管道材料的焊接性能和显微组织研究

文中主要研究X70、304及P91材料在一定焊接工艺下的焊接接头的力学性能和显微组织。采用全谱直读式光谱仪进行化学成分分析;采用金相显微镜和体式显微镜进行显微组织分析、金相晶粒度评定和焊缝宏观组织分析;通过拉伸试验、低温冲击试验、弯曲试验及维氏硬度试验进行力学性能测试。经评定,按照各自焊接工艺施工的焊接接头质量合格,各项试验后指标优良,并满足相关技术要求。     

X100管线钢在预应变中的脆化

管线钢的脆化是管道安全的一个突出问题。针对管道工程的要求,采用材料显微分析方法和力学性能测试等手段,对X100管线钢在预应变中的脆化规律进行了研究,为X100管线钢管的工程施工和安全服役提供试验依据。结果表明：随着预应变量的增大,强度和硬度增加,伸长率和韧性下降,使试验钢X100产生脆化。预应变形成的机理是管线钢位错亚结构的变化。     

GIL产品的原材料试验及无损检测研究

文中主要对GIL产品的原材料进行检测,并提出试验过程的注意事项。使用光谱法进行化学成分分析;使用金相显微镜进行显微组织分析和晶粒度评级;通过晶间腐蚀试验进行材料的耐腐蚀敏感性测试;通过拉伸试验和维氏硬度试验进行力学性能测试;通过渗透检测和射线检测对GIL产品各个部分的焊缝等级进行评定。GIL产品原材料的检测结果均符合相关标准要求,并具有良好的性能。     

长输管线用X80高强钢焊接技术研究

针对长输管线建设对焊接质量的要求,对X80高强度管线的焊接工艺进行了试验研究。通过对X80钢的材质特性分析,结合选定的焊接材料和工艺参数,采用STT根焊+FCAW自保护焊丝半自动填充、盖面的方法,对该管线钢进行了焊接,并对其焊接接头的力学性能进行测试。结果表明:X80高强度管线钢具有良好的焊接性能,焊接接头的强度、硬度、韧性等性能均满足X80管线的安全要求。所选用的焊接材料、焊接方法和工艺参数满足现场施工的技术要求,为现场施工提供了技术保证。     

卡套接头的性能测试和组织分析

文中主要对1/4规格卡套接头进行性能测试和显微组织分析。通过电子万能试验机进行拉伸试验,通过数字式力矩扳手进行重复装配试验,通过旋转弯曲试验机进行旋转弯曲试验、通过盐水喷雾试验箱进行应力腐蚀试验,通过金相显微镜对卡套和卡套管进行显微组织分析。本批次的卡套接头性能测试结果均符合委托检测大纲要求,应力腐蚀试验后的卡套和卡套管,均未见晶粒内和晶粒间应力腐蚀迹象。从显微组织可看出,后卡套进行了渗碳处理,不影响奥氏体不锈钢的韧性和耐腐蚀性,提高了不锈钢表面硬度和耐磨性,同时保证了卡套内部的塑性和韧性。     

管线钢X70-L245对接接头焊接工艺研究

针对不同强度级别的管线钢X70和L245对接的焊接工艺进行了研究。通过碳当量计算和金相组织观察,分析了钢材焊接性;确定出预热和层间温度;选择了焊接材料;并进行了坡口设计。同时根据Q/SYXQ18—2002和XQ-CS-JX-SPE-0010标准对所制定的焊接工艺进行了评定。经评定,管口外观检查和射线检测合格,金相组织、拉伸试验、冲击试验等各项性能指标优良。按照该工艺施工的焊接接头质量合格,完全满足施工的技术要求。     

