基于车用柴油机不平衡数据集的故障识别组合模型

基于车用柴油机的不平衡数据集,根据对应故障发生频次高与低,将模型建立对象分为样本丰富的大数据量故障与样本集不完备的小数据量故障两种。面向前者,基于XGBoost （Extreme Gradient Boosting） 分类算法构建故障识别模型,面向后者,基于模糊神经网络构建故障识别模型,然后针对两类模型进行参数调节以获得最优效果,并分别建立评估机制。模型评估结果表明,该故障识别组合模型能够较为精确、全面地识别大多数故障种类,是一种对数据量要求不高且总识别率超过80%的多适应性识别模型算法,可作为汽车维保工作中的重要工具使用。     

Fault-tolerant yaw moment control with steer — and brake-by-wire devices

This paper presents an fault-tolerant yaw moment control for a vehicle with steer-by-wire (SBW) and brake-by-wire (BBW) devices. SBWs and BBWs can give active front steering (AFS) and electronic stability control (ESC) functions, respectively. Due to motor-driven devices, actuator and sensor faults are inherent in SBW and BBW, and can cause a critical damage to a vehicle. Simple direct yaw moment control is adopted to design a vehicle stability controller. To cope with actuator failure, weighted pseudo-inverse based control allocation (WPCA) with variable weights is proposed in yaw moment distribution procedure. Simulations on vehicle simulation software, CarSim®, show the proposed method is effective for fail safety.     

A tyre slip-based integrated chassis control of front/rear traction distribution and four-wheel independent brake from moderate driving to limit handling

This paper presents a tyre slip-based integrated chassis control of front/rear traction distribution and four-wheel braking for enhanced performance from moderate driving to limit handling. The proposed algorithm adopted hierarchical structure: supervisor – desired motion tracking controller – optimisation-based control allocation. In the supervisor, by considering transient cornering characteristics, desired vehicle motion is calculated. In the desired motion tracking controller, in order to track desired vehicle motion, virtual control input is determined in the manner of sliding mode control. In the control allocation, virtual control input is allocated to minimise cost function. The cost function consists of two major parts. First part is a slip-based tyre friction utilisation quantification, which does not need a tyre force estimation. Second part is an allocation guideline, which guides optimally allocated inputs to predefined solution. The proposed algorithm has been investigated via simulation from moderate driving to limit handling scenario. Compared to Base and direct yaw moment control system, the proposed algorithm can effectively reduce tyre dissipation energy in the moderate driving situation. Moreover, the proposed algorithm enhances limit handling performance compared to Base and direct yaw moment control system. In addition to comparison with Base and direct yaw moment control, comparison the proposed algorithm with the control algorithm based on the known tyre force information has been conducted. The results show that the performance of the proposed algorithm is similar with that of the control algorithm with the known tyre force information.     

Integrated fault detection and diagnosis system for longitudinal control of an autonomous all-terrain vehicle (ATV)

This paper presents a fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) method to enhance the reliability and safety for longitudinal control of an autonomous all-terrain vehicle (ATV). An integrated approach using decentralized and centralized FDD is proposed to optimize the tradeoff between sensitivity and robustness. While the decentralized approach is suitable for detecting faults in actuators and sensors directly connected to a single processor, it is sensitive to noises and disturbances and thus may result in false alarms. On the other hand, the centralized approach is based on information communicated between multiple processors, and it detects and diagnoses faults through analyzing concurrent computations of multiple hardware modules. However, its performance is still limited to isolating faults specifically in terms of components in the single hardware. To incorporate the advantages of both FDD approaches, a two-layered structure integrating both decentralized and centralized FDD is proposed and allows us to perform more robust fault detection as well as more detailed fault isolation. Finally, the proposed method is validated experimentally via field tests of an ATV.     

A novel vehicle dynamics stability control algorithm based on the hierarchical strategy with constrain of nonlinear tyre forces

Direct yaw moment control (DYC), which differentially brakes the wheels to produce a yaw moment for the vehicle stability in a steering process, is an important part of electric stability control system. In this field, most control methods utilise the active brake pressure with a feedback controller to adjust the braked wheel. However, the method might lead to a control delay or overshoot because of the lack of a quantitative project relationship between target values from the upper stability controller to the lower pressure controller. Meanwhile, the stability controller usually ignores the implementing ability of the tyre forces, which might be restrained by the combined-slip dynamics of the tyre. Therefore, a novel control algorithm of DYC based on the hierarchical control strategy is brought forward in this paper. As for the upper controller, a correctional linear quadratic regulator, which not only contains feedback control but also contains feed forward control, is introduced to deduce the object of the stability yaw moment in order to guarantee the yaw rate and side-slip angle stability. As for the medium and lower controller, the quantitative relationship between the vehicle stability object and the target tyre forces of controlled wheels is proposed to achieve smooth control performance based on a combined-slip tyre model. The simulations with the hardware-in-the-loop platform validate that the proposed algorithm can improve the stability of the vehicle effectively.     

