不同尺寸对FCBGA元器件焊点可靠性有限元分析

采用有限元法对FCBGA器件焊点尺寸和焊点间距进行了优化模拟。研究发现，元器件整体的最大应力集中在阵列最拐角焊点的上表面上，该部位可能成为焊点裂纹的发源地。对焊点最大应力节点进行时间历程处理，发现应力松弛现象严重，且应力值随着温度循环加载具有累积迭加的趋势。焊点优化结果显示，焊点高度对应的应力值曲线具有明显的单调递减特性。模拟的焊点直径值和实际情况吻合，同时发现焊点直径为0．02mm时对应的应力值最小。焊点间距曲线单调性表现为单调递增性，因此，可以根据应力最小的原则来选择焊点尺寸。     

基于最大裂纹张口位移计算应力强度因子的方法研究

文章提出了基于最大裂纹张口位移计算I型应力强度因子的新方法,该方法适用于复合载荷(均匀拉伸和纯弯曲载荷组合)作用下的具有半椭圆表面裂纹的有限平板模型。首先,理论推导了具有埋藏裂纹的无限大平板受均匀拉伸载荷作用时应力强度因子与裂纹最大张口位移的对应关系,再应用有限元数值模拟技术,考虑了表面效应、模型尺寸效应及载荷形式的影响,然后基于有限元模拟结果,根据多元多次最小二乘法原理拟合出对应修正系数表达式,最终建立了复合载荷作用下有限平板裂纹尖端应力强度因子与最大张口位移的函数关系,实现了由容易获得的最大裂纹张口位移确定应力强度因子的方法。该方法避免了对裂纹尖端的应力场、位移场的分析,为实际应用中应力强度因子的获得提供了新的方法。     

基于鲁棒性的船体中横剖面多目标优化

工程应用中在进行鲁棒性优化设计时,要求所求出的解既要具有较高的质量,又要满足一定的鲁棒性要求。将鲁棒性优化问题转化为一个双目标的优化问题,即一个目标为解的最优性,另一个目标为解的鲁棒性,并针对一艘最大应力接近许用应力的多用途船进行基于鲁棒性的中横剖面优化设计。首先,用支持向量机的方法建立船体舱段的近似模型,用于求取舱段的最大应力,并结合蒙特卡罗积分的思想构造出表示最大应力鲁棒性的函数;随后,以最大应力最小和最大应力的鲁棒性函数值最小为目标函数,设计出一种求解鲁棒性最优解的粒子群多目标优化算法。优化结果不仅能降低船体结构的最大应力,同时还可较大程度地提高最大应力的鲁棒性,证明了该方法的可行性。     

船体应力释放孔的优化

对部分应力集中十分严重的船体结构区域,可以通过设置应力释放孔的方法来控制其应力峰值。为了最大程度地改善关注区域应力峰值,以应力释放孔的形状、尺寸和位置等参数为设计变量,以开孔边界、施工工艺和非优化区域应力水平为约束条件,以优化区域的材料屈服利用因子最低为目标,对应力释放孔进行形状优化和尺寸优化。基于Isight平台,集成应力释放孔的参数化建模程序,采用遗传算法迭代求解,可得到最优设计方案。     

基于Isight/Nastran的车渡船跳板结构优化设计

采用Patran/Nastran对车渡船跳板结构进行强度分析,在此基础上,集成Isight/Nastran对车渡船跳板结构进行优化设计。以结构质量为目标,跳板面板相当应力、跳板骨材合成应力及跳板结构位移为约束条件,重点考虑跳板面板厚度、跳板普通横梁以及跳板纵桁和强横梁的截面尺寸。最后,采用Isight中自带的多岛遗传算法(MIGA)对某渡船跳板结构进行优化,使得该跳板在最大等效应力不超过许用值的同时总质量达到最小。优化后跳板结构质量为7 368 kg,比之前的质量9 477 kg减少了22.25%,优化效果明显,且满足强度和刚度要求。     

