Improving the Performance of Loop-Sensor-Based Traffic-Information System by (M+PLL) Circuit

Conventionally a phase-shift detection method (PSDM) and a frequency-shift detection method (FSDM) have been used in loop detectors. The PSDM has a fast response time and is very effective in detecting vehicles traveling at normal speeds. However, it is well known that the detection results are erroneous for vehicles traveling at low speeds in heavy traffic conditions. On the other hand, the FSDM greatly improves the detector performance for heavy traffic conditions. However, this method is not effective in fast and normal traffic conditions. Thus, in order to collect accurate traffic data for all traffic conditions, this paper proposes combining two methods using the digital OR logic. In the developed circuit, a phase-locked loop (PLL) circuit is used for measuring the phase change. This paper also develops a new loop detector instrumentation method using the so-called M circuit for detecting frequency change. The developed method has been tested for various traffic conditions. Experimental results show that the new combined M and PLL detection method greatly improves the accuracy in all traffic conditions, reducing the error rate in measuring traffic flow by more than 83%, when compared to the PSDM.     

公路交通参数检测器的设计

提出了一种公路交通参数检测器的设计方案。检测器分为检测模块与处理模块两部分，利用LC并联谐振电路与锁相环工作原理，设计了基于单片计算机的检测模块；根据检测器的性能要求，设计了基于单片计算机的处理模块，完成对数据的采集、处理、存贮与传输。本检测器具有实用性好、抗噪声与防串音能力强、工作稳定度高和易于实现联网工作的优点。     

Robust detection of preceding vehicles in crowded traffic conditions

This paper introduces an adaptive scheme for robustly detecting multiple preceding vehicles in crowded traffic conditions. The scheme focuses on issues frequently observed in the interpretation of traffic scenes recorded by cameras installed in vehicles: stable extraction of features and accurate classification in spite of the vehicle??s constant vibrations and dynamic changes in the distance between vehicles. To address these issues, we introduce the concept of integral features and a method of utilizing the scene geometry information. Each of the simple attributes, such as edges, shadows, and symmetry, is compiled in the window confined by the scene geometry to improve the expressiveness and robustness of the extracted features. The scene geometry information that is then estimated from the perspective view is extensively utilized in constituent system components, including not only feature extraction/integration but also neural network-based classification and distance-adaptive clustering. In addition, employing the Kalman filter along with a confidence measure makes the detection and tracking of potential vehicles robust. Experimental results prove that the system employing the proposed scheme detects and tracks multiple vehicles more effectively, even in crowded traffic conditions, with a lower rate of false positives.     

Vision-based fusion of robust lane tracking and forward vehicle detection in a real driving environment

With the goal of developing an accurate and fast lane tracking system for the purpose of driver assistance, this paper proposes a vision-based fusion technique for lane tracking and forward vehicle detection to handle challenging conditions, i.e., lane occlusion by a forward vehicle, lane change, varying illumination, road traffic signs, and pitch motion, all of which often occur in real driving environments. First, our algorithm uses random sample consensus (RANSAC) and Kalman filtering to calculate the lane equation from the lane candidates found by template matching. Simple template matching and a combination of RANSAC and Kalman filtering makes calculating the lane equation as a hyperbola pair very quick and robust against varying illumination and discontinuities in the lane. Second, our algorithm uses a state transfer technique to maintain lane tracking continuously in spite of the lane changing situation. This reduces the computational time when dealing with the lane change because lane detection, which takes much more time than lane tracking, is not necessary with this algorithm. Third, false lane candidates from occlusions by frontal vehicles are eliminated using accurate regions of the forward vehicles from our improved forward vehicle detector. Fourth, our proposed method achieved robustness against road traffic signs and pitch motion using the adaptive region of interest and a constraint on the position of the vanishing point. Our algorithm was tested with image sequences from a real driving situation and demonstrated its robustness.     

