非正态分布的汽车半轴凸缘的可靠性稳健设计

将可靠性优化设计理论、可靠性灵敏度分析技术与稳健设计方法相结合,讨论了随机参数服从非正态分布汽车半轴凸缘的可靠性稳健设计问题,提出了可靠性稳健优化设计的计算方法。把可靠性灵敏度溶入可靠性优化设计模型之中,将可靠性稳健设计归结为满足可靠性要求的多目标优化问题。     

任意分布参数的拉杆可靠性优化设计

讨论了随机参数服从任意分布时拉杆的可靠性优化设计问题。在基本随机参数的前四阶矩已知的情况下，应用随机摄动法和Edgeworth级数方法对拉杆进行可靠性优化设计，通过计算机程序可以实现随机参数服从非正态分布的拉杆可靠性优化设计，迅速准确地得到了拉杆的可靠性优化设计信息。     

汽车半轴凸缘的可靠性设计

在基本随机变量的概率特性已知的情况下，采用摄动法对汽车半轴凸缘进行可靠性设计，并编制了实用的计算程序，可以方便准确地得到汽车半轴凸缘的可靠的可靠性设计参数，此方法对机械零部件的可靠性设计具有通用性。     

Multiobjective optimisation of bogie suspension to boost speed on curves

To improve safety and maximum admissible speed on different operational scenarios, multiobjective optimisation of bogie suspension components of a one-car railway vehicle model is considered. The vehicle model has 50 degrees of freedom and is developed in multibody dynamics software SIMPACK. Track shift force, running stability, and risk of derailment are selected as safety objective functions. The improved maximum admissible speeds of the vehicle on curves are determined based on the track plane accelerations up to 1.5?m/s². To attenuate the number of design parameters for optimisation and improve the computational efficiency, a global sensitivity analysis is accomplished using the multiplicative dimensional reduction method (M-DRM). A multistep optimisation routine based on genetic algorithm (GA) and MATLAB/SIMPACK co-simulation is executed at three levels. The bogie conventional secondary and primary suspension components are chosen as the design parameters in the first two steps, respectively. In the last step semi-active suspension is in focus. The input electrical current to magnetorheological yaw dampers is optimised to guarantee an appropriate safety level. Semi-active controllers are also applied and the respective effects on bogie dynamics are explored. The safety Pareto optimised results are compared with those associated with in-service values. The global sensitivity analysis and multistep approach significantly reduced the number of design parameters and improved the computational efficiency of the optimisation. Furthermore, using the optimised values of design parameters give the possibility to run the vehicle up to 13% faster on curves while a satisfactory safety level is guaranteed. The results obtained can be used in Pareto optimisation and active bogie suspension design problems.     

非平稳车载及抗力劣化进程下混凝土桥梁时变可靠性评估

为实现同时考虑车载过程及抗力劣化进程非平稳性的在役混凝土桥梁构件时变可靠性评估，首先，联合时域内的动态广义极值分布模型及蒙特卡洛模拟实现对连续非平稳车载过程的极值建模，介绍基于Gamma过程的在役混凝土桥梁构件抗力非平稳劣化模型的建立及更新；其次，综合考虑边际救生成本准则、个体风险准则及社会风险准则对运营阶段目标可靠度指标取值进行讨论，为时变可靠性评估提供基准安全边界；最后，在基于风险函数的时变可靠性分析方法框架之下建立同时考虑车载及抗力非平稳性的时变可靠性分析方法，其中借助高斯数值积分及泰勒级数展开解决时变可靠性的求解问题，并采用一个实桥分析案例对上述分析流程的应用进行说明。研究结果表明：当荷载参数截口分布呈现多峰形态时，可采用广义极值分布函数族中的极值Ⅰ型分布对其年最大分布进行描述；交通量的持续增长将导致变量年最大分布位置参数的不断提升及尺度参数的不断下降；综合考虑3种可靠度指标分析准则，建议在役混凝土桥梁构件运营阶段年目标可靠度指标取为3.98，具体评估工作中不能忽略基准期对目标可靠度指标的影响；通过时变可靠性评估工作的开展，可获取构件在未来较长服役期内可靠度指标的变化情况、服役状态达到临界安全水平所对应的时间节点以及构件可靠性冗余度的时变情况；该类结果的获取可为在役桥梁全寿命维养策略制定等工作提供直接参考。     