深潜器耐压壳体电缆填料函专用封堵夹具设计

针对深潜器耐压壳体电缆填料函漏水问题,设计填料函封堵夹具,为注剂式封堵作业提供专用夹具。根据电缆填料函结构特点,确定专用封堵夹具外形及其基本尺寸;根据注剂胶流动特性,确定夹具注剂孔数量、布置位置及其形式;利用夹具尺寸计算经验公式计算夹具主体中圆筒、侧端封板厚度、夹耳厚度和紧固螺栓最小直径;利用Star-CCM软件对所设计的专用夹具本体进行受均布力时的强度校核,仿真结果表明,夹具的最大应力值小于许用应力,所设计夹具主体满足强度要求。     

基于遗传算法随车起重机折叠臂架铰点位置优化

以中型随车起重机折叠臂架结构为研究对象,为了降低此结构中液压缸最大受力和液压油波动对整机性能的影响,依据工作装置的工作原理,建立铰点优化数学模型,以液压缸受力最小为优化目标,各个铰点间长度为设计变量,在MATLAB中采用遗传算法对折叠臂架铰点位置进行优化设计,从优化结果可以看出,液压缸最大受力值明显减小,同时在整个工作过程中受力曲线较优化前曲线趋势明显变缓,液压油波动情况减弱,对液压缸安全性、稳定性具有重要意义。     

基于响应面法的船底纵桁结构优化设计

提出基于响应面法的船体结构优化方法,对一艘76 000 DWT散货船货舱段的双层底纵桁进行优化设计以验证该方法的实用性。在不同板厚尺寸、相同载荷作用下进行纵桁参数的敏度分析,选取适合的参数作为自变量。在计算出最大相当应力、最大剪切应力的基础上,应用响应面法的正交组合设计试验方法,得出该舱段船底纵桁最大应力与结构尺寸的函数表达式。以结构重量最轻为目标函数,在结构强度、规范要求最小厚度的约束条件下,对该舱段的船底纵桁结构厚度进行优化。     

Deck Structure Optimization of Offshore Drilling Platform based on Green Water Analysis

深海钻井平台甲板上浪时水流变化及其载荷对甲板和上层建筑,乃至钻井平台的服役寿命影响很大.文章采用VOF方法及消波理论进行了圆筒型深海钻井平台SEVAN650的上浪分析,获得了平台上浪时主要监测点的时间-压力曲线.根据时间—压力曲线的变化优选特征点,并将各特征点数据导入数值模拟前处理器,完成了上浪分析和结构优化之间的无缝对接,实现了对深海钻井平台上层建筑的加载.强度分析结果表明可以对上层建筑内部采用丰字型焊板进行结构优化,数值分析结果表明平台优化后的最大应力减小了17.3%,应力集中部位的平均应力减少了26.7%,应力分布更加均匀.结合上浪分析和结构优化的分析方法为海工平台结构分析提供了一种新方法.     

考虑船舶轴系校中与弯曲振动的轴承优化布置

船舶在航行过程中,螺旋桨所受到的激振力通过船舶轴系传递给船体并引起尾部振动和噪声,给船舶的乘坐舒适性和安全性带来危害。本文利用传递矩阵法分别建立船舶轴系校中数学模型和弯曲振动数学模型,并使用拟定常法得到螺旋桨叶频和二倍叶频的激励力幅值比值,成比例输入到轴系系统当中,设置轴承间距和轴承标高为变量,以尾轴后轴承受力幅值最小为目标函数。在满足船舶轴系校中标准下,对轴承位置的轴向和径向进行双向优化,得到实例的最优布置方案,通过比较优化前后的尾轴后轴承受力响应幅值,可以发现优化效果明显,对船舶轴系设计与布置具有一定的指导意义。     

Stress magnification effect of initial deformation on the notch stress field and fatigue strength of thin plate welded joints

Compared with thick plate welded joint, the welding joint of thin plate will produce initial deformation due to its low bending rigidity. The existence of initial deformation will cause the welded structure to produce secondary bending effect, which will produce greater stress magnification effect at the weld toe and seriously affect the fatigue strength of thin plate welded joints. Therefore, based on the correction formula of thick plate, considering the influence of initial deformation and geometric nonlinearity of thin plate, this paper deduces the stress magnification factor formula at the weld toe of T-shaped and cruciform specimens. The accuracy of the revised formula is further verified by comparing the notch stress calculated by the modified formula with the FE results. Finally, the modified formula is applied to the notch stress and fatigue evaluation of typical thin plate welded joints respectively. The results show that the proposed notch stress calculation formula can fully consider the stress amplification effect of thin plate structure, and can be used to quickly evaluate the notch stress field and fatigue strength of thin plate welded joints.     