晶粒度对X80管件调质热处理后组织性能的影响

为了研究晶粒度对X80管件调质热处理后组织性能的影响,对X80管件试样进行化学成分分析,化学成分符合标准要求,然后按照标准工艺流程对试样进行调质热处理,再进行拉伸试验、硬度试验和冲击试验。拉伸和硬度试验结果合格,不受晶粒度影响。冲击试验部分试验结果不合格,并且试验数据随晶粒度等级增大基本上呈上升趋势。晶粒度等级对X80管件调质热处理后的韧性存在较大影响,X80管件生产过程中需要严格控制晶粒度,以确保管件的组织性能均符合要求。     

天然气输送用双抗型钢管的焊接工艺试验研究

为了研究影响双抗型钢管的抗氢诱导裂纹和抗硫化物应力腐蚀开裂的产生因素,对某双抗型钢管采用双V型坡口形式,通过不同线能量下手工电弧焊工艺施焊后,对焊接接头的力学性能、焊接裂纹性能、最高硬度、金相组织进行试验分析。采用美国腐蚀工程师协会的试验方法进行试验,发现钢管焊缝试样的硫化氢应力腐蚀裂纹大多沿着粒状贝氏体晶界和焊缝组织不均匀部位分布,并且硬度越高,裂纹敏感性越高。     

金属软管内部的波纹管失效原因分析

某金属软管暴露在炼钢炉产生的烟尘10个月左右时,其内部的波纹管发生开裂。文中主要采用扫描电镜对波纹管的断口及表面进行微观形貌观察和能谱分析;采用金相显微镜对波纹管进行显微组织分析、晶粒度评级及晶间腐蚀试验;并结合波纹管基体的化学成分和硬度对失效的波纹管进行全面评估。综合分析后得出波纹管的应力腐蚀开裂导致金属软管失效的结论。     

奥氏体不锈钢有缝弯头在爆破试验中的失效分析

某奥氏体不锈钢有缝弯头在进行爆破试验中,未达到标准规定压力提前发生爆破开裂。文中主要通过金相显微镜和扫描电镜对弯头断口处和远离断口处的金相显微组织和断口形貌进行观察,通过光谱分析和材料拉伸试验对弯头材料的化学成分和力学性能进行检测评估,结合弯头加工成型的实际工艺情况,对弯头提前失效的原因进行综合的分析。材料本身存在缺陷及夹杂物导致了弯头的失效。     

Analysis of factors affecting the choice of route of pedestrians

Pedestrians as compared to vehicular traffic enjoy a high degree freedom of movement even in heavily congested areas. Consequently, there are more alternative links available to pedestrians between a given origin‐destination (O‐D) pair. This paper describes a study done by the University of Calgary to evaluate the factors affecting the choice of route on intra‐CBD trips or trips within the Central Business District (CBD).

An origin destination survey conducted in downtown Calgary, Alberta enabled the identification of the most significant factors influencing the choice. These factors were analyzed in relation to the physical characteristics of the location, personal characteristics of the trip maker and the type of the trip.

It appears that most people chose the shortest link and factors such as the level of congestion, safety or visual attractions were only secondary. This suggests that the length should be made a major consideration when planning and designing pedestrian links.     

Non-parametric analyses of efficiency of airports

This paper estimates the efficiencies and productivity changes of 12 international airports in the Asia-Pacific region based on data from 1998 to 2006. We apply stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) to compute efficiency estimates and use the Malmquist productivity index (MPI) to analyze productivity changes. We use the SFA model with a translog-type production function after testing the statistical hypotheses. According to the results of the SFA hypothesis tests, airports have experienced a technological regression; the deviations from the efficiency frontier are caused more by technical inefficiency than random noise. However, the inefficiency was found to decrease. The MPI reveals a declining trend resulting more from technological change than from efficiency change, with a decrease in inefficiency. Taken together, both the hypothesis tests and the MPI not only provide consistent conclusions, but also suggest that airports should concentrate on technological progress.     