纯电动越野车整车线束设计

纯电动汽车的线束设计影响着纯电动汽车的安全性、可靠性。本文研究了在越野汽车的基础上改装为纯电动四驱越野车中线束设计问题,通过计算确定驱动电机、电池的相关参数及选型,并对其安装位置进行合理制定以简化线束布置,对重要的电子元器件进行相关的匹配计算,最后通过Proteus软件对高低压电路进行仿真分析并运用Altium designer软件绘制整车布线图。该设计方案提高了电动汽车线束的安全性和可靠性,并为线束设计人员提供了借鉴方案。     

车致疲劳损伤对钢-混凝土组合梁桥极限承载力可靠度的影响

钢-混凝土组合梁桥因其发挥了2种材料各自的优势,被广泛应用于中小跨径的桥梁结构中,而极限承载能力是评判其安全与否最直观的指标之一。为了对现役钢-混凝土组合梁桥的极限承载力进行更为准确的评估,提出一种确定钢主梁极限承载能力可靠度的新方法,该方法能考虑车辆荷载引起的疲劳累积损伤对钢主梁极限承载力的影响。首先建立了三维车桥耦合振动模型,并采用美国AASHTO桥梁设计规范中的Ⅰ形简支钢-混凝土组合梁桥、强度设计车辆荷载模型和疲劳设计车辆荷载模型作为算例进行分析。然后,基于建立的车桥耦合振动程序、S-N曲线和雨流计数法,获得不同桥面状态下强度设计车以不同车速过桥时产生的动力冲击系数和疲劳设计车以不同车速过桥时产生的疲劳损伤累积和最大应力,并根据卡方检验对在不同桥面状态和不同车速下获得的这3个参数的分布类型进行检验。最后,基于剩余强度理论,利用AASHTO规范中规定的桥梁承载力设计方程,建立能考虑桥梁全寿命周期内桥面处于不同状态时车辆过桥产生的累积疲劳损伤对钢主梁极限承载能力折减的极限状态方程,并以此对钢主梁极限承载力的可靠指标进行研究,获得其与疲劳设计车日均通行量的关系。研究结果表明：桥梁极限承载力可靠度会随着疲劳设计车日通行量的增大而降低;钢主梁疲劳累积损伤对其极限承载力折减具有重要影响。提出的方法为准确评估在役桥梁的极限承载能力提供了更为有效的途径。     

基于拓扑优化的车架结构可靠性设计

为了提高某载货车车架的力学性能并减轻重量,将可靠性理论引入车架结构的优化设计。考虑了多种行驶工况的冲击载荷对车架的破坏作用,给出多工况条件下拓扑优化结果,建立满足各总成的布置和实际行驶要求的新设计结构,基于结构可靠性和有限元法对新设计车架的结构参数进行了可靠性优化设计。理论分析和车架的实际应用情况表明,该车架设计合理,说明该优化设计方法进行车架结构设计的有效性和可行性,为结构优化设计提供一种思路。     

水泥混凝土路面结构模糊随机可靠度设计方法研究

我国水泥混凝土路面设计经历了3个发展阶段：经验法、力学一经验法和可靠度设计法。由于荷载、环境作用和结构设计参数的随机性和模糊性，它们都将影响路面结构的可靠度水平。为了更好地发展现有路面设计理论，系统地分析了现有水泥混凝土路面设计规范，对路面结构可靠度进行了定义和讨论。采用模糊随机可靠度理论，对水泥混凝土路面结构可靠度设计方法进行了系统分析，研究提出了路面模糊随机可靠度的设计公式，讨论了各个设计变量的变异性，并结合具体设计提出了详细的步骤和思路。     