船体舷顶角焊接接头的试验与研究

本文讨论了舷顶角接头的工艺性问题。我们对不同材质、板厚、焊透程度的舷项角接头进行了系列试验．并通过平面应变的有限元应力的弹塑性分析，证明舷顶角接头用含有少量未焊透的焊接接头来代替全焊透接头是完全可行的．这样可以简化制造工艺．降低了建造成本．有显著的经济效益和社会效益。     

锌铝药芯钎焊丝钎焊铝/铜接头性能及组织

采用5种不同成分的锌铝药芯钎焊丝钎焊铝/铜接头,研究钎料成分对接头剪切强度和耐蚀性的影响.研究结果表明：对于同成分的锌铝药芯钎焊丝,采用火焰钎焊的铝/铜接头抗剪强度比炉中钎焊高,Zn80Al20药芯钎焊丝钎焊的铝/铜接头强度最高;随钎料中Al含量降低,铝/铜接头的耐蚀性变差,Zn72Al28药芯钎焊丝钎焊的铝/铜接头耐腐蚀性最好.相同条件下,火焰钎焊铝/铜接头的耐蚀性明显好于炉中钎焊的接头;Zn80Al20药芯钎焊丝钎焊的铝/铜接头钎缝组织呈块状.锌铝药芯钎焊丝中适中的Zn,Al含量有利于使铝/铜接头铜侧界面得到固溶体组织,并避免铝侧母材的过度熔蚀.     

On stress concentration factors for tubular Y- and T-Joints in frame structures

This paper is written as a result of some years experience with fatigue analysis of offshore jacket structures where the connections are made as tubular joints. The hot spot stresses at the tubular joints in such analysis are normally derived based on parametric equations for stress concentration factors. These stress concentration factors are normally related to the axial force in the brace. It is observed that the hot spot stresses at the crown positions of the tubular joint in some cases are significantly affected by the local loading on the chord and the bending moment in the chord. In order to use the existing formulae in these cases some engineering effort is required to derive correct hot spot stress. This work can be avoided by using the nominal stress in the chord as the basis for calculating the hot spot stress at the crown position instead of using the axial force in the brace as basis for the analysis. This also extends the validity of the equations for stress concentration factors for T- and Y- joints in design standards. The proposed modification makes it also simpler to include the effect of joint flexibility in a proper way. The basis for a proposed revision of the equations for stress concentration factors for these joints is presented in this paper. It is considered that this modification leads to minor changes of the computer code, but that it will save analysis work for engineers and reduce the possibility of calculating incorrect fatigue lives in tubular frame structures.     

对接接头焊趾应力集中有限元分析

研究焊缝几何参数对应力集中的影响,对于提高焊接结构疲劳强度有重要的意义.本文采用有限元方法,计算了双侧对称加强高和单侧加强高的对接接头焊趾处的应力集中系数,分析了几个主要参数,包括焊趾倾角、焊趾过渡圆弧半径和板厚对于应力集中系数的影响,研究了焊趾处应力集中沿板厚方向的变化情况,在分析大量计算结果的基础上给出了估算两种形式的对接接头应力集中系数的经验公式.结果表明,减小焊趾倾角,增大过渡圆弧半径,可以减缓焊趾处截面形状的变化,改善焊趾处的应力集中;板厚的增加使得应力集中系数增大.并且单侧加强高的对接接头应力集中系数小于双侧对称加强高对接接头的,其减小幅度只与θ有关.     