Connected variable speed limits control and car-following control with vehicle-infrastructure communication to resolve stop-and-go waves

The vision of intelligent vehicles traveling in road networks has prompted numerous concepts to control future traffic flow, one of which is the in-vehicle actuation of traffic control commands. The key of this concept is using intelligent vehicles as actuators for traffic control systems. Under this concept, we design and test a control system that connects a traffic controller with in-vehicle controllers via vehicle-to-infrastructure communication. The link-level traffic controller regulates traffic speeds through variable speed limits (VSL) gantries to resolve stop-and-go waves, while intelligent vehicles control accelerations through vehicle propulsion and brake systems to optimize their local situations. It is assumed that each intelligent vehicle receives VSL commands from the traffic controller and uses them as variable parameters for the local vehicle controller. Feasibility and effectiveness of the connected control paradigm are tested with simulation on a two-lane freeway stretch with intelligent vehicles randomly distributed among human-driven vehicles. Simulation shows that the connected VSL and vehicle control system improves traffic efficiency and sustainability; that is, total time spent in the network and average fuel consumption rate are reduced compared to (uncontrolled and controlled) scenarios with 100% human drivers and to uncontrolled scenarios with the same intelligent vehicle penetration rates.     

Assessing the performance of SpeedInfo radar traffic sensors

Traffic speed is a crucial input for real-time traffic management applications. Operating agencies typically deploy their own sensors to collect the measurements, e.g., loop detectors. Recently, SpeedInfo emerged with a different paradigm for traffic speed collection: instead of selling hardware to operating agencies, at each link the company deploys its own Doppler radar in a self-contained wireless unit to measure traffic speeds and then sells the speed data. This study uses well-tuned loop detector-based speed measurements to evaluate 15 of the Doppler radar sensors over several months while the two traffic data collection systems were operating concurrently. The extended study period includes potentially challenging and transient conditions for the radar sensors: both recurrent (rush hour congestion and late night low flow) and nonrecurrent (incidents and precipitation). The analysis took a broad overview, comparing speed measurements from the radar sensors against the concurrent loop detector data and then explicitly looked for any anomalous pattern in the radar data such as latency and system outages. The work found the radar measurements are generally good, but also identified several points that should be considered before deployment, including latency, different biases in free flow and congestion, vulnerability to precipitation, and sensitivity to mounting angle.     

In-depth understanding of lane changing interactions for in-vehicle driving assistance systems

Lane-changing events are often related with safety concern and traffic operational efficiency due to complex interactions with neighboring vehicles. In particular, lane changes in stop-and-go traffic conditions are of keen interest because these events lead to higher risk of crash occurrence caused by more frequent and abrupt vehicle acceleration and deceleration. From these perspectives, in-depth understanding of lane changes would be of keen interest in developing in-vehicle driving assistance systems. The purpose of this study is to analyze vehicle interactions using vehicle trajectories and to identify factors affecting lane changes with stop-and-go traffic conditions. This study used vehicle trajectory data obtained from a segment of the US-101 freeway in Southern California, as a part of the Next Generation Simulation (NGSIM) project. Vehicle trajectories were divided into two groups; with stop-and-go and without stop-and-go traffic conditions. Binary logistic regression (BLR), a well-known technique for dealing with the binary choice condition, was adopted to establish lane-changing decision models. Regarding lane changes without stop-and-go traffic conditions, it was identified based on the odd ratio investigation that he subject vehicle driver is more likely to pay attention to the movement of vehicles ahead, regardless of vehicle positions such as current and target lanes. On the other hand, the subject vehicle driver in stop-and-go traffic conditions is more likely to be affected by vehicles traveling on the target lane when deciding lane changes. The two BLR models are adequate for lane-changing decisions in normal and stop-and-go traffic conditions with about 80 % accuracy. A possible reason for this finding is that the subject vehicle driver has a tendency to pay greater attention to avoiding sideswipe or rear-end collision with vehicles on the target lane. These findings are expected to be used for better understanding of driver’s lane changing behavior associated with congested stop-and-go traffic conditions, and give valuable insights in developing algorithms to process sensor data in designing safer lateral maneuvering assistance systems, which include, for example, blind spot detection systems (BSDS) and lane keeping assistance systems (LKAS).     

