管道防腐涂层的现状与展望

管道的腐蚀问题是影响管道系统可靠性及使用寿命的关键因素,选择和使用合理的防腐涂层,对管道的安全运行、使用寿命及降低经济成本都具有十分重要的意义。文中简述了管道腐蚀产生的原因,综述了管道防腐涂层的发展概况,着重介绍了液态聚氨酯防腐涂料、无机非金属防腐层、纳米改性材料涂层等管道防腐涂层技术的新发展,提出了这些涂层在管道防腐应用中存在的问题,并对管道防腐涂层的发展前景做了展望。     

管道无机非金属防腐涂层研究现状

无机非金属防腐涂层和有机涂层相比,具有更优良的耐腐蚀、抗老化、耐温抗寒性能,使管道的使用寿命大大提高。综述了陶瓷涂层、搪瓷涂层、玻璃涂层等管道无机非金属涂层的制备方法、各自的优缺点及研究现状。提出了这些涂层在管道防腐应用中存在的问题,指出了今后的发展方向。     

集输站地面管网的防腐施工

介绍了集输站地面管网防腐作业的涂层选择、质量控制等,对集输站的地面管网防腐有一定的借鉴作用。     

管道涂层发展与新技术

长输管道的防腐技术是长输管道建设的重要内容之一，防腐涂层的合理选择与使用，对长输管道的安全运行、使用寿命，提高流动特性，降低经济成本都具有十分重要的意义。重点介绍了目前国内外的主要有机涂层和无机涂层的性能。详细分析目前国外有关涂层技术的新材料、新的粘接工艺和保护措施以及管道表面处理。基于国内外发展动向的研究，可以为国内的管道涂层提供一定的参考和借鉴。     

宝浪油田污水防腐与防护技术研究(二)

(接上期 )6　防腐措施研究6 .1　主体设备的涂层 牺牲阳极联合保护技术研究6 .1 .1　防腐涂层优选在宝浪油田联合站 ,选用了HY - 0 0 7、H87、环氧树脂等多种不同防腐层进行试验对比。结果表明 :HY -0 0 7不仅能够较好地耐受宝浪油田含油污水的浸蚀 ,并且附着力、柔韧性均较好     

喷涂聚脲防腐结构在施工中的质量控制

喷涂聚脲防腐施工是近年来开发的一种新型无溶剂、无污染的绿色施工技术。对聚脲防腐层的组成、性能指标、质量控制及应用等方面进行了详细论述。喷涂聚脲涂层需要专用的喷涂料设备,对环境温度、物料设置温度、输送压力等都有极为严格的要求。聚脲材料通过正确的质量技术控制和合理施工,能够极大提高金属的防腐效果和使用寿命。应用实例表明：喷涂聚脲防腐涂层技术是一种性能优越、适用较广的施工技术,应用前景十分广阔。     

水平定向钻管道防腐层的选择和检验

文中从讨论管道防腐层的机械性能和检验方法出发,分析了水平定向钻管道防腐层的质量影响因子及常用防腐层机械性能对比试验,介绍了水平定向钻管道防腐层的抗磨损层选择方法和工程经验。研究表明,推荐采用环氧类涂层用于水平定向钻管道表面抗磨损。水平定向钻穿越后,利用管道阴极保护馈电试验和防腐层平均电导率可以有效评估穿越后防腐层的质量。     

海底管线的腐蚀保护：——管道腐蚀与防护讲座之六

文章指出为确保海底管线的安全使用,在对其进行防腐保护之前,应了解海底管线的腐蚀现状,并对相关管道的腐蚀情况进行调查和分析。文章详细介绍了设计海底管线防腐涂层时应考虑的因素,涂层应具备的特性及种类,最后介绍了海底管线采用阴极保护的方法及应用。     

埋地钢管涂层大修工程现状及改进

论述了埋地钢管涂层失效的原因及现状，介绍了国内外埋地钢管防腐涂层更换的原则、施工方法及适用范围。指出国内石油涂层更换热浇涂工艺质量难以保证的原因在于沥青熬制程度自由掌握、浇涂温度无法控制、流溅的沥青使管沟内的水蒸发，而采用防腐大修卷材可从根本上解决这些问题，使大修工程质量量达到石油行业标准的要求。     

