长江大保护战略下河口滩涂的保护对策研究

针对长江来沙持续减少引起河口滩涂侵蚀日益严峻的现象,提出长江口滩涂保护的重要性;并以九段沙、横沙东滩为研究典型,探讨分析不同定位滩涂宜采取的不同保护对策。结论如下:对于生态保护区滩涂,宜通过改变外围环境实施滩涂保护、促进滩面缓慢淤涨;对于非生态保护区滩涂,可采取积极主动的护滩措施,且可通过工程有目的地培育高-中-低滩有序分布的滩涂基底,在实现滩涂资源稳定的基础上提升滩涂生态品质,增强滩涂区域功能,积极响应长江大保护战略。     

基于高压旋喷桩试桩的滨海滩涂淤泥层软基处理*

为提升高压旋喷桩施工在滨海滩涂淤泥层的成桩质量,在深圳某陆域形成工程围堰区的插排水板区和非插排水板区进行高压旋喷桩试桩施工。通过对双重管和三重管2种工艺下的水灰比、泥浆泵压力进行调控,分析滨海滩涂淤泥层软基处理中影响高压旋喷桩成桩的主要因素,总结高压旋喷桩在淤泥层成桩过程中存在的主要问题,并给出施工建议。主要结论为：针对滨海滩涂淤泥层的高压旋喷桩软基处理宜采用双重管法施工,施工前应在施工区打设排水板,施工过程中采用较小的水灰比,采用复喷工艺可有效提升成桩质量。     

长江口横沙东滩滩涂整治利用和展望

分析长江口、横沙东滩历史和近期演变以及利用情况。近期长江口河势总体稳定,在采取人工促淤等措施下,滩涂资源动态平衡。分析横沙东滩滩涂整治利用工程建设前后的滩涂变化,工程周边滩涂淤涨,有助于改善局部区域的自然环境。近期横沙浅滩-5 m滩涂资源有减少趋势,建议结合疏浚土利用以及保持滩涂湿地动态平衡的需求及早整治,有控制性地、分期适当圈围。     

江苏沿海滩涂资源利用现状及其存在的问题

沿海滩涂是江苏重要的后备土地资源,滩涂围垦在为江苏沿海经济发展、缓解人口增长压力、保持耕地总量动态平衡等方面做出重要贡献的同时,对沿海湿地及生态系统也带来了一定的影响。文章主要介绍了江苏沿海滩涂开发利用现状和围垦开发后期所带来的一系列问题,并从土地可持续利用的角度初步探讨了滩涂资源合理开发利用的对策和建议。     

Three-dimensional hydrostatic modeling of a bay coastal area

This article describes the development of a three-dimensional (3D) multilayer hydrostatic model of tidal motions in the Ariake Sea and its application. The governing equations were derived from 3D Navier-Stokes equations and were solved using the fractional step method, which combines the finite difference method in the horizontal plane and the finite element method in the vertical plane. This study introduced a 3D, time-dependent, hydrostatic, tidal current model that can compute wetting and drying in tidal flats due to tidal motion. The 3D model was first tested against analytical solutions for three standard cases in a rectangular basin in order to investigate the performance of the model. Then, the model was applied to Saigo fishery port and the Ariake Sea. For standard cases, the numerical solutions were almost identical to the analytical solutions. Finally, the model results for Saigo port and the Ariake Sea show good agreement with the field observations.     