智能网联车辆交通流优化对交通安全的改善

为改善常规驾驶车辆交通流追尾碰撞交通安全状况,提出智能网联车辆（Connected and Automated Vehicles,CAV）与常规车辆构成的混合交通流车队稳定性优化控制方法。基于全速度差模型,应用集成速度与加速度的多前车反馈构建CAV跟驰模型,考虑CAV混合交通流车辆空间分布的随机性,将各类型局部车队稳定性作为优化目标,以局部车队头车速度扰动为系统输入,以尾车速度扰动为系统输出,应用经典控制理论领域的传递函数法推导局部车队稳定性约束条件;分析关于平衡态速度与CAV反馈系数的车队稳定域,以各类型局部车队能够在任意平衡态速度下均稳定为控制目标,对CAV反馈系数输出进行优化控制;设计高速公路上匝道交通瓶颈数值仿真试验,在不同CAV比例等多种条件下,分析CAV混合交通流优化控制对交通流车辆追尾碰撞风险的影响。研究结果表明：CAV混合交通流优化控制可降低车辆追尾碰撞风险,在碰撞时间阈值小于2 s时,100%比例的CAV交通流可将交通流的车辆追尾碰撞风险降低85.81%以上;在碰撞时间阈值大于2 s时,追尾碰撞风险可降低48.22%～78.80%。所提优化控制方法可有效降低CAV车队优化控制的复杂性,为大规模CAV背景下的混合交通流优化控制以及车辆追尾碰撞交通安全提升策略提供直接理论参考。     

Integral Transformations of Road Profile Excitation Spectra for Variable Vehicle Speeds

As a consequence of variable traffic speeds, vehicles are excited by road profile processes having spectral densities differing from those known from the literature, although stationary in order two. This phenomenon has to be reckoned with primarily in the dynamic design of vehicles operating mostly in cities. A method has been presented for the numerical construction of distorted road profile spectra for variable travel speeds, using integral transformation methods, of use in the dynamic design of vehicles.     

基于关联规则与离群点的新能源汽车动力域入侵检测

为提高新能源汽车动力域中针对篡改攻击的入侵检测系统效果,建立包括关联规则检测和离群点检测的动力域防护模型,通过实车采集固定工况下的动力域报文数据,基于关联规则算法建立规则库检测篡改攻击;在关联规则检测的基础上通过离群点检测,检测复杂类型的篡改攻击。仿真结果表明,该方法相比于传统的关联规则方法检测准确率提高5.83%,能有效检测针对新能源汽车动力域的篡改攻击。     

Development of a driving cycle for the measurement of fuel consumption and exhaust emissions of automobiles in Bangkok during peak periods

The exhaust emissions and fuel consumption rates of newly registered automobiles in Thailand are currently assessed using the standard driving cycle of the Economic Commission of Europe (ECE). Because of the highly different driving conditions, the assessment results may not reflect realistic amounts of emissions and fuel consumption for vehicles in Bangkok traffic, which is well known for its congestion. The objective of this study is therefore to develop a new driving cycle for vehicles traveling on Bangkok’s main roads during peak traffic hours. This paper first presents the development of a method for selecting representative road routes with traffic conditions that are representative of traffic in Bangkok for conducting real-world driving speed data collection. These real-world data are obtained by driving a car equipped with a speed-time data logger along those selected road routes. Several driving characteristics, including various profiles of microtrips, are analyzed from the collected speed-time data, and a number of target driving parameters are then defined for use as a set of criteria to justify the best driving cycle. A procedure for generating driving cycles from the analyzed real-driving data is also developed, and the method to select the cycle that is most representative of Bangkok traffic is described. Comparisons found in the study show that the target driving parameters of the newly developed driving cycle are much closer to those obtained from the real-world measured data than those calculated from the presently used European drive cycle. This would imply that the obtained driving cycle will produce more realistic results of the emissions and fuel consumption assessment tests for vehicles traveling in Bangkok. The methods developed in this study for route selection and driving cycle construction can easily be adopted by other big cities to develop their own vehicle driving cycles. Furthermore, although the developed methods are for passenger cars, similar approaches can be applied to develop driving cycles for other types of vehicle, such as city buses and pick-up trucks.     