城市天然气管网外防腐层的选用

城市天然气钢管网外防腐层的选用，经历了不同的地质单元可选用不同的涂层材料。只有根据管道的运行条件，土壤状况，施工环境和工艺，管道设计寿命，环保要求以及经济合理性等各方面进行全面考虑，综合平衡，才能选出切合实际的防腐层材料。其主要因素是考虑技术可行性，即要考虑满足管道运行条件和施工工艺的要求，同时还应在施工环境允许的条件下，对防腐效果相同的各种涂层进行经济比较，从中选择满足技术性能要求而又经济的涂层。因此，技术可行性是防腐层选择的基本出发点，其他因素要服从这一前提的要求。     

Bicycling renaissance in North America? An update and re-appraisal of cycling trends and policies

This paper reviews trends in cycling levels, safety, and policies in Canada and the USA over the past two decades. We analyze aggregate data for the two countries as well as city-specific case study data for nine large cities (Chicago, Minneapolis, Montréal, New York, Portland, San Francisco, Toronto, Vancouver, and Washington). Cycling levels have increased in both the USA and Canada, while cyclist fatalities have fallen. There is much spatial variation and socioeconomic inequality in cycling rates. The bike share of work commuters is more than twice as high in Canada as in the USA, and is higher in the western parts of both countries. Cycling is concentrated in central cities, especially near universities and in gentrified neighborhoods near the city center. Almost all the growth in cycling in the USA has been among men between 25-64 years old, while cycling rates have remained steady among women and fallen sharply for children. Cycling rates have risen much faster in the nine case study cities than in their countries as a whole, at least doubling in all the cities since 1990. They have implemented a wide range of infrastructure and programs to promote cycling and increase cycling safety: expanded and improved bike lanes and paths, traffic calming, parking, bike-transit integration, bike sharing, training programs, and promotional events. We describe the specific accomplishments of the nine case study cities, focusing on each city’s innovations and lessons for other cities trying to increase cycling. Portland’s comprehensive package of cycling policies has succeeded in raising cycling levels 6-fold and provides an example that other North American cities can follow.     

新疆钢渣成渣工艺及集料化分析研究

本文通过对新疆不同成渣工艺及钢渣矿物化学组成、稳定性、物理指标进行分析,阐述了新疆钢渣技术现状,推动钢渣在公路工程中的资源化利用。新疆钢渣主要集中于北疆的乌昌地区,在热泼法和热闷法两种成渣工艺下,钢渣化学矿物成分相对稳定,属于高碱活性材料,并具有胶凝特性,同时具有一定工程级配。f-CaO含量热闷法小于热泼法,并且在自然环境下可陈化降解,有利于钢渣的稳定性。钢渣物理指标优于新疆常规碎、砾石材料,可集料化用于公路工程建设。此外,钢渣在工程应用中具有显著的经济和生态效益。     

Energy use in passenger transport in OECD countries: Changes since 1970

This paper analyzes some of the changes that took place in the structure of energy use for passenger travel in industrialized countries. Data is presented on energy use and travel activity for the four major modes of travel — automobile, bus, rail and air — for eight OECD countries: the United States, Japan, the United Kingdom, West Germany, France, Italy, Sweden, and Norway. We use the Laspeyres and Divisia indices to analyze the causes of the change in energy use between 1970 and 1987. The total change in energy use for travel is explained by changes in domestic passenger transport volumes, the mix of modes of travel, and the energy intensities of each mode. We have found two important effects that have a fundamental impact on energy use for travel since 1970. First, shifts among modes of transport towards more energy-intensive ones and large increases in volumes of travel (measured in passenger-kilometers) increased energy use for travel in many OECD countries, often more rapidly than the overall growth in GDP. Second, energy intensities, measured in mJ/passenger-kilometer, of passenger transport fell only in a few countries between 1970 and 1987. Even though individual automobiles have become more energy-efficient, greater size, power, and weight, worsening traffic conditions in Japan and Europe, and fewer people in cars restrained or even offset efficiency improvements. Particularly notable are the increases in intensities in Japan and Germany. The most important exception to this trend was the United States, but the intensities of land-based travel remain higher there than in most other countries. These findings lead to a pessimistic outlook for future energy use for travel. After all, if little or no energy was saved during the decades of high fuel prices, what can be expected in the 1990s?     