传感器故障检测与隔离算法研究

传感器数据采集和分析是桥梁健康系统对桥梁状态评估的基础。由于传感器采集的数据格式复杂、信息量大,如不能有效的对传感器故障进行自动检测和隔离,将影响评估的准确性,产生错误预警信息。本文提出一种基于几何后非线性 ICA(Geometric Post Nonlinear ICA,gp ICA)的传感器故障检测与隔离算法。该算法通过引入几何后非线性(PNL)混合模型,将非线性数据线性化,再利用快速独立元分析(FastICA)对故障进行检测。通过计算监测数据对监控统计量的贡献度,基于贡献度分析法实现对故障传感器的隔离。利用MATLAB软件进行数值模拟,实现了模拟故障传感器的检测和隔离。该算法相比传统的线性ICA故障检测具有更高的故障检测率,更适用于桥梁健康监测系统的故障检测与隔离。。     

Fault detection and isolation for a nonlinear railway vehicle suspension with a Hybrid Extended Kalman filter

Fault detection is considered to be one way to improve system reliability and dependability for railway vehicles. The secondary lateral and anti-yaw dampers are the most critical parts in railway suspension systems. So far, the dampers have been modelled as linear components in the fault detection and isolation observer design. In this work, a Hybrid Extended Kalman filter is used to capture the nonlinear characteristics of the dampers. In order to detect and isolate faults, a nonlinear residual generator is developed, which can distinguish clearly between different types of faults. A lateral half train model serves as an example for the proposed technique. The results show that failures in the nonlinear suspension system can be detected and isolated accurately.     

基于MPC的分布式驱动越野车辆原地转向控制研究

针对轮毂电机分布式驱动越野车辆在狭小空间快速机动的需求,设计了一种分层结构的原地转向控制策略。基于动力学原理分析了各轮载荷、附着条件对原地转向横摆速度的影响机理,并搭建原地转向运动学模型,上层采用模型预测控制算法设计原地转向理想轨迹以及期望的横摆角速度,开发基于PI滑模控制的横摆运动跟踪算法,通过补偿转向横摆力矩以提高方向角控制的鲁棒性和稳定性,下层以最优轮胎利用率为目标,设计二次规划算法优化分配各轮附加横摆力矩。dSPACE硬件在环测试结果表明,所提出的控制算法可在保证稳定性的前提下实现原地转向,大幅提高了车辆的转向机动性,在方向盘动态输入仿真中,车辆最大转弯半径为0.157 m,转向中心的最大偏移量为3.610 m;同时,驾驶员能对转向过程进行闭环控制,实现了原地转向过程中横摆速度的实时调节。     

Fault-tolerant control of heavy-haul trains

The fault-tolerant control (FTC) of heavy-haul trains is discussed on the basis of the speed regulation proposed in previous works. The fault modes of trains are assumed and the corresponding fault detection and isolation (FDI) are studied. The FDI of sensor faults is based on a geometric approach for residual generators. The FDI of a braking system is based on the observation of the steady-state speed. From the difference of the steady-state speeds between the fault system and the faultless system, one can get fault information. Simulation tests were conducted on the suitability of the FDIs and the redesigned speed regulators. It is shown that the proposed FTC does not explicitly worsen the performance of the speed regulator in the case of a faultless system, while it obviously improves the performance of the speed regulator in the case of a faulty system.     

