四轮转向车辆多体仿真与试验研究

以四轮转向原理样车为对象,运用多体动力学理论对四轮转向车辆的转向特性进行了计算机仿真研究和试验验证。对建立整车多体模型的方法进行了论述。通过对仿真数据与样车试验结果的对比分析,证明了四轮转向多体模型各类参数和控制方法的正确性和适用性。最后利用建立的整车多体模型,仿真分析了前后悬架刚度对操纵稳定性的影响,以及制动转向时的转向响应特性。     

Application of Elementary Neural Networks and Preview Sensors for Representing Driver Steering Control Behaviour

This paper demonstrates the use of elementary neural networks for modelling and representing driver steering behaviour in path regulation control tasks. Areas of application include uses by vehicle simulation experts who need to model and represent specific instances of driver steering control behaviour, potential on-board vehicle technologies aimed at representing and tracking driver steering control behaviour over time, and use by human factors specialists interested in representing or classifying specific families of driver steering behaviour. Example applications are shown for data obtained from a driver/vehicle numerical simulation, a basic driving simulator, and an experimental on-road test vehicle equipped with a camera and sensor processing system.     

Simulation of Vehicle and Power Steering Dynamics Using Tire Model Parameters Matched to Whole Vehicle Experimental Results

This paper uses simulation to investigate how vehicle loading conditions (driver only, passengers, cargo, and fuel) affect power steering system and overall vehicle dynamics. Our purpose of the study was to evaluate the power steering system model for possible use in the National Advanced Driving Simulator (NADS). The effects of changing loading conditions on inertial properties of passenger cars have been found experimentally using a Vehicle Inertia Measurement Facility (VIMF). This paper presents simulation results using a vehicle handling model combined with a power steering system model and a nonlinear tire model. A crucial part of this project was the adjustment of certain parameters of Pacejka's tire model in order to match simulation results with experimental measurements of vehicle and power steering variables in transient maneuvers.     

Simulation of Vehicle and Power Steering Dynamics Using Tire Model Parameters Matched to Whole Vehicle Experimental Results

This paper uses simulation to investigate how vehicle loading conditions (driver only, passengers, cargo, and fuel) affect power steering system and overall vehicle dynamics. Our purpose of the study was to evaluate the power steering system model for possible use in the National Advanced Driving Simulator (NADS). The effects of changing loading conditions on inertial properties of passenger cars have been found experimentally using a Vehicle Inertia Measurement Facility (VIMF). This paper presents simulation results using a vehicle handling model combined with a power steering system model and a nonlinear tire model. A crucial part of this project was the adjustment of certain parameters of Pacejka's tire model in order to match simulation results with experimental measurements of vehicle and power steering variables in transient maneuvers.     

Lateral dynamics of single unit skid-steered tracked vehicle

In the design and development of high-speed tracked vehicles, it is necessary to have an understanding of the interrelationship between the terrain factors and the vehicle characteristics during steering. The handling behavior of skid-steered tracked vehicles is more complex than that of wheeled vehicles because of non-linear characteristics arising from the sliding interface between the track and the ground. In the present work, a five degree-of-freedom (DOF) steering model of a tracked vehicle is developed, and the handling behavior during non-stationary motion is studied when operating at high and low speeds. It is demonstrated that the inclusion of roll and pitch DOF changes the steering response when compared to the response from three DOF models proposed earlier by several researchers. This is due to the strong coupling between the pitch and yaw motions. The effect of the initial forward velocities on the trajectory of the vehicle during non-stationary motion is also studied. It is observed from the results that the stability is influenced by the type of steering input, steering ratio and vehicle forward speed.     