The role of attitude structures,direct experience and reframing for the success of congestion pricing

Congestion pricing was introduced in Stockholm in 2006, first as a trial followed by a referendum, and permanently from 2007. Public attitudes to the charges became more negative during the period from the decision to the start of the system. Once the trial started, public attitudes became dramatically more positive over the following years, going from 2/3 against the charges to more than 2/3 in favor of the charges. Self-reported changes in behavior and attitudes considerably underestimate actual changes: about 3/4 of the decrease in car trips and more than half of the change in attitudes seem to have gone unnoticed by respondents, ex post. Self-interest and belief in the charges’ effectiveness strongly affect attitudes at any given point in time, but can only explain a minor part of the change in attitudes. I suggest that the debate and the shift in attitudes can be understood as a public and political reframing of the congestion charges over time.     

Urban walkability considering pedestrians’ perceptions of the built environment: a 10-year review and a case study in a medium-sized city in Latin America

ABSTRACT

Numerous methodologies measuring walkability have been developed over the last years. This paper reviews the Walkability Index (WI) literature of the last decade (2009–2018) and highlights some limitations in the current approaches. Only a few studies have evaluated walkability in Latin America, mainly in big cities but not in medium and small-sized cities in the region, which present their own urbanisation dynamics, security issues, sidewalk invasion problems, and poor planning. Furthermore, most WIs in the literature use objective mesoscale variables to assess walkability in a given area. This paper contributes to filling these gaps by generating new evidence from a medium-sized city in Latin America to question if characteristics of the built environment encourage walking trips, as found in the literature, are transferable among regions. The study also proposes a novel index comprised of microscale and mesoscale built environment variables to assess walkability using virtual tools and considering users’ perceptions. The WI estimation relies on ranking probability models. The results of the case study suggest that subjective Security and Traffic Safety are the most crucial factors influencing walkability in these kind of cities, which is different from what is found in the literature from cities in developed countries where Sidewalk Condition and Attractiveness are the most important factors. Security appeared to be strongly associated with a subjective dimension, represented by the fear of crime or perceived risk for crime, instead of the actual occurrence of crimes. This result evidences the importance of the physical attributes of the real world and how they are captured, judged, and processed by pedestrians. Then, regional transferability of WIs needs to be done carefully. Finally, results in this paper highlight the importance of microscale built environment characteristics in the WI formulation in these cities. Results are in line with other research in some cities of the region, which found that microscale variables such as pavement quality and presence of obstacles on the sidewalks are relevant components to promote walkability.     

基于LEAP模型的佛山市交通碳排放研究

随着城市化的发展,珠三角城市交通能源消耗和碳排放迅速增长。为了探讨珠三角城市低碳交通的发展方向,本文采用LEAP模型,以珠三角的佛山市为例,模拟了不同情景下交通总量、陆运和水运的能源消耗、能源结构和碳排放由2011至2030年的变化情况;并据此提出了珠三角城市低碳交通发展对策。结果表明:水运在交通运输中所占份额逐渐被陆运替代,将形成陆运为主、水运为辅的交通模式;在交通总量、陆运和水运等的交通能耗及碳排放方面,低碳情景均小于基准情景,且呈水运小于陆运的态势;而清洁能源使用比重的增加则有利于交通领域的低碳发展。珠三角城市低碳交通发展需关注陆运交通,提高清洁能源在陆运中的使用比重,优化陆运与水运的交通布局,提高运输及能源利用效率。     