南通市沿海滩涂资源围垦开发现状与成效*

通过对南通沿海滩涂资源潜力的分析,结合南通沿海地区当前滩涂围垦现状,总结该区域滩涂围垦所带来的一系列成效。研究表明：南通沿海地区加强滩涂围垦有利于拓展渔业发展空间,提升渔业发展水平;加快陆海产业合理布局,促进产业转型升级;完善港口基础设施,促进临港产业发展;促进港产城融合发展,壮大滨海旅游业。     

Planning Strategies for Mangrove and Saltmarsh Changes in Southeast Australia

Estuarine habitats of southeast Australia have been undergoing changes characterized by a reduction of saltmarsh and an increase of mangroves. Incorporated into these changes have been mangrove migration into saltmarsh areas, thus contributing to the latter's decline. At the same time, rapid and extensive change in the catchments of many estuaries has occurred as a result of urban and rural development. It has been estimated that the changes observed between mangrove and saltmarsh wetland vegetation is caused by a series of processes, including urbanization and increased population pressure, increased rainfall, increased nutrients, mangroves recolonizing previously cleared areas, engineering works and subsequent altered tidal patterns, sea-level rise, and subsidence of intertidal flats. Planning strategies are suggested that can be implemented in an integrated manner to mitigate the threats from these processes and to ensure the sustainable management of mangrove and saltmarsh wetlands.     

温州瓯飞浅滩地形冲淤演变特征

基于瓯飞浅滩海域多年水文泥沙及地形水深实测资料,分析研究其水动力泥沙特性及地形冲淤演变规律。结果表明:研究海域潮流性质属于非正规半日浅海潮流,各垂线分潮流椭圆率K值在0. 00～0. 20之间,故潮流总体上以往复流为主;含沙量分布呈现外海向口内逐渐增大的趋势,且大潮期含沙量明显大于中潮和小潮期;通过对瓯飞浅滩近几十年的冲淤计算及相关断面分析,认为瓯飞浅滩的潮滩区域总体处于略有淤高基本稳定的状态。不同于潮滩区域,瓯飞浅滩的水下浅滩区域在1987—2010年,年均冲刷幅度为0. 008～0. 02 m,表现为基本稳定略有冲刷的状态。     

广州出海航道三期工程对内伶仃洋滩槽演变的影响

广州出海航道三期及其配套项目工程是伶仃洋水域内的一项重大工程,工程实施前,必须要研究和论证工程建设对伶仃洋水域内的泥沙输移和滩槽演变的影响.根据二维潮流泥沙数学模型计算分析,工程会对蕉门延伸段下段、伶仃洋西滩、西槽等冲淤变化有一定影响,对蕉门延伸段上段和凫洲水道及龙穴岛以东水域冲淤变化影响不大.从长期滩槽演变趋势来看,工程后近20a内,凫洲水道、蕉门延伸段以及内伶仃洋水域内冲淤演变规律不会发生大的变化,冲淤速率逐渐放缓,伶仃洋三滩两槽的格局将继续维持不变.     

钱塘江河口南岸西三潮沟形成演变及其治理

西三潮沟位于钱塘江河口南岸余姚与慈溪的交接地带,潮沟紧贴海塘,且处于动态变化之中,使得该段海塘一直处于被动抢险的局面。分析西三潮沟的成因及变化特征,科学治理西三潮沟显得十分迫切。通过对钱塘江河口江道变迁的分析,得到钱塘江河口治江围涂以及慈溪庵东滩面的淤高扩大是西三潮沟形成的原因。西三潮沟反向涨落潮流、进口位置的上下游摆动以及潮沟的冲淤变化是西三潮沟的演变特征。根据西三潮沟水流泥沙特点,在潮沟进口实施截堵潮流沟取得了成功。     

乘潮水位估计的逐时潮位统计法

针对海岸港口的乘潮水位计算问题,提出了逐时潮位法计算给定延时和保证率条件下的乘潮水位。该方法从潮位过程线上读取逐时潮位观测资料对应的持续时间,按潮位和延时分组进行二维统计,从统计结果中抽取所需计算延时的潮位序列,根据序列绘制累积频率曲线得到所需保证率的潮位值。该方法与规范法的计算结果相差不大,但在绘制累积频率曲线能减少约50%的计算量,将有效减少机时,提高工作效率。通过该方法计算得到了日照港年和季的乘高潮水位,计算结果表明船舶在乘潮进入日照港时,需特别考虑季节因素的影响。     