自动紧急转向导致斜角碰撞的一体化仿真分析

在前方道路突然出现障碍物的危急情况中，车辆采用自动紧急转向来避障，由于情况紧急，车辆在转向过程中仍可能与其他道路参与者发生碰撞事故。当车辆采用自动紧急转向避让道路前方路口突然闯入的车辆时，与对向来车发生斜角碰撞，由此，对该特定场景的转向-碰撞全过程进行一体化仿真，分析乘员在转向阶段因车辆横摆和侧倾运动引起的离位现象以及离位在碰撞过程中对乘员的动态响应和损伤造成的影响。首先，建立由自动紧急转向导致的斜角碰撞场景；其次，在该场景中，确定车辆在最小避障距离内的紧急变道路径，并计算车辆和乘员在变道过程中的动态响应；碰撞事故发生时刻选取为本车在紧急转向过程中易与对向来车发生碰撞的时刻，且在该时刻乘员具有较大潜在损伤风险；然后，在时域上结合车辆转向阶段和碰撞阶段的运动响应，将其作为整体输入，对乘员在全过程的动态响应进行一体化仿真；最后，分析离位对乘员损伤的影响规律以及影响因素。研究结果表明：紧急转向会导致乘员产生明显的横向离位，降低了约束系统对乘员的保护效果，致使乘员头部和颈部在碰撞中的人车相对运动速度和相对位移明显增大；横向离位使得乘员头部偏离安全气囊中央区域，降低了安全气囊的保护作用；这2个因素导致了乘员头部损伤评价指标H_HIC36增加7.20倍，颈部损伤评价指标N_ij增加2.32倍；乘员头、颈部损伤具有随横向离位程度减小而减小的趋势。     

Driver steering and muscle activity during a lane-change manoeuvre

The article reports an experimental study of driver steering control behaviour in a lane-change manoeuvre. Eight test subjects were instrumented with electromyography to measure muscle activation and co-contraction. Each subject completed 30 lane-change manoeuvres with one vehicle on a fixed-base driving simulator. For each driver, the steering torque feedback characteristic was changed after every ten manoeuvres; the response of the vehicle to steering angle inputs was not changed. Drivers' control strategies were found to be robust to changes in steering torque feedback. Path-following errors, muscle activity and muscle co-contraction all reduce with the number of lane-changes performed by the driver, suggesting the existence of a learning process. Comparing the test subjects, there was some evidence that high levels of co-contraction were used to allow high-frequency steering inputs to be generated. The results contribute to the understanding of vehicle–driver (and more generally, human–machine) dynamic interaction.     

Role of steering wheel feedback on driver performance: driving simulator and modeling analysis

When driving in curves, how do drivers use the force appearing on the steering wheel? As it carries information related to lateral acceleration, this force could be necessary for drivers to tune their internal model of vehicle dynamics; alternatively, being opposed to the drivers' efforts, it could just help them stabilize the steering wheel position. To assess these two hypotheses, we designed an experiment on a motion-based driving simulator. The steering characteristics of the vehicle were modified in the course of driving, unknown to drivers. Results obtained with standard drivers showed a surprisingly wide range of adaptation, except for exaggerated modifications of the steering force feedback. A two-level driver model, combining a preview of vehicle dynamics and a neuromuscular steering control, reproduces these experimental results qualitatively and indicates that adaptation occurs at the haptic level rather than in the internal model of vehicle dynamics. This effect is related to other theories on the manual control of dynamics systems, wherein force feedback characteristics are abstracted at the position control level. This research also illustrates the use of driving simulation for the study of driver behavior and future intelligent steering assistance systems.     

电动轮驱动的电动汽车动力学仿真

采用自然坐标系下的整车动力学模型,模拟变速或转向过程中可能存在的变化情况,进行了四电动轮独立驱动的电动汽车仿真。仿真试验表明,在变速或转向的过程中,各轮的输出转矩可能会有较大差异。因此在此类电动汽车的设计中应当充分考虑对变速或转向时各轮的转矩加以控制,以提高操控性能。     

Role of steering wheel feedback on driver performance: driving simulator and modeling analysis

When driving in curves, how do drivers use the force appearing on the steering wheel? As it carries information related to lateral acceleration, this force could be necessary for drivers to tune their internal model of vehicle dynamics; alternatively, being opposed to the drivers' efforts, it could just help them stabilize the steering wheel position. To assess these two hypotheses, we designed an experiment on a motion-based driving simulator. The steering characteristics of the vehicle were modified in the course of driving, unknown to drivers. Results obtained with standard drivers showed a surprisingly wide range of adaptation, except for exaggerated modifications of the steering force feedback. A two-level driver model, combining a preview of vehicle dynamics and a neuromuscular steering control, reproduces these experimental results qualitatively and indicates that adaptation occurs at the haptic level rather than in the internal model of vehicle dynamics. This effect is related to other theories on the manual control of dynamics systems, wherein force feedback characteristics are abstracted at the position control level. This research also illustrates the use of driving simulation for the study of driver behavior and future intelligent steering assistance systems.     

