Assessing the effect of inattention-related error and anger in driving on road accidents among Iranian heavy vehicle drivers

Extensive studies have examined the effect of variables such as demographic characteristics, insomnia, and working conditions of drivers individually on inattention-related error as well as expression of anger in driving. Nevertheless, so far no study has tested the concurrent effect of these factors on crashes. This study has dealt with indirect investigation of the effect of variables including demographic characteristics, insomnia, and working conditions of drivers on inattention-related error and expression of anger in driving (as mediation model). Next, the effect of these two variables on the probability of incidence of road crashes has been assessed among truck drivers. For this purpose, 780 Iranian truck drivers were interviewed by validated questionnaires including insomnia severity index (ISI), attention related driving errors scale (ARDES), and driving anger expression (DAX). To confirm the validity of these questionnaires, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used. Next, structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed for investigating the relationships between these latent variables and truck drivers' demographic characteristics, working conditions and their crash involvement. SEM results indicated that as the severity of insomnia among drivers increased, they committed more inattention-related errors, and also expressed more anger during driving. Generally, the results of this study indicated that with increase in the extent of experience and safety knowledge of drivers and improvement in their working conditions and their sleep status, it is possible to reduce inattention-related error and expression of anger during driving among heavy vehicle drivers.     

Impact of driving style,behaviour and anger on crash involvement among Iranian intercity bus drivers

In developing countries such as Iran, due to the inadequate infrastructure for rail and air transportation facilities, intercity buses are the most common type of transportation for long distances. Because of the long hours of driving, bus driving is considered a challenging job. Moreover, given the high capacity of these vehicles, a small error from the driver could endanger many passengers' health. So, studying drivers' behaviours can be a key factor in decreasing the risk factors of crash involvement in these drivers. However, few studies have focused on intercity bus drivers' behaviours. This research uses a sample of 254 professional drivers that answered a self-report questionnaire on driving style (MDSI), driving behaviour (DBQ), and driving anger (DAS). A structural equation modelling (SEM) is used to investigate the psychometric properties of these questionnaires. The results show a positive correlation between maladaptive driving styles and driving behaviour, and a negative correlation between adaptive styles and driving behaviour. Significant differences are observed among drivers with and without crash history on their maladaptive driving styles and their driving anger scale. A binary logistic regression model is also developed to predict traffic crashes as a function of driving misbehaviour. The results suggest that factors related to driving anger are the main factors that increase the probability of misbehaviour and traffic crashes. The results also suggest that driving style and driving behaviour significantly predict crash risk among bus drivers. Aggressive driving is associated with an increased probability of crash involvement among intercity bus drivers. The findings can be used to inform the health promotion policies and provide regular interventions designed to improve driving safety among intercity bus drivers.     

An international comparative study on driving attitudes and behaviors based on questionnaire surveys

Road traffic crashes (RTCs) are influenced by a driver's awareness and attitude toward road safety, as well as the socio-economic status, infrastructure development level, traffic status, social system, and traffic safety culture of the area to which the driver belongs. In this study, based on the results of a questionnaire survey conducted in seven countries, the characteristics of each country concerning tolerance for traffic violations, dangerous driving, and acceptance for road safety measures were studied. It was suggested that a high tolerance for traffic violations and dangerous driving might affect traffic violations and RTCs in each country. Additionally, to reduce the tolerance for traffic violations and dangerous driving, the promotion of road safety education, especially among young and male drivers, and stricter regulations and enforcement were suggested.     

基于交通标志信息量的驾驶负荷加载有效性研究

过高的驾驶负荷是导致驾驶绩效受损和交通事故的重要原因,因此驾驶行为和交通安全研究中需要采用适当的负荷加载形式;通过试验分析不同信息量的交通标志对驾驶人认知负荷的影响规律,验证交通标志信息量对负荷加载的有效性。基于不同信息量的交通标志,对驾驶人的驾驶负荷进行试验验证。招募44名被试在静态控制环境下进行交通标志认知试验,采用信息理论对交通标志信息量进行量化计算,用不同信息量的交通标志进行认知负荷加载,采集被试对每个标志的主观负荷评价及反应时间。试验结果表明：主观驾驶负荷与交通标志信息量有高度相关性,反应时间随着信息等级的增加而增加;而驾驶人性别和驾驶经验对交通标志视认反应时间和主观驾驶负荷量化没有显著影响,这说明在驾驶试验中,交通标志信息量可以用于驾驶试验中的认知负荷的加载,而这种负荷的加载对于驾驶人的性别和驾驶经验是无差别的。该研究更多地考虑了驾驶人的认知特性,研究成果可用于驾驶负荷试验的次任务加载,帮助进行交通安全理论研究。     