Robustness analysis of bogie suspension components Pareto optimised values

Bogie suspension system of high speed trains can significantly affect vehicle performance. Multiobjective optimisation problems are often formulated and solved to find the Pareto optimised values of the suspension components and improve cost efficiency in railway operations from different perspectives. Uncertainties in the design parameters of suspension system can negatively influence the dynamics behaviour of railway vehicles. In this regard, robustness analysis of a bogie dynamics response with respect to uncertainties in the suspension design parameters is considered. A one-car railway vehicle model with 50 degrees of freedom and wear/comfort Pareto optimised values of bogie suspension components is chosen for the analysis. Longitudinal and lateral primary stiffnesses, longitudinal and vertical secondary stiffnesses, as well as yaw damping are considered as five design parameters. The effects of parameter uncertainties on wear, ride comfort, track shift force, stability, and risk of derailment are studied by varying the design parameters around their respective Pareto optimised values according to a lognormal distribution with different coefficient of variations (COVs). The robustness analysis is carried out based on the maximum entropy concept. The multiplicative dimensional reduction method is utilised to simplify the calculation of fractional moments and improve the computational efficiency. The results showed that the dynamics response of the vehicle with wear/comfort Pareto optimised values of bogie suspension is robust against uncertainties in the design parameters and the probability of failure is small for parameter uncertainties with COV up to 0.1.     

水泥混凝土路面结构模糊随机可靠度计设方法研究

我国水泥混凝土路面设计经历了3个发展阶段经验法、力学-经验法和可靠度设计法.由于荷载、环境作用和结构设计参数的随机性和模糊性,它们都将影响路面结构的可靠度水平.为了更好地发展现有路面设计理论,系统地分析了现有水泥混凝土路面设计规范,对路面结构可靠度进行了定义和讨论.采用模糊随机可靠度理论,对水泥混凝土路面结构可靠度设计方法进行了系统分析,研究提出了路面模糊随机可靠度的设计公式,讨论了各个设计变量的变异性,并结合具体设计提出了详细的步骤和思路.     

整车供电系统的设计

较系统地介绍整车供电系统的设计方法,分析整车供电系统相关零部件的设计要求以及产品的验证要求,在某新车型的开发中运用该设计方法,整车顺利通过耐久试验并投产,证明设计可靠。     

车用发动机可靠性技术发展研究

针对车用发动机设计过程中的可靠性技术需求,总结现有可靠性建模理论与方法的特点与不足,分析车用发动机对现有可靠性理论与方法的挑战。从可靠性设计的角度,结合当前车用发动机可靠性技术在理论研究与工程应用中所面临的几个问题,提出了车用发动机可靠性技术的发展方向:发展基于动态应力—强度干涉的时变可靠性建模理论与方法,建立能够全面体现载荷、强度、寿命指标、强度退化规律等因素的可靠性模型与失效率计算模型;发展能够充分体现发动机零部件结构特点的可靠性建模方法,建立适用于车用发动机可靠性分析与计算的"个性化"模型;发展能够科学反映失效相关性影响的系统可靠性建模理论与方法,提高可靠性分析与计算模型的真实性与准确性。     

基于桥梁结构安全可靠性的车辆载重限值研究

针对运营阶段桥梁汽车荷载限载管理问题,开展基于安全可靠性的车辆载重限值分析方法研究.通过实测车辆荷载数据统计,分析现阶段载重车辆类型及其荷载分布特征.根据车型比例、车辆超载情况,以及各车型轴组配置对结构响应的影响,建立桥梁限载的典型车型谱系.以可靠性理论为基础,从结构安全角度,提出基于可靠度反问题的车辆载重限值分析方法和计算步骤.     