Proper PD steering assistance constant based on the driving situation

Proportional derivative (PD) steering assistance can greatly improve the control stability of a vehicle. However, for all PD steering methods, the discomfort associated with the need to continuously turn the steering wheel during cornering is significant. Because the steering return phenomenon of the steering wheel stop like this is not preferable, PD steering assistance should be extremely weak (almost 0) during normal cornering. Alternatively, during drift cornering, during which the grip area of the tires is exceeded, PD steering assistance is helpful because the driver has good control over counter-steering. Moreover, the use of PD steering assistance is preferable during lane changes because the response and settling of a vehicle is greatly improved when PD steering assistance is used. Based on these considerations, a previous report examined steering method controls in which the PD steering assistance constant was incorporated along with the drivers’ perception changes in certain driving situations. This study aimed to determine a suitable PD steering assistance constant in relation to the driving situation. A proper PD steering assistance constant was found to exist for specific driving situations. Based on the results of gaze detection using an eye mark recorder, the study was able to reduce the right and left difference of the gaze at the driver by controlling PD steering assistance using a proper PD steering assistance constant for various driving situations.     

Numerical Simulation of Vehicle Behavior during Straight Line Keeping on Undulating Road Surfaces

Numerical design of vehicles having optimal straight line stability on undulating road surfaces requires an accurate vehicle model based on knowledge of the relevant phenomena. Therefore, vehicle behavior on undulating straight roads has been analyzed and modeled. Measurements on a flat road surface have shown that the dedicated vehicle model yields accurate simulation results of the steering response to medium steering wheel angle inputs. In addition, the model has been validated by measuring two vehicle responses during normal driving on an undulating straight road: viz. the responses to the small steering wheel angle input and to the input by the global inclination of the road surface.     

Desired yaw rate and steering control method during cornering for a six-wheeled vehicle

This paper proposes a steering control method based on optimal control theory to improve the maneuverability of a six-wheeled vehicle during cornering. The six-wheeled vehicle is believed to have better performance than a four-wheeled vehicle in terms of its capability for crossing obstacles, off-road maneuvering and fail-safe handling when one or two of the tires are punctured. Although many methods to improve the four-wheeled vehicle’s lateral stability have been studied and developed, there have only been a few studies on the six-wheeled vehicle’s lateral stability. Some studies of the six-wheeled vehicle have been reported recently, but they are related to the desired yaw rate of a four-wheeled vehicle to control the six-wheeled vehicle’s maneuvering during corning. In this paper, the sideslip angle and yaw rate are controlled to improve the maneuverability during cornering by independent control of the steering angles of the six wheels. The desired yaw rate that is suitable for a six-wheeled vehicle is proposed as a control target. In addition, a scaled-down vehicle with six drive motors and six steering motors that can be controlled independently is designed. The performance of the proposed control methods is verified using a full model vehicle simulation and scaled-down vehicle experiment.     

Application of rack type motor driven power steering control system for heavy vehicles

The Electric Power Steering (EPS) or Motor Driven Power Steering (MDPS) mechanism proves to be a bright prospect among passenger vehicles ensuring better vehicle safety and fuel economy. The car manufacturers are focusing on the production of Rack type EPS system (REPS). This paper describes the development of concurrent simulation technique using TruckSim and control strategy for analysing RMDPS control system with a dynamic vehicle system. A full Truck vehicle model interacting with RMDPS control algorithm was concurrently simulated on a sinusoidal steering input. The dynamic responses of vehicle chassis and steering system resulting were evaluated and compared with proving ground experimental data. The comparisons show reasonable agreement on steering wheel torque, lateral acceleration and yaw rate. This concurrent simulation research leads the possibility of RMDPS performance evaluation of Truck and Semi-bonnet cars.     

