险响应度下驾驶人的驾驶特性进行分析。研究结果表明：驾驶人风险响应度在驾驶过程中具有时变性，在驾驶人个体之间和不同驾驶场景间均存在差异性。在风险响应度分别为低、中、高的3类驾驶片段中，驾驶人在驾驶时的碰撞时间倒数T_TCi和加减速行为均具有显著差异（p<0.05）；风险响应度较高的保守型驾驶中，驾驶人行车时倾向于保持较小的T_TCi（均值为-0.48 s^-1，标准差为1.25 s^-1），单位时间内制动操作最多[均值为0.65次·（15 s）^-1]，总体驾驶风格倾向于规避风险；风险响应度较低的激进型驾驶中，驾驶人行车时倾向于保持最大的T_TCi（均值为0.28 s^-1，标准差为0.42 s^-1），相较于保守型驾驶，单位时间内加速操作较多[均值为0.48次·（15 s）^-1]，制动操作较少[均值为0.50次·（15 s）^-1]，总体驾驶风格倾向于追求行驶效率；风险响应度居中的平衡型驾驶中，驾驶人行车时所保持的T_TCi居中（均值为0.04 s^-1，标准差为0.36 s^-1），单位时间内加速操作[均值为0.23次·（15 s）^-1]和制动[均值为0.41次·（15 s）^-1]操作总数最少，对于行驶效率和行车安全的追求相对均衡。相较于以往将驾驶人作为孤立个体的驾驶人状态评估方法，所提出的驾驶人风险响应度模型可以依据驾驶人在人-车-路交互中的驾驶表现，更为全面地反映驾驶人的个性化驾驶状态。     

A driver-adaptive stability control strategy for sport utility vehicles

Conventional vehicle stability control (VSC) systems are designed for average drivers. For a driver with a good driving skill, the VSC systems may be redundant; for a driver with a poor driving skill, the VSC intervention may be inadequate. To increase safety of sport utility vehicles (SUVs), this paper proposes a novel driver-adaptive VSC (DAVSC) strategy based on scaling the target yaw rate commanded by the driver. The DAVSC system is adaptive to drivers’ driving skills. More control effort would be exerted for drivers with poor driving skills, and vice versa. A sliding mode control (SMC)-based differential braking (DB) controller is designed using a three degrees of freedom (DOF) yaw-plane model. An eight DOF nonlinear yaw-roll model is used to simulate the SUV dynamics. Two driver models, namely longitudinal and lateral, are used to ‘drive’ the virtual SUV. By integrating the virtual SUV, the DB controller, and the driver models, the performance of the DAVSC system is investigated. The simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of the DAVSC strategy.     

基于轨迹数据的交叉口相位切换期间危险驾驶行为实证分析

基于交叉口相位切换期间的车辆轨迹数据,分别根据单车和跟车行驶状态,识别和分析了相位切换期间可能发生的危险驾驶行为。通过视频拍摄和图像处理的方式,提取了曹安公路沿线3个交叉口共312条单车状态和四平路-大连路交叉口共449条跟车状态的高精度车辆轨迹数据。针对交叉口相位切换期间的危险驾驶行为特征,利用速度、加减速度、减速度变化率、潜在碰撞时间（TTC）等指标,研究在此期间车辆发生危险驾驶行为的特点和类型。对于单车状态下行驶的车辆,按停止、通过分类,依据减速度、减速度变化率、减速度变化率的峰值差等指标将停止车辆的危险驾驶行为分为紧急减速型、增强减速型和持续急减型,依据过停车线时间、速度、加速度等指标将通过车辆分为闯红灯型、超速过线型、激进加速型和持续高速型。对于在跟车状态下行驶的车辆,按前、后车不同的停止、通过决策组合分类,依据连续5个时间间隔（0.12 s）的TTC分析前、后车的危险驾驶行为及发生追尾事故的危险程度。针对识别出的危险驾驶行为类型,讨论车辆的关键行为参数与危险驾驶行为之间的内在关联。研究结果表明：单车状态下有17%的车辆存在危险驾驶行为,其中53%为紧急减速行为;跟车状态下有19%的跟车行为是危险的,其中停止车辆的比例是通过车辆的2倍以上。研究成果可进一步应用于驾驶行为模型的参数标定、基于车辆轨迹的交叉口安全评价以及预防危险驾驶行为的主动安全控制策略等。     

基于驾驶人视觉感知的高速公路速度控制措施效果分析

为了从驾驶人视觉感知角度了解4种控制措施(限速标志、警告标志、减速标线、彩色路面)对驾驶人行车速度控制的效果,基于驾驶人动态视觉特性,建立了视觉信息负荷模型,将驾驶人前方视觉区域划分成1个中央视野和4个周边视野,量化了速度控制措施对驾驶人视觉感知影响。基于实车试验数据分析表明:行车速度与驾驶人感知到的速度控制设施的视觉信息量显著相关,信息量越大,减速幅度越大;在速度控制措施的持续影响下,减速频率不会超过,而后趋于稳定。     

邻车切入工况下前撞预警系统的驾驶人依赖特性

为提升邻车切入工况下的行车安全,基于驾驶模拟实验平台,研究了驾驶人对前撞预警系统的依赖特性评价方法以改进预警系统的设计。以预警时机(即碰时间TTC)为研究变量,采集了12名驾驶人的实验数据,以制动依赖指数、次任务评分为2项客观指标,以危险度评分、信任度评分为2项主观指标,建立了评价体系模型,实现了对驾驶人系统依赖程度的量化评价。设计了L9(34)正交实验,建立了依赖特性评价回归模型。结果表明:预警时机(TTC)对依赖特性的影响最为显著:过晚的预警时机(TTC=2.4 s)降低系统的有效性;过早的预警时机(TTC=1.2 s)易导致驾驶人对系统过度依赖。因而,适度推迟预警时机(TTC=1.8 s)可以抑制依赖性的产生,提升系统的安全性。