潮间带水下真空预压技术优化及应用

针对潮间带地区因大水力梯度交替变化的影响导致地基真空预压施工加固效果较差的问题,对塑料排水板打设、侧向密封系统及抽真空系统施工等方面的技术工艺优化进行研究。采用施工全过程监控方法进行验证,得出大潮差条件下开展真空预压施工的积极结果。结论显示,调整水平排水系统的滤管间距、增设双排淤泥搅拌桩作为侧向密封墙和调整真空泵布设方式等,能有效提升潮间带地区真空预压施工效果。     

长江口南汇边滩短期冲淤变化分析

南汇边滩位于长江口和杭州湾的交汇地带,受长江口和杭州湾北岸两股潮流的控制,近年来由于低潮滩促淤围垦工程导致其水流和泥沙运移、沉积和地貌发生了显著的变化。根据2006—2008年南汇边滩测图及2007年11月—2008年11月每个季度的9个断面测量资料,结合区域内的泥沙沉积特征,探讨南汇边滩对周边涉水围垦工程和流域来水来沙变异做出适应性地貌耦合过程之后的近期冲淤演变规律,着重探讨季节性冲淤特征。结果表明:年度上南汇东滩以淤长为主,南汇南滩以冲刷为主。不同季节南汇边滩冲淤变化过程存在很大差异:平面上,南汇边滩等深线夏、冬季以淤进为主,春、秋季以蚀退为主;垂向上,南汇东滩断面呈春夏秋冲淤交替、冬季淤积的态势,南汇嘴断面呈秋季冲刷、冬夏季淤积的态势,而位于南汇南滩的断面则呈秋冬季冲刷、春夏季淤积态势。南汇东滩沉积物粒径总体上较细,东滩与南滩交汇处的南汇嘴附近中值粒径相对较粗,南汇南滩浅滩沉积物颗粒中值粒径最粗。     

Asymmetry of Columbia River tidal plume fronts

Columbia River tidal plume dynamics can be explained in terms of two asymmetries related to plume-front depth and internal wave generation. These asymmetries may be an important factor contributing to the observed greater primary productivity and phytoplankton standing crop on the Washington shelf. The tidal plume (the most recent ebb outflow from the estuary) is initially supercritical with respect to the frontal internal Froude number F_R on strong ebbs. It is separated from the rotating plume bulge by a front, whose properties are very different under upwelling vs. downwelling conditions. Under summer upwelling conditions, tidal plume fronts are sharp and narrow (< 20–50 m wide) on their upwind or northern side and mark a transition from supercritical to subcritical flow for up to 12 h after high water. Such sharp fronts are a source of turbulent mixing, despite the strong stratification. Because the tidal plume may overlie newly upwelled waters, these fronts can mix nutrients into the plume. Symmetry would suggest that there should be a sharp front south of the estuary mouth under summer downwelling conditions. Instead, the downwelling tidal plume front is usually diffuse on its upstream side. Mixing is weaker, and the water masses immediately below are low in nutrients. There is also an upwelling–downwelling asymmetry in internal wave generation. During upwelling and weak wind conditions, plume fronts often generate trains of non-linear internal waves as they transition from a supercritical to a subcritical state. Under downwelling conditions, internal wave release is less common and the waves are less energetic. Furthermore, regardless of wind conditions, solition formation almost always begins on the south side of the plume so that the front “unzips” from south to north. This distinction is important, because these internal waves contribute to vertical mixing in the plume bulge and transport low-salinity water across the tidal plume into the plume bulge.F_R and plume depth are key parameters in distinguishing the upwelling and downwelling situations, and these two asymmetries can be explained in terms of potential vorticity conservation. The divergence of the tidal outflow after it leaves the estuary embeds relative vorticity in the emerging tidal plume water mass. This vorticity controls the transition of the tidal plume front to a subcritical state and consequently the timing and location of internal wave generation by plume fronts.     