A design method of tensile triangles and low transformation temperature weld metal for reduction of stress concentration and residual stress of welded joints

Stress concentration and residual stress have a significant influence on fatigue life of welded joints. In order to reduce the stress concentration of welded joints, a mathematical design method of tensile triangles (MTT) based on bionics was applied to weld shape design. Accordingly, the stress concentration of various weld beads in the corner boxing welded joint and the fillet welded T-joint was dissected using our in-house FEM software JWRIAN. It was found that there existed a large stress concentration in the conventional welded joints, whereas those welded joints with elongated weld bead were accompanied by a lower stress concentration, especially for elongated weld bead with MTT design. Furthermore, among the weld shapes of the corner boxing fillet welded joint, the rectangle shape of weld bead had the minimum stress concentration factor (1.05). For the fillet welded T-joint with MTT design, the stress concentration of weld toe decreased dramatically with the increase of the index of designed shape, but there was a minor difference of stress concentration at weld root between the weld beads with MTT design. In addition, application of low transformation temperature (LTT) weld metal utilizing martensitic transformation to the fillet welded T-joints can produce compressive residual stress at weld toe.     

关于钢筋混凝土结构主、次梁连接问题的探讨

钢筋混凝土结构物中次梁与主梁的连接方式分为铰结点和刚结点,在结构计算中简化为何种连接方式应视主、次梁的尺度和配筋情况等而定。以数值模型计算分析为基础,探讨在不同荷载作用下主、次梁节点的不同连接方式对主梁应力和变形的影响,以及主、次梁节点的协调扭转、协调扭转的零刚度等关键技术问题,可供同类型结构设计参考。     

I型金属夹层结构连接构件强度特性研究及灵敏度分析

在国外,激光焊接钢质夹层结构已用于实船,其连接构件的强度特性是尚待解决的关键问题之一.应用有限元分析软件ANSYS,研究2种典型连接构件的面外强度特性及灵敏度.计算中,为降低计算规模,采用MPC壳体连接和子模型分析技术;进行灵敏度分析时,为减少大量方案计算所需的繁琐人工操作,应用Matlab驱动ANSYS,以批处理方式的有限元分析计算各方案的响应值.计算结果显示,在普通焊接接头处存在一定的应力集中.在控制结构重量的条件下,若要降低接头的应力集中系数,对于内嵌方框型连接构件而言,增大连接构件长度和夹层端部面板长度最为有效,增大水平板厚度也有一定的作用;对于外接平板型连接构件而言,最有效的途径是增大连接构件的厚度,并选取合适的连接构件长度.     

Hinge joint damage identification method of soft yoke mooring system based on multibody dynamic modeling and structural monitoring data

Soft yoke mooring system (SYMs) is a single-point mooring system used in shallow water oil and gas development. In general, SYMs consists of mooring framework support, mooring legs, yoke, and single-point turret and it forms a multibody dynamic system with 13 hinge joint structures such as universal joints and thrust bearings. The hinge joint is one of the key components of SYMs; therefore, it is necessary to accurately evaluate the operating behavior of the hinge joints. In this study, real-time damage identification is conducted based on the multibody dynamic features of the SYMs. First, a long-term monitoring strategy for the prototype application is developed based on the multibody governing equations of the SYMs. The motion behaviors and stress state of the hinge joints and bodies are calculated using prototype monitoring data. A hinge joint damage identification based on the virtual moment is proposed by considering the changes in the friction coefficient in the damage state. The virtual moment method is used to transform the damage identification problem of the SYMs into a problem of seeking the optimal solution to the dynamics identification function. Genetic algorithm (GA) is implemented to seek the optimal solution of the friction coefficient of each hinge joint. A large-scale model testing system of the SYMs is established to perform the damage identification of the bottom hinge joints of the SYMs. The results show that the proposed method can effectively identify the damage degree and position of the hinge joints of the SYMs and provide a real-time warning system for the in-service operation of the SYMs.     

T型接头焊趾表面裂纹应力强度因子的简化计算方法

T型接头是船舶与海洋结构物的典型结构形式之一,其焊趾处常常是疲劳热点区域。T型接头焊趾表面裂纹的应力强度因子是船舶与海洋结构的、基于断裂力学安全评定和疲劳寿命预测的基础。本文对T型接头表面裂纹应力强度因子的计算方法,尤其是Bow ness等人提出的T型接头焊趾表面裂纹应力强度因子的计算公式进行了分析,在此基础上导出了形式简单,物理意义明确的T型接头焊趾表面裂纹应力强度因子的简化计算公式,并和相关的应力强度因子的计算结果进行了比较,证明了本文简化方法的可行性。