Car drivers' road safety performance: A benchmark across 32 countries

The road safety performance of a country and the success of policy measures can be measured and monitored in different ways. In addition to the traditional road safety indicators based on the number of fatalities or injured people in road traffic crashes, complementary road safety performance indicators can be used in relation to vehicles, infrastructure, or road users' behaviour. The last-mentioned can be based on data from roadside surveys or from questionnaire surveys. However, results of such surveys are seldom comparable across countries due to differences in aims, scope, or methodology.This paper is based on the second edition of the E-Survey of Road Users' Attitudes (ESRA), an online survey carried out in 2018, and includes data from more than 35,000 road users across 32 countries. The objective is to present the main results of the ESRA survey regarding the four most important risky driving behaviours in traffic: driving under the influence (alcohol/drugs), speeding, mobile phone use while driving, and fatigued driving. The paper explores several aspects related to these behaviours as car driver, such as the self-declared behaviours, acceptability and risk perception, support for policy measures, and opinions on traffic rules and penalties.Results show that despite the high perception of risk and low acceptability of all the risky driving behaviours analysed, there is still a high percentage of car drivers who engage in risky behaviours in traffic in all the regions analysed. Speeding and the use of a mobile phone while driving were the most frequent self-declared behaviours. On the other hand, driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs was the least declared behaviour. Most respondents support policy measures to restrict risky behaviour in traffic and believe that traffic rules are not being checked regularly enough, and should be stricter.The ESRA survey proved to be a valuable source of information to understand the causes underlying road traffic crashes. It offers a unique database and provides policy makers and researchers with valuable insights into public perception of road safety.     

城市水下道路隧道驾驶安全影响因素分析和改善思路

总结城市水下道路隧道事故分布规律，从驾驶人、隧道光环境及道路条件3方面分析隧道驾驶安全影响因素，对现有安全改善措施及其优缺点进行剖析，并指出城市水下道路隧道驾驶安全优化研究趋势： 应以提升隧道光环境质量为主，考虑交通事故形态、事故致因及影响因素，在确保交通安全的基础上，考虑不同隧道路段驾驶人差异化视觉需求。驾驶人视觉需求可以分为功能性、安全性与舒适性需求，对应的隧道行车环境可分为基本型、安全型与舒适型视觉参照系。提出以构建城市水下道路隧道舒适型视觉参照系为目标，通过隧道照明与隧道视线诱导技术相结合，缓解隧道出入口参照系的剧烈过渡，加强中间段弱视觉参照的城市水下道路隧道驾驶安全优化方法。构建基于空间路权、人因与驾驶任务、差异性与韵律性的隧道驾驶安全优化评价指标体系，为城市水下道路隧道驾驶安全优化提供新思路。     

Investigating the attitudes of Egyptian drivers toward traffic safety

One of the main pillars for improving road safety in any country is a good understanding of traffic safety culture and the driving behavior of local drivers. The primary aim of this study was to determine whether Egyptian drivers differ in traffic safety attitudes and level of acceptance of risky driving behavior. A questionnaire survey was conducted on the driving cognition of the participants. An exploratory factor analysis was used to assess the number of factors that differentiated the three types of drivers. Then a hierarchical cluster analysis was performed to group the drivers with similar patterns of scores on the factors into clusters. Three driver clusters emerged: The drivers in cluster 1 were “drivers who rigidly followed regulations” (51.7%). The drivers in cluster 2 were “drivers who violated safety precautions” (23.3%). The drivers in cluster 3 were “drivers who had a tendency to violate regulations” (25.0%). A similarity between the social norms and personal attitudes of drivers was found. This can be explained by the high social norm of violating traffic laws, which can lead to more drivers accepting violations. The majority of the older drivers and drivers with no violations or traffic accident on their record in the past 2 years were in cluster 1. Cluster 2 had the highest proportion of young drivers who wore their seat belts and used hands-free phones while driving. Cluster 3 drivers accepted very dangerous violations, such as texting while driving, driving while intoxicated, and driving at very high speeds. They reported significantly more traffic accidents, but no more violations than the other two clusters. The results of this study can be used to improve road safety programs for education and enforcement in Egypt.     