Real-Time Transportation Mode Detection Using Smartphones and Artificial Neural Networks: Performance Comparisons Between Smartphones and Conventional Global Positioning System Sensors

Traditionally, traffic monitoring requires data from traffic cameras, loop detectors, or probe vehicles that are usually operated by dedicated employees. In efforts to reduce the capital and operational costs associated with traffic monitoring, departments of transportation have explored the feasibility of using global positioning system (GPS) data loggers on their probe vehicles that are postprocessed for analyzing the traffic patterns on desired routes. Furthermore, most cell phones are equipped with embedded assisted-GPS (AGPS) chips, and if the mode of transportation the phone is in can be anonymously identified, the phones can be treated as if they are probe vehicles that are voluntarily hovering throughout the city, at minimal additional costs. Emerging cell phones known as “smartphones” are equipped with additional sensors including an accelerometer and magnetometer. The accelerometer can directly measure the acceleration values, as opposed to having acceleration values derived from speed values in conventional GPS sensors. The magnetometer can measure mode-specific electromagnetic levels. Smartphones are subscribed with roadside Internet data plans that can provide an essential platform for real-time traffic monitoring. In this article, neural network-based artificial intelligence is used to identify the mode of transportation by detecting the patterns of distinct physical profile of each mode that consists of speed, acceleration, number of satellites in view, and electromagnetic levels. Results show that newly available values in smartphones improve the mode detection rates when compared with using conventional GPS data loggers. When smartphones are in known orientations, they can provide three-dimensional (3-D) acceleration values that can further improve mode detection accuracies.     

半山桥双立柱盖梁施工关键技术

龙泉半山桥盖梁采用抱箍施工法施工。该文详细介绍了该桥的双立柱盖梁施工工艺、过程。该方法适用于双柱墩或多柱墩施工。该项技术的应用不仅可以加快工程进度,而且大大改善了工程施工对地面交通的影响,提高了经济性和文明施工程度。特别是高墩施工中更能显示出其优越性。     

车路协同无信号交叉口的矩形冲突检测及消解

针对车路协同环境下的冲突问题，建立了以系统反应时间代替驾驶员反应时间的自动驾驶车辆制动距离模型，以此作为安全距离改进了矩形冲突检测模型，并根据轨迹优化的研究思路，提出了以矩形冲突检测模型为基础的冲突消解算法，对非通行优先权车辆进行速度引导，避免车辆冲突。在车联网开源框架 Veins 的基础上，将交通仿真器 SUMO和网络仿真器 OMNeT++双向耦合，并对冲突检测模型与消解模型进行验证。仿真结果显示，该冲突检测及消解模型具有可行性，与传统无信号交叉口四路停车让行规则相比，模型中的速度引导方案能减少合流冲突车辆 8.6%的平均行驶时间，减少交叉冲突车辆 8.3%的平均行驶时间；合流冲突和交叉冲突中车辆的平均速度分别提高了61.4%和105.0%。在实际应用中，冲突消解模型可以为不同速度范围内的自动驾驶车辆提供速度参考，降低无信号交叉口车辆发生碰撞的概率，提高无信号交叉口的通行效率。     

线控制相位差概率模型研究

在对现有线控制模型和算法进行分析的基础上提出按照概率思想求解相位差参数的策略。论文确立优化相位差的目标为通过车流在主干道上的停车次数和停车延误最小。建立相位差概率模型时,着重考虑4个影响因素:路段上车流行驶速度不均匀性,主干道上下行流量不均衡现象,相交道路上的转弯车流,短连线上的车辆排队约束。最后,论文用实际算例对建立的模型进行了验证,并对进一步的研究工作给出了建议。     

隧道与互通出口小净距路段换道可靠性研究

为分析高速公路隧道与互通出口小净距路段在不同交通流状况下的车辆驶出概率,提出了基于交通仿真的安全换道概率模型。首先,采用VISSIM标定仿真模型并进行正交试验,获取小净距路段在不同净距长度、交通量、驶出比例、大型车比例下的交通数据,在此基础上确定瞬时交通流密度及相应车流平均速度的计算方法,构建相应的分布模型,通过K均值聚类算法研究不同速度下的瞬时交通流密度大小和出现概率;同时引入可靠度方法并利用微分法来构建车辆安全换道概率模型,综合考虑车速、车流密度、目标车道临界可插入间隙等因素的不确定性,应用蒙特卡罗仿真法搭建求解概率模型的算法,并通过MATLAB对模型进行求解;针对分流车初始位置的不同,分别得到了不同交通量、大型车比例、净距长度下的换道驶出成功率,进而研究不同交通流状况组合下的净距长度。结果表明：交通量、大型车比例、净距长度对净距路段内侧车道车辆换道驶出成功率有显著性影响,研究结果可为规范的进一步完善提供参考。     