波纹管应力分析研究进展

评述了波纹管应力理论研究方法的进展情况，围绕解析法、工程近似法和数值法，对波纹管理论研究中的一些主要成果作了较详细的回顾和总结，对各种研究方法作出了评价，展望了亟待解决的一些问题。     

实现多组态计量软件集中监控的可行性分析

天然气自动计量系统有多种组态软件,由于软件的不相通性,造成了计量系统数据采集的通用性差、数据传输与入库的时效性差、数据利用的可靠性低.结合各组态软件的实际情况,从设计上充分利用Oracle大数据处理能力以及Partition(分区表)的特性,实现历史数据的存储,应用WebService与COM+数据访问组件提供多层数据访问架构,采用OPC与DDE工业数据交换协议,实现了各站场计量数据的实时上传,为连续数据采集和实时监控提供了可能,节约了改造成本.     

注汽管道承压能力评估和实物试验验证

基于失效评估图技术对某注汽管道进行了承压能力评价,给出了管线在不同腐蚀壁厚情况下的极限承压能力和极限裂纹尺寸。并利用实物爆破试验验证了评价方法的安全性和有效性,通过对爆破断口进行宏观和微观分析,发现管段的开裂属于脆性开裂。     

输油管道中原油乳状液的流变性研究

原油乳状液的流变性是原油开采后在管道中输送的重要研究方面,为了更好地研究这一性质,采用电动搅拌机、偏光显微镜以及流变仪等仪器来测定不同含水率的原油乳状液在不同条件下的黏度,观测不同含水率的原油乳状液在偏光显微镜下的形态。并且分别对原油乳状液的黏度与含水率之间的关系以及与剪切速率之间的关系进行研究,初步确定了所测区块原油乳状液的转相点以及该区块原油乳状液的流变特性,为生产中的油气集输提供了理论依据。     

埋地管道防腐保温层失效评价

明确埋地管道防腐保温层的技术评价标准,对埋地钢质管道的安全运行,延长管道使用寿命具有重要意义。为了对埋地管道防腐保温层做出有效评价,从间接检测与开挖检测2个方面,结合现场检测数据,提出了基于防腐保温层的电流衰减率、绝缘电阻率、质量状况与厚度的分级评价标准及基于4种评价指标的综合评判方法。工程实践表明,该评价标准对防腐保温层是否存在失效能做出有效判断。     

城市轨道交通杂散电流监测系统概述

介绍了城市轨道交通工程中杂散电流不同的监测系统的构成,分析了集中式、分散式和智能型等监测系统的配置和功能,以及智能型实时在线监测系统的重要意义,为轨道交通工程杂散电流监测系统的选择与应用提供参考。     

Preliminary results of an analysis of areas of influence in Shanghai

The main deficiency of most current modeling approaches to transportation can be identified as neglect of the integration of existing geographical knowledge in regard to the ex ante transport/land use modeling approaches, with its focus on territorial dynamics and theory development. This paper addresses this aspect of the problem by introducing a theoretical and methodological framework for the analysis of the interrelationship between land uses. The analysis attempts to determine to what extent the functional land use in a city can be considered an ordered pattern. The order sought does not rely on purely spatial configurations, but on the correlation of transportation and land use. The first section of this paper focuses on theoretical considerations. It stresses the fact that conventional approaches do not apply in the present context. It then suggests an alternative based on areas of influence and measured in terms of level of attractance of land uses. The second describes a procedure based on this alternative following the remarkable contribution of Hanjoul, Beguin and Thill. An application of this procedure to the analysis of Shanghai is then examined. Finally, an evaluation of the strategies for optimizing the interrelationship between land uses is presented. The paper concludes with a possible research agenda.     

Direct analysis of the perceived importance of attributes of reliability of travel modes in urban travel

Reliability of travel modes was found to be the most important characteristic of transportation systems in several attitudinal investigations of individual travel behavior. This paper represents the first part of a research effort aimed at gaining a better understanding of the characteristics of reliability of transportation modes in urban travel. In this research, reliability characteristics are identified; their importance relative to each other is assessed, and an insight into possible structure of an objective reliability index is discussed. The research is based on perceived values of reliability, which were identified through a large attitudinal survey conducted in the Chicago metropolitan area.