驾驶人熟悉程度对其安全驾驶行为的影响研究综述

驾驶人作为人-车-路-环境复杂系统中最核心的因素,在交通安全中发挥最为关键的作用。聚焦驾驶人熟悉程度这一因素对道路交通事故的影响,系统地梳理和分析了驾驶人熟悉程度与交通事故的关系及其影响安全驾驶的机理等相关研究及成果。首先,基于驾驶人熟悉程度的距离维度和频率维度识别标准,分析了驾驶人对道路、环境及车辆的熟悉程度与其发生交通事故概率的关联性;其次,从驾驶人控制行为、路径选择行为及视觉行为等角度归纳了驾驶人熟悉程度影响其安全驾驶的机理;最后,就该领域面临的挑战及未来的研究趋势进行了分析和探讨,提出进一步标准化驾驶人熟悉程度指标的方法,为驾驶安全程度评价及提高交通安全提供了理论基础。针对已有相关研究的局限性及机理研究中尚不明朗的问题,后续研究需从认知心理学方面探究因道路、环境、车辆等驾驶人熟悉程度影响其安全驾驶的机理,进一步将视觉特征指标与生理指标结合以量化驾驶人熟悉程度,将此纳入到道路选择模型中。同时,从生理指标角度客观衡量驾驶人熟悉程度对其乘坐舒适度的影响,这些为提升自动驾驶技术接受度、交通安全及车辆安全提供强有力的理论基础。     

Contribution of traffic behavior surveys for monitoring safety performance indicators in Germany: Case of mobile phone use while driving

Behavioral determinants in the form of safety performance indicators (SPIs) are increasingly being applied in addition to road traffic crash statistics to evaluate road safety. These SPIs help understand driving behaviors and adopt preventive measures for crashes. Behavior-explaining determinants, including attitude or subjective norms, are defined in the theory of planned behavior and are collected through surveys. In this study, data from three traffic behavior surveys, conducted in Germany, were employed, taking the example of mobile phone use while driving, which causes distraction and represents a road safety risk. The surveys differ in their methodology and results. While the Traffic Climate in Germany has been surveying the determinants of mobile phone use in a representative sample for several years, the E-Survey of Road Users' Attitudes (ESRA) is conducted in parallel in several countries and allows for comparison with Germany. The survey by the International Association of Traffic and Safety Science (IATSS) only included the group of young drivers in Germany. All three surveys demonstrate that although attitudes and subjective norms tend to be negative, mobile phones are nevertheless used while driving. Major differences exist depending on the mode of use (hands-free calling, texting) and recent developments. Thus, regularly surveying the determinants and mapping the latest developments in terms of content is critical. Together, these surveys provide comprehensive insights into the topic and enable prevention approaches, such as the concrete communication of information to young drivers and the emphasis on dangers, even during the hands-free use of mobile phones while driving.     

Evaluation of risk factors for road accidents under mixed traffic: Case study on Indian highways

This paper presents an evaluation of risk factors for highway crashes under mixed traffic conditions. The basis of selecting study sites was abutting land use, roadway, and traffic characteristics. Accordingly, the study selected thirteen segments on the existing highway network in the state of West Bengal of India, covering a wide spectrum of such road attributes. A systematic investigation based on site-specific accident data to capture the highway sections' safety features revealed that the crash rate has steadily increased for years with traffic regardless of roadway category and conditions. A number of risk factors that affect road accidents were identified; they are mid-block access, pavement and shoulder conditions, vehicle involvement, time of day, and road configuration, i.e., two and multi-lane. The empirical observation indicates that the crash rate is relatively lower on multi-lane highways; however, the severity of any crash on such a road is relatively high. Notably, the crash frequencies on such roads are less during daylight hours due to the lane-based unidirectional traffic movement. This is quite the opposite during nighttime when drivers exhibit an inability to meet traffic contingencies, thereby increasing crash risk. The majority of crashes on two-lane highways are, on the other hand, due to unsafe driving manoeuvers. The study also observed that frequent mid-block accesses and poor shoulder conditions reduce scopes to rectify driving errors and increase crash risk as a consequence. The paper subsequently suggests proactive approaches to identify safety deficits at the time of planning and designing.     

Factors affecting lane change crashes

This study aims to investigate the contributing factors affecting the occurrence of crashes while lane-changing maneuvers of drivers. Two different data sets were used from the same drivers' population. The first data set was collected from the traffic police crash reports and the second data set was collected through a questionnaire survey that was conducted among 429 drivers. Two different logistic regression models were developed by employing the two sets of the collected data. The results of the crash occurrence model showed that the drivers' factors (gender, nationality and years of experience in driving), location and surrounding condition factors (non-junction locations, light and road surface conditions) and roads feature (road type, number of lanes and speed limit value) are the significant variables that affected the occurrence of lane-change crashes. About 57.2% of the survey responders committed that different sources of distractions were the main reason for their sudden or unsafe lane change including 21.2% was due to mobile usage. The drivers' behavior model results showed that drivers who did sudden lane change are more likely to be involved in traffic crashes with 2.53 times than others. The drivers who look towards the side mirrors and who look out the windows before lane-change intention have less probability to be involved in crashes by 4.61 and 3.85 times than others, respectively. Another interesting finding is that drivers who reported that they received enough training about safe lane change maneuvering during issuing the driving licenses are less likely to be involved in crashes by 2.06 times than other drivers.     