Application of Sensitivity Methods to Analysis and Synthesis of Vehicle Dynamic Systems

SUMMARY

The development and application of sensitivity methods for determining the effects of parameter changes on the response of vehicle dynamic systems is presented. The procedures shown can be used to enhance the analysis and synthesis processes of virtually any road or rail vehicle system regardless of its complexity. The parametric sensitivity of vehicle models in time domain, steady state models and vehicle models in frequency domain can be investigated using different types of sensitivity functions, both dimensional and dimensionless including first order standard, percentage, logarithmic, second order standard, and logarithmic and percentage sensitivity measures. These sensitivity functions and measures are determined as functions of partial derivatives of system variables taken with respect to system parameters. In the case of sensitivity functions in the frequency domain the variable values are computed as either the magnitude or phase angle of a complex element of the transfer function matrix. The methods presented enable to determine the influence of all system primary (constant) and secondary (non-constant) parameters on system primary and secondary variables. The primary variables are state variables or elements of the transfer function matrix and the secondary variables may be any functions of primary variables and system parameters. Typical secondary system parameters which can be examined include initial conditions, time variant coefficients, natural frequencies, loads, and typical secondary variables are forces, weight transfers, stability factors and energy components. The analysis of sensitivity results obtained for three vehicle handling models in both linear and nonlinear regimes of vehicle performance and utilizing various types of sensitivity functions is also presented.     

汽车半轴可靠性分析的参数灵敏度

讨论了汽车半轴的可靠性灵敏度设计问题，提出了可靠性灵敏度分析的计算方法，研究了设计参数的改变对半轴可靠性的影响，为半轴的可靠性设计提供了理论依据。     

基于视觉伺服的汽车几何参数测量方法研究

提出基于视觉伺服的汽车几何参数测量方法。通过视频图像采集系统采集汽车图像,应用Sobel算子得到边缘增强图像,应用Hough变换得到图像的特征点,利用特征点与摄像机光轴偏差驱动伺服机构,通过伺服机构的运动计算出汽车的几何参数。研制了原理性试验样机,并对所提出的方法进行了试验验证。     

Prediction of fatigue life and estimation of its reliability on the parts of an air suspension system

Air suspension systems have been implemented in various commercial vehicles, such as buses and special purpose trucks, because of the comfortable ride and easy height control. An evaluation of the durability of vehicle parts has been required for service life and safety starting in the early stages of design. The cyclic load applied to the vehicle can cause fatigue failure of parts, such as the suspension frame. This paper presents a method to predict the fatigue life of the suspension frame at the design stage of the air suspension system used in a heavy-duty vehicle. To estimate the fatigue life using the SN method, the Dynamic Stress Time History (DSTH) is necessary for the part of interest. DSTH can be obtained from the results of the flexible body dynamic analysis using the Belgian road simulation and the Modal Stress Recovery (MSR) method. Furthermore, the reliability of the predicted fatigue life can be evaluated by considering the variations in material properties. The probability and distribution of the expected life cycle can be obtained using experimental design with a minimum number of simulations. The advantage of using statistical methods to evaluate the life cycle is the ability to predict replacement time and the probability of failure of mass-produced parts. This paper proposes a rapid and simple method that can be effectively applied to the design of vehicle parts.     

基于拉拽安全性能的汽车座椅优化设计

首先,基于国家标准GB14167—2013《汽车安全带固定点》中的座椅拉拽安全性能试验规程对汽车座椅单体进行建模仿真,并经试验验证模型的可靠性.然后,为改善座椅拉拽安全性能并实现轻量化,同时考虑NVH性能对座椅结构模态频率的要求,从概念设计阶段到详细设计阶段,对座椅骨架进行拓扑优化和尺寸优化.在概念设计阶段,通过多个静...     

汽车零件可靠性设计的二阶矩法

本文提出的汽车零件可靠性设计的二阶矩法是一种实用方法。应用二阶矩法，依据随机变量的一阶和二阶函数，可以量汽车零件零件的可靠性；依据随机变量的概率分布，可以确定汽车零件的可靠度。