Numerical determination of flushing time for stratified water bodies

It is often advantageous to model a semi-enclosed estuarine or coastal embayment (e.g. fish farms or tidal inlets, or typhoon shelters) as a separate system within a larger water body connected to the outer sea. The water quality of the system depends crucially on its flushing time—the average time of a particle in the system. The flushing time is governed by the barotropic and baroclinic tidal exchanges between the system and the outer sea. We describe herein a general method to determine systematically the flushing time of a stratified water body via a numerical tracer experiment. Numerical solution of the 3D flow and mass transport equations for many practical problems show that the tracer mass removal process depends on the physical topography and bathymetry, tidal range and the degree of stratification in the outer sea. Field application suggests that the tracer mass variation can be well approximated by a double-exponential decay curve that can be described by three flushing coefficients. Using a simple analytical two-segment model, the flushing coefficients can be given a clear physical interpretation, and the flushing time can be easily determined in terms of the coefficients. The method is illustrated by application to a number of tidal inlets in Hong Kong, in both the dry and wet season. The connection between the numerically determined flushing time and the traditional bulk flushing time obtained from salt-balance methods is established.     

基于潮波数值模拟技术的潮位推算及其精度验证

基于潮波数值模拟技术的潮位推算算法可以推算测区内任一区域的潮位,减少临时验潮站,尤其是海上定点验潮站的布设,避免潮位改正模型的误差。文章利用实测潮位资料对基于数值模拟技术的推算潮位进行了验证,取得了较好的结果。     

GPRSTK在航潮位测量及在天津新港航道的实现

在分析传统潮位测量方法和潮位模型缺陷的基础上,给出了GPS在航潮位测量方法。基于GPSRTK动态定位技术,系统地研究了GPS RTK在航潮位测量、数据处理的基本理论和流程,并对潮位测量和数据处理中的GPS RTK高程质量控制、姿态改正、动态吃水改正、潮位提取、垂直基准转换5个关键问题进行了深入研究,最终确定了测量船测量期间的在航潮位。将这些研究成果应用到天津新港航道的在航潮位试验中,2 d的试验结果表明,GPS在航潮位测量方法相对传统的潮位测量方法在实施的简便性、精度等方面具有较大的优越性。鉴于该方法的特点以及航道的特点,建议该方法广泛推广应用于航道在航潮位测量中。     

田湾核电站海域潮流场数值模拟

采用MIKE 21水动力模拟软件建立了田湾核电站海域平面二维潮流数学模型,利用该模型对该海域的潮流场进行了数值模拟。根据数值模拟结果,对田湾核电站海域的潮流场特征进行了分析。建立的模型可以用来模拟研究各种工程方案实施前后的潮流场,也可以为局部模型提供边界条件。     

潮动力影响下辐射沙脊群的研究进展*

从形态、形成时间、生成机制、粒径分布和物质来源、沙洲演变和水道稳定性等方面简述潮动力影响下辐射沙脊群的研究进展。上千年前因泥沙进入辐射状潮流场而形成了体积庞大、呈辐射状分布的沙脊群。在复杂的潮动力作用下,辐射沙脊群呈现外部冲刷、中心淤积,各潮汐汊道趋于稳定的演化特点。提出今后可以将地质研究和水动力研究相结合,在潮流场模拟中加入泥沙模块,运用长周期数值模拟技术重现辐射沙脊群形成和演变的全过程,以弥补现有研究的诸多不足。     

实测数据和数值模拟相结合的办法计算海湾纳潮量

通过在胶州湾口连续25h走航观测得到每次走航通过湾口的流量,计算出每个潮汐过程通过湾口的总流量,即纳潮量。应用POM模式模拟相应时间的潮汐潮流,计算得到模拟的纳潮量值。比较二者计算值,并根据模拟30d纳潮量的平均值,计算得出胶州湾纳潮量约为8．943亿m^2。本研究提出一种计算海湾纳潮量的新方法,可供计算海湾纳潮量时参考。