公交车驾驶人组织认同感和工作倦怠对不良驾驶行为的影响

公共交通是城市道路交通运输系统中的重要组成部分,公交车驾驶人存在的不良驾驶行为已经成为影响交通安全的最大制约因素之一,由其引发的道路交通事故给个人和社会都造成了严重损失,探索更为安全的公共交通环境显得极为重要。以公交车驾驶人为对象,探究影响公交车驾驶人驾驶行为特征的个人心理因素和组织环境因素,及其对不良驾驶行为的内在影响机制。选用工作倦怠量表（MBI-GS）、组织认同感问卷（OIQ）及驾驶行为问卷（DBQ）对844名城市公交车驾驶人展开问卷调查研究,并使用回归分析和中介检验来探究工作倦怠和组织认同感对驾驶行为的影响机制。结果表明：①32.8%的公交车驾驶人存在不良驾驶行为,错误驾驶行为显著高于违法驾驶行为。其中,在违法维度中,侵略性违法显著高于普通违法。②公交车驾驶人存在较高的组织认同感,组织认同感对不良驾驶行为具有显著的负向预测作用,对工作倦怠程度具有显著的负向预测作用;工作倦怠程度对不良驾驶行为具有显著的正向预测作用。③公交车驾驶人的工作倦怠水平在组织认同感对不良驾驶行为的影响中起到部分中介作用。该结果厘清了公交车驾驶人的工作倦怠和组织认同感对不良驾驶行为的影响机制,为进一步探究不良驾驶行为的心理干预方法提供了思路,从而达到改善城市道路公共交通安全环境的目标。     

国外乡村公路交通事故主要致因综述

根据美国、加拿大、英国、澳大利亚等国关于乡村公路交通事故的数据和资料,以人的行为为重点,对乡村公路交通事故的致因进行归纳分析,主要有:第一,乡村公路上男性、年轻人、轻型货车乘员和后座乘员的安全带使用率较低;第二.乡村公路上男性和年轻人倾向于超速行驶,摩托车和小型车超速行驶的比例较高,在周末和夜间超速行驶的比例较高;第三,男性和年轻人是乡村公路上酒后驾驶的主要人群,周末和夜晚因酒后驾驶导致的交通事故较多;第四,乡村公路交通事故中男性疲劳驾驶的比例低于女性,年轻人疲劳驾驶的比例仍较高,周末、夜间和下午的因疲劳驾驶导致的交通事故较多;第五,65岁以上的老年驾驶员容易在乡村公路上发生由于未按规定让行和不遵守交通信号指挥而造成的交通事故;第六,导致乡村公路交通事故的道路环境因素主要有道路环境突变、车道狭窄、弯道半径过小、安全视距不够等;第七,乡村公路的交通事故救援响应慢、质量低、效果差.     

On-road assessment of in-vehicle driving workload for older drivers: Design guidelines for intelligent vehicles

There has been recent interest in intelligent vehicle technologies, such as advanced driver assistance systems (ADASs) or in-vehicle information systems (IVISs), that offer a significant enhancement of safety and convenience to drivers and passengers. However, the use of ADAS- and IVIS-based information devices may increase driver distraction and workload, which in turn can increase the chance of traffic accidents. The number of traffic accidents involving older drivers that are due to distraction, misjudgment, and delayed detection of danger, all of which are related to the drivers’ declining physical and cognitive capabilities, has increased. Because the death rate in traffic accidents is higher when older drivers are involved, finding ways to reduce the distraction and workload of older drivers is important. This paper generalizes driver information device operations and assesses the workload while driving by means of experiments involving 40 drivers in real cars under actual road conditions. Five driving tasks (manual only, manual primarily, visual only, visual primarily, and visual-manual) and three age groups (younger (20–29 years of age), middle-aged (40–49 years of age), and older (60–69 years of age)) were considered in investigating the effect of age-related workload difference. Data were collected from 40 drivers who drove in a real car under actual road conditions. The experimental results showed that age influences driver workload while performing in-vehicle tasks.     