On fault isolation for rail vehicle suspension systems

Reliability of the railway vehicle suspension system is of critical importance to the safety of the vehicle. It is very desirable to monitor the health condition and the performance degradation of the suspension system online, which offers the important information of the suspension system and is critically important for the condition-based maintenance rather than scheduled maintenance in the future. Advanced fault diagnosis method is one of the most effective means for the health monitoring of the suspension system. In this paper, taking the lateral suspension system as an examcple, the fault isolation issue for different component faults occurring in the suspension system is concerned. The sensor configuration for obtaining the vehicle state information and the mathematical model for the lateral suspension system are presented. Four fault features in the time domain and three fault features in the frequency domain are used for each sensor signal. Three different methods, Dempster–Shafer (D–S) evidence theory, Fisher discrimination analysis (FDA) and support vector machine (SVM) techniques are applied to the fault isolation problem. Simulation study is carried out by means of the professional multi-body simulation tool, SIMPACK. The simulation results show that these methods can isolate the considered component faults effectively with a high accuracy. The D–S evidence-based fault isolation approach outperforms the other two methods.     

Vehicle stability control system for enhancing steerabilty,lateral stability,and roll stability

The Vehicle stability control system is an active safety system designed to prevent accidents from occurring and to stabilize dynamic maneuvers of a vehicle by generating an artificial yaw moment using differential brakes. In this paper, in order to enhance vehicle steerability, lateral stability, and roll stability, each reference yaw rate is designed and combined into a target yaw rate depending on the driving situation. A yaw rate controller is designed to track the target yaw rate based on sliding mode control theory. To generate the total yaw moment required from the proposed yaw rate controller, each brake pressure is properly distributed with effective control wheel decision. Estimators are developed to identify the roll angle and body sideslip angle of a vehicle based on the simplified roll dynamics model and parameter adaptation approach. The performance of the proposed vehicle stability control system and estimation algorithms is verified with simulation results and experimental results.     

Vehicle Dynamic Control for In-Wheel Electric Vehicles Via Temperature Consideration of Braking Systems

?Vehicle dynamic control (VDC) systems play an important role with regard to vehicle stability and safety when turning. VDC systems prevent vehicles from spinning or slipping when cornering sharply by controlling vehicle yaw moment, which is generated by braking forces. Thus, it is important to control braking forces depending on the driving conditions of the vehicle. The required yaw moment to stabilize a vehicle is calculated through optimal control and a combination of braking forces used to generate the calculated yaw moment. However, braking forces can change due to frictional coefficients being affected by variations in temperature. This can cause vehicles to experience stability problems due an improper yaw moment being applied to the vehicle. In this paper, a brake temperature estimator based on the finite different method (FDM) was proposed with a friction coefficient estimator in order to solve this problem. The developed braking characteristic estimation model was used to develop a VDC cooperative control algorithm using hydraulic braking and the regenerative braking of an in-wheel motor. Performance simulations of the developed cooperative control algorithm were performed through cosimulation with MATLAB/Simulink and CarSim. From the simulation results, it was verified that vehicle stability was ensured despite any changes in the braking characteristics due to brake temperatures.     

用于车辆稳定性控制的直接横摆力矩及车轮变滑移率联合控制研究

设计基于最优控制理论的横摆力矩控制策略和适用于复杂工况的制动力分配策略;设计基于模糊控制理论的滑移率分配算法并提出使横摆力矩控制和变滑移率控制协同工作的方法;最后通过转向盘的阶跃输入和正弦输入工况验证制动力分配策略的正确性和联合控制的有效性。     

On the Experimental Analysis of Integral Sliding Modes for Yaw Rate and Sideslip Control of an Electric Vehicle with Multiple Motors

With the advent of electric vehicles with multiple motors, the steady-state and transient cornering responses can be designed and implemented through the continuous torque control of the individual wheels, i.e., torque-vectoring or direct yaw moment control. The literature includes several papers on sliding mode control theory for torque-vectoring, but the experimental investigation is so far limited. More importantly, to the knowledge of the authors, the experimental comparison of direct yaw moment control based on sliding modes and typical controllers used for stability control in production vehicles is missing. This paper aims to reduce this gap by presenting and analyzing an integral sliding mode controller for concurrent yaw rate and sideslip control. A new driving mode, the Enhanced Sport mode, is proposed, inducing sustained high values of sideslip angle, which can be limited to a specified threshold. The system is experimentally assessed on a four-wheel-drive electric vehicle. The performance of the integral sliding mode controller is compared with that of a linear quadratic regulator during step steer tests. The results show that the integral sliding mode controller significantly enhances the tracking performance and yaw damping compared to the more conventional linear quadratic regulator based on an augmented singletrack vehicle model formulation.     