Persistence of walking in Chile: lessons for urban sustainability

ABSTRACT

An extensive body of work from the urban planning, health, and other disciplines has documented the importance of walking to urban sustainability from health, safety, security, environmental and other perspectives. These studies come mainly from countries in North America and Europe, where the majority of the population relies on cars for transportation. Notwithstanding, in many countries in the Global South, walking remains a majority transport mode, while cars increasingly dominate the urban streetscape, but are accessible only to a minority of the population. Chile provides fertile terrain for studying this phenomenon. This article reviews current practice and recent research of walking in Chile, in light of international findings regarding walkability, equity and urban sustainability. To elaborate an overview of the depth and breadth of walking in Chile, an interdisciplinary team conducted a literature review, examined relevant case study material from experience from Chile and in particular from Santiago, and triangulated this mainly qualitative data with results from the origin-destination survey applied in Chile’s main cities, Chilean traffic safety data) and results from official transport reports of other Latin American cities [Tirachini, A. (2019). South America: The challenge of transition. In J. Stanley & D. Hensher (Eds.), A research agenda for transport policy. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing]. Findings show that despite priority public investments that have largely prioritised infrastructure for cars, walking in Chile has remained as the majority transport mode up until today, especially for lower-middle income groups, and particularly for care-related tasks performed mainly by women. In this sense, walking in Chile has proven remarkably persistent. The importance of walking as the main transport mode, against the odds, reflects economic, cultural, and urban form determinants, which are explored in this article. Furthermore, a recent upsurge in public interest and community design initiatives to improve walking, particularly the generation of a Chilean approach to “complete streets” has emerged, opening up opportunities to challenge Chile’s version of automobility in favour of more equitable, active and public transportation modes. There is, therefore, in Chile an opportunity to prioritise the walking mode, improve infrastructure for walkers and build from preserving current high pedestrian modal shares, rather than having to reverse widespread car use, as occurs in many countries in Europe and North America. This potential is highly relevant as these conditions are similar to those in other Latin American cities and, potentially, other cities elsewhere in the Global South.     

重庆市内河航运危化品应急处置技术研究

近年来,重庆市逐步建成了沿江化工产业带,内河航道运输成为重庆市危化品运输的重要方式之一。为提升重庆市内河航运危化品安全,本文分析了重庆市内河航运危化品的种类,阐述了重庆市内河航运危化品典型事故案例,指出了重庆市内河航运危化品运输存在的问题,研究了相应的处置技术,从政府和企业角度提出了重庆市内河航运危化品应急处置的对策与建议。     

Technical and environmental effects of biodiesel use in local public transport

Biodiesel use in local public transport could be especially significant in improving air quality in cities. The purpose of the experiments described in this paper was to evaluate the various (10, 20 and 50%) blends of biodiesel with diesel in the context of the engine and pollution aspects. As regards the experimental use of these findings on municipal buses, these experiments were the first reference in Hungary. The ages (15–20 years) and types of buses (Ikarus-280, Ikarus-260) used in the experiments are still common vehicles in Hungarian public transport. During our measurements, there was a significant difference between the change in fuel consumption of articulated and solo buses in traffic when compared to test bench measurements. The proportion of the engine performance reduction is nearly the same as that for biodiesel share in the blends. Most pollutants were decreasing (both at idle and full rpm), but this reduction is not directly proportional to the increase of the blending percentage. However, as for CO₂, emission increase was observed in the case of idle rpm in comparison to normal diesel operation, even though this phenomenon was not due to biodiesel use, but the catalytic converter and the fact that biodiesel was used for the first time in the engine concerned.     

Bus accidents,bus deregulation and London

Local bus services were deregulated in October 1986 in all areas of Britain except London. Government policy is to extend deregulation to London, though not in the current parliament. This paper analyses statistics on bus accidents from the national road accident database from 1981 to 1991 to compare results for London and the rest of Great Britain, and to consider whether deregulation has affected safety. The conclusions depend on the assumption that accident recording practice was not itself affected by deregulation.Bus accident rates are higher in London than on built-up roads elsewhere, partly apparently because of road traffic conditions in London, and partly because open-platform buses have higher accident rates involving occupants, including boarding and alighting accidents, than buses with doors.The main safety effects of deregulation operate through its effects on bus activity, though there is also some evidence that the rate per bus-kilometre of accidents involving other road users fell slightly. This may be due in part to the trend towards smaller buses associated with deregulation. Deregulation has led to a fall in bus patronage, and thus to a fall in occupant casualties; and to a rise in bus-kilometres, and thus to a rise in casualties among other road users in accidents involving buses. The number of fatal and serious casualties among other road users involved in bus accidents is larger than the number among bus occupants, so deregulation in London could lead on balance to a small rise in fatalities involving buses. On the other hand, the number of slight casualties among other road users involved in bus accidents is smaller than the number among bus occupants, so deregulation in London could lead to a fall in the number of slight casualties involving buses.Although there were fears that changes in the management of bus operations or financial pressures might lead to increased accident rates following deregulation, there no evidence in the findings to support such fears.This paper was first presented at the 3rd International Conference on Competition and Ownership in Surface Public Transport at Mississauga, Canada on 25–29 September 1993. The author is grateful to the Department of Transport for the speed and efficiency with which they provided special tabulations from the road accident database for this study.