基于 AHP 和物元分析的愤怒驾驶状态辨识研究

驾驶人在愤怒情绪下的驾驶行为是影响车辆行驶安全性的重要因素之一,愤怒驾驶情绪的产生及其程度受到驾驶人自身和道路交通环境中多因素的影响。文中综合考虑驾驶人自身因素和行车环境对驾驶状态的影响,提出了愤怒驾驶状态的辨识方法。文中筛选了与愤怒驾驶行为相关的驾驶人因素和道路环境因素,构建了1个驾驶人愤怒状态辨识的层次分析模型,并根据相关因素之间对愤怒驾驶行为影响的重要程度构造判断矩阵,求出各相关因素对愤怒驾驶行为的影响权值。应用综合权重的物元多属性决策方法辨识驾驶人的愤怒驾驶状态及程度。应用所提出的方法对22组实车试验中出现的愤怒驾驶状态进行辨识,结果表明,72.7%的结果与实车实验所得的结果相符,因此,该方法可对愤怒驾驶行为进行识别。文中所提出的方法能够融合驾驶人因素和环境因素对愤怒驾驶行为的影响,有效的辨识出驾驶人的愤怒驾驶状况及程度。      

基于GIS分析的深圳市道路交通事故空间分布特征研究

掌握城市道路交通事故空间分布特征是城市道路交通安全管理的重要基础。基于深圳市2014~2016年的道路交通事故数据,首先应用地理编码方法对原始事故记录进行空间定位,形成事故的空间分布。其次针对考虑/不考虑路网密度的2种情况,应用密度分析方法对道路交通事故多发的区域和事故严重程度较高的区域进行鉴别,比较2种情况下区域分布的差异并分析造成这种差异的可能原因。最后利用异常点分析和热点分析2种空间聚类分析模型对事故严重程度较高的区域进行进一步鉴别,并对密度分析和聚类分析2种方法得到的结果进行了比较。密度分析结果表明：就事故频度而言,深圳市中心城区单位面积上的交通事故频度较高,而郊区单位长度道路上的交通事故分布更为密集;就事故严重程度而言,郊区的交通事故平均严重程度高于市中心区域。造成上述差异的原因可能与郊区道路限速较高等因素有关。聚类分析结果与密度分析结果相近,在郊区形成了高严重程度的事故聚类,而在中心城区形成了低严重程度的事故聚类,说明郊区的交通事故严重程度总体高于市中心区域。从2种方法的比较来看,密度分析简单易行,有助于交通管理部门对城市交通事故空间分布特征直观快速的了解;聚类分析可精确到事故点,为精细化的交通安全管理工作提供支撑。研究结果表明基于密度分析和聚类分析的研究方法对于确定道路交通事故空间分布特征有良好的作用。     

不良天气下驾驶行为研究综述

不良天气会对城市交通的运行和安全造成较大影响.事实上,不良天气条件下驾驶员驾驶行为的变化是造成交通拥堵和事故发生的根本原因.针对不良天气下的驾驶行为进行综述,对研究不良天气条件下的交通拥堵及事故具有积极意义.面向国内外不良天气条件下驾驶行为研究的进展,从雨、雪、雾3种常见的不良天气出发,对不良天气条件下环境变化及其对驾驶行为的影响进行分析,并对不良天气条件下驾驶行为的研究方向进行探讨.相关研究发现,不同等级的雨、雪、雾天气下驾驶员选择的车速、车头时距等驾驶行为参数以及反应时间、车辆启动延迟均存在较大差异.      

高速公路交通标志的认知及评价综述

交通标志作为高速公路与驾驶人进行信息交流的纽带, 是道路交通必不可少的一部分。目前关于交通标志的研究已取得一定的成就, 但在某些方面仍存在不足之处。为此从视认性, 识别率、驾驶人理解能力以及驾驶水平4个方面分析交通标志认知的影响因素; 将有效性评价分为定量评价方法以及定性定量结合的评价方法。并从这2个角度对目前的研究进行综述和评论, 结果表明, 高速公路与城市道路的差异较大, 应考虑二者不同处, 对高速公路交通标志认知的影响因素进行研究; 由于每个信息中含有的信息量不同, 建议引入信息理论, 得出准确的信息量阈值; 未来需加强不同学科的交叉融合, 建议将统计概率模型与认知模型结合起来, 建立新的认知模型; 驾驶补偿策略和交感神经的兴奋范围是未来重点的研究方向; 交通标志大多是以组合的形式出现, 未来需要开展对交通标志组的研究。