无人驾驶汽车路径跟踪控制方法拟人程度研究

无人驾驶汽车路径跟踪控制是无人驾驶汽车运动控制的核心所在,目前常用的路径跟踪模型主要以路径跟踪精度为主要控制目标,在很大程度上忽略了无人驾驶汽车的乘坐舒适性和控制的拟人程度。为了研究无人驾驶汽车路径跟踪控制算法的拟人程度并提高乘坐舒适性,基于转向几何学、汽车运动学和汽车动力学理论建立实车中常用的4种路径跟踪模型,提出以路径跟踪过程中的最大横向加速度a_ymax和方向盘转角平方和δ_w²共同表征路径跟踪模型的拟人程度和横向乘坐舒适性。基于驾驶人实车换道试验数据,建立多项式拟人换道参考路径,搭建CarSim/Simulink联合仿真模型,并对其进行不同车速下的车辆换道试验。研究结果表明：路径跟踪模型的横向循迹偏差均会随着车速的提高而增加,但都能较好实现路径跟踪;带预瞄路径跟踪模型和动力学前馈最优LQR路径跟踪模型拟人程度较好;汽车运动学路径跟踪模型的乘坐舒适性最差,方向盘修正激烈;在100 km·h^-1,a_ymax>0.7 m·s^-2,δ_w²>2.7×10³时,拟人程度最差;不带预瞄路径跟踪模型循迹精度最高,且拟人程度最高,乘坐舒适性最好,120 km·h^-1时,a_ymax ≤ 0.5 m·s^-2。     

Lateral stability control of dynamic steering for dual motor drive high speed tracked vehicle

In this paper, the torque and power required by dual motors for electric tracked vehicle during dynamic steering maneuvers with different steering radiuses are analyzed. A steering coupling drive system composed of a new type of center steering motor, two Electromagnetic (EM) clutches, two planetary gear couplers, and two propulsion motors is proposed for the dual motors drive high speed electric tracked vehicle (2MHETV), which aims to improve its lateral stability. An average torque direct distribution control strategy based on steering coupling and an optimization-distribution-based close-loop control strategy are designed separately to control the driving torque or regenerative braking torque of two propulsion motors for vehicle stability enhancement. Then models of the 2MHETV and the proposed control strategy are established in Recudyn and Matlab/Simulink respectively to evaluate the lateral stability of dynamic steering for the 2MHETV with different steering radiuses on hard pavement.The simulation results show that the lateral stability of the 2MHETV can be significantly improved by the proposed optimization-distribution-based close-loop control strategy based on steering coupling system.     

Driver steering and muscle activity during a lane-change manoeuvre

The article reports an experimental study of driver steering control behaviour in a lane-change manoeuvre. Eight test subjects were instrumented with electromyography to measure muscle activation and co-contraction. Each subject completed 30 lane-change manoeuvres with one vehicle on a fixed-base driving simulator. For each driver, the steering torque feedback characteristic was changed after every ten manoeuvres; the response of the vehicle to steering angle inputs was not changed. Drivers' control strategies were found to be robust to changes in steering torque feedback. Path-following errors, muscle activity and muscle co-contraction all reduce with the number of lane-changes performed by the driver, suggesting the existence of a learning process. Comparing the test subjects, there was some evidence that high levels of co-contraction were used to allow high-frequency steering inputs to be generated. The results contribute to the understanding of vehicle-driver (and more generally, human-machine) dynamic interaction.     

Numerical Simulation of Vehicle Behavior during Straight Line Keeping on Undulating Road Surfaces

SUMMARY

Numerical design of vehicles having optimal straight line stability on undulating road surfaces requires an accurate vehicle model based on knowledge of the relevant phenomena. Therefore, vehicle behavior on undulating straight roads has been analyzed and modeled. Measurements on a flat road surface have shown that the dedicated vehicle model yields accurate simulation results of the steering response to medium steering wheel angle inputs. In addition, the model has been validated by measuring two vehicle responses during normal driving on an undulating straight road: viz. the responses to the small steering wheel angle input and to the input by the global inclination of the road surface.     

车辆机械转向系统的使用与维护

车辆的转向系统是车辆组成的重要部分,转向系统可以对车的安全性起到直接影响,如果说机械转向系统发生故障,就很容易导致安全事故的发生。通常情况下,车辆机械转向系统出现问题的主要原因都是在车辆使用时,机械转向系统的零部件之间出现了摩擦。本文作者将会根据以往的自身实际经验,以及车辆工作的原理,探讨如何维护和使用车辆机械转向系统的有效方式,对详细说明给予研究,为车辆机械转向系统的正确使用提供参考和借鉴。