A signal-based fault detection and classification method for heavy haul wagons

This paper proposes a signal-based fault detection and isolation (FDI) system for heavy haul wagons considering the special requirements of low cost and robustness. The sensor network of the proposed system consists of just two accelerometers mounted on the front left and rear right of the carbody. Seven fault indicators (FIs) are proposed based on the cross-correlation analyses of the sensor-collected acceleration signals. Bolster spring fault conditions are focused on in this paper, including two different levels (small faults and moderate faults) and two locations (faults in the left and right bolster springs of the first bogie). A fully detailed dynamic model of a typical 40t axle load heavy haul wagon is developed to evaluate the deterioration of dynamic behaviour under proposed fault conditions and demonstrate the detectability of the proposed FDI method. Even though the fault conditions considered in this paper did not deteriorate the wagon dynamic behaviour dramatically, the proposed FIs show great sensitivity to the bolster spring faults. The most effective and efficient FIs are chosen for fault detection and classification. Analysis results indicate that it is possible to detect changes in bolster stiffness of ±25% and identify the fault location.     

Coordinated control of ESC and AFS with adaptive algorithms

This paper presents a coordinated control of electronic stability control (ESC) and active front steering (AFS) with adaptive algorithms for yaw moment distribution in integrated chassis control (ICC). In order to distribute a control yaw moment into control tire forcres of ESC and AFS, and to coordinate the relative usage of ESC to AFS, a LMS/Newton algorithm (LMSN) is adopted. To make the control tire forces zero in applying LMS and LMSN, the zero-attracting mechanism is adopted. Simulations on vehicle simulation software, CarSim®, show that the proposed algorithm is effective for yaw moment distribution in integrated chassis control.     

Multi-axle vehicle dynamics stability control algorithm with all independent drive wheel

The stability driving characteristic and the tire wear of 8-axle vehicle with 16-independent driving wheels are discussed in this paper. The lateral stability of 8-axle vehicle can be improved by the direct yaw moment which is generated by the 16 independent driving wheels. The hierarchical controller is designed to determine the required yaw torque and driving force of each wheel. The upper level controller uses feed-forward and feed-backward control theory to obtain the required yaw torque. The fuzzification weight ratio of two control objective is built in the upper level controller to regulate the vehicle yaw and lateral motions. The rule-based yaw moment distribution strategy and the driving force adjustment based on the safety of vehicle are proposed in the lower level controller. The influence of rear steering angle is considered in the distribution of driving force of the wheel. Simulation results of a vehicle double lane change show the stability of 8-axle vehicle under the proposed control algorithm. The wear rate of tire is calculated by the interaction force between the tire and ground. The wear of tire is different from each other for the vehicle with the stability controller or not.     

Differential-Braking-Based Rollover Prevention for Sport Utility Vehicles with Human-in-the-loop Evaluations

An anti-rollover control algorithm based on the Time-To-Rollover (TTR) metric is proposed in this paper. A simple model with steering and direct yaw moment control inputs was constructed to calculate the TTR in real-time. The TruckSim dynamic simulation software was used to verify the control performance, as well as to simulate the system dynamics in the UM-Oakland driving simulator. Both the simple and complex (TruckSim) models were tuned to match the behavior of a 1997 Jeep Cherokee vehicle with lateral acceleration up to 0.6 g. The performance of the proposed control system was compared with other threshold-based rollover-prevention control algorithms. Finally, a human-in-the-loop experiment was conducted to study the performance of the proposed algorithm under more realistic driving conditions.     

基于车辆状态识别的AFS与ESP协调控制研究

给出了基于滑模变结构的AFS控制策略和直接横摆力矩加变滑移率联合控制的ESP控制策略。在分析两者控制性能的基础上提出了协调控制的一般原则。阐述了车辆状态识别算法并给出了具体的协调控制策略,最后通过3个典型工况的仿真计算验证了该协调控制策略的有效性。     

Differential-Braking-Based Rollover Prevention for Sport Utility Vehicles with Human-in-the-loop Evaluations

An anti-rollover control algorithm based on the Time-To-Rollover (TTR) metric is proposed in this paper. A simple model with steering and direct yaw moment control inputs was constructed to calculate the TTR in real-time. The TruckSim dynamic simulation software was used to verify the control performance, as well as to simulate the system dynamics in the UM-Oakland driving simulator. Both the simple and complex (TruckSim) models were tuned to match the behavior of a 1997 Jeep Cherokee vehicle with lateral acceleration up to 0.6 g. The performance of the proposed control system was compared with other threshold-based rollover-prevention control algorithms. Finally, a human-in-the-loop experiment was conducted to study the performance of the proposed algorithm under more realistic driving conditions.