视频交通事件检测技术的研究与展望

主要介绍了目前国内外视频交通事件检测技术的发展现状,对目前视频交通事件检测技术所采用的虚拟线圈检测技术、识别与轨迹追踪技术进行了具体介绍,对基于各种检测原理的检测算法、检测流程进行了深入剖析,并结合视频交通事件检测技术的市场需求对该技术的智能化、网络化发展方向进行了预测,随着技术的发展,基于识别与轨迹追踪技术的交通事件检测技术将进一步深入发展,作者在西部课题的研究过程中,在国内外前期研究基础之上,结合交通安全性能分析,对交通事件检测技术进行了二次识别研究,大大拓宽了检测技术的范围,拓展了检测技术的深度,为视频交通事件检测技术的进一步发展打下了重要基础。     

基于目标空间分布特征的无人机航拍车辆实时检测技术研究

针对无人机航拍视角下存在整体图像分辨率高但占比较高的小尺度车辆检测特征点稀少这一问题,从卷积网络检测器针对性优化与基于目标分布特征的航拍图像自适应切分2个角度综合考虑,提出一种基于目标空间分布特征的无人机航拍车辆检测网络DF-Net。以单阶段目标检测框架SSD为基础,引入深度可分离卷积和抗混叠低通滤波器对网络结构进行优化搭建E-SSD,为后续检测网络搭建提供高效检测器;接着基于条件生成对抗CGAN思想构建密度估计网络生成器,从而得到航拍图像中车辆的准确分布特征,生成高质量的车辆密度图;将E-SSD与车辆密度估计网络结合,对车辆密度图进行自适应切分,并将切分后的局部图像与全局图像一同输入E-SSD,最后在决策层融合检测结果,由此实现对航拍视角道路交通场景下车辆目标的精确高效检测。在试验中,一方面将设计的基于目标空间分布特征的无人机航拍车辆检测网络DF-Net与E-SSD进行对比分析,另一方面将DF-Net与航拍目标检测领域表现较为优秀的网络进行比较。研究结果表明：设计的方法对于2个试验在均值平均精度指标上均有提升,与E-SSD网络对比时提升了至少4.4%,与航拍目标检测领域优秀网络比较时也有一定提升,并保持了较好的实时性。     

基于数据驱动的城市快速路段拥堵状态辨识及诱导对象选择方法

交通诱导实施效果不佳的主要原因之一是具有差异性出行特征的出行者无法接受单一的诱导方案。针对城市快速路高峰时段拥堵问题, 研究了考虑车辆出行特征差异的交通诱导对象精准识别方法, 以保障诱导方案的实施效果。利用高德路况数据提取拥堵路段, 根据拥堵路段与相邻路段交通状态的相关性提出拥堵源路段识别方法; 利用车牌识别数据提取使用快速路车辆的出行特征, 包括快速路出行强度、地面道路出行强度、快速路出发时刻离散度和快速路路径选择多样性; 采用K-means++算法对车辆出行特征进行聚类, 识别出显著影响道路交通状态的出行者, 并为出行者推荐适合其出行特征的错峰或绕行诱导方案。以苏州快速路为例, 研究发现: 针对拥堵源路段的交通诱导能有效改善拥堵路段的交通状态; 类型3车辆(高频出行且易绕行)占单月工作日早高峰所有使用快速路车辆总数的14%, 却占单日早高峰总交通量的51%, 是重点诱导对象; 通过精准识别, 可推荐诱导车辆数占总车辆数的47%。      

基于片断摆线擦痕的车速估计

从两车侧刮交通事故的实际情况出发，分析了在可能出现的各种相对速度情况下，该类型事故中一车轮胎在另一车车身上刮擦产生的痕迹。提出并推导出了依据轮胎上任一点在车身上遗留的片断摆线擦痕估计两车相对速度的方法和计算步骤。突破了以往同类型事故分析中对刮擦痕迹利用的诸多严格限制。最后给出了在交通事故处理中应用的实例。