Vertical integration and its implications to port expansion

ABSTRACT

Over the years many shipping lines have established terminal operation companies, with some set up as independent firms. However, port authorities and local governments have not always welcomed external investment and control with open arms. The economic implications and each stakeholder’s best strategies remain unclear. This study develops an analytical model in order to study the effects of vertical integration, with a focus on shipping lines’ investment in ports’ capacity. Modelling results suggest that vertical integration between terminal operator and a shipping line leads to higher port capacity, port charge, market output and consumer surplus. It also reduces delay costs. All these results suggest that vertical integration can be an important source of synergy for the maritime industry. Although vertical integration increases the participating carrier’s output at the expenses of non-integrating rival shipping firms, our numerical analysis suggests that the overall social welfare is likely to increase. Preliminary empirical tests confirm that vertically integrated ports handle more traffic volumes and are associated with better infrastructure and equipment. Therefore, port authorities and government regulators should carefully review the market competition status as well as port expansion plans.     

外资进入中国航运市场现状分析及应对策略

随着中国加入WTO,市场的不断开放,外资航运巨头加速了在中国的扩张,这给中国的航运企业很大压力和挑战,本文剖析了外资航运巨头进入中国航运市场的现状,从而提出我国航运企业的应对之策。     

State-owned Spanish Port System oversizing: an analysis of maximum operational capacity

The State-owned Spanish Port System (SPS) includes 46 ports for general use that are managed by the 28 port authorities distributed along the 8000 km of Spanish coast. SPS has not grown at a rate comparable to that of international maritime transportation. In our paper, we start from the hypothesis of a port system that appears to be oversized, subsidized, with regard to container traffic. Quantifying the maximum operational capacity of the different container terminals along the Spanish coast and their mooring capacities will provide the available dimensions for this type of traffic. In a second step, we will analyse whether SPS are sufficient (according to the perspective of international standards) to meet Spain’s needs, which is related to Spain’s strategic geographic location and its need to move containerized cargo for the domestic market. The paper concludes SPS has an oversized that limits competitiveness, which is indicated by the average transshipment ratio of approximately 50% and an average unweighted idle ratio of port facilities designed for container traffic of over 60% in the eight main ports.     

谈日照港石臼港区建设专用工作船泊位的必要性

结合日照港的建设与发展以及港口"十一五"规划,研究分析港口工作船靠泊面临的突出问题,提出建设专用工作船泊位的必要性及建设方案。     

深圳市盐田港区三期集装箱码头工程设计亮点

通过多次现场调研、采取计算机仿真等先进手段在传统设计的基础上进行有效的突破和尝试,项目投产后单泊位年实际通过量曾超过110万TEU。文中通过对设计中的一些亮点的总结,使集装箱码头设计水平有了进一步提高。为将来集装箱港口的规范修编提供参考建议。     

广州港南沙港区粮食码头工艺系统设计介绍

介绍广州港南沙粮食码头工程工艺系统的布置及特点,以及工艺系统主要设备的配置、筒仓型式、系统控制及计算机管理等,供今后类似工程参考.     

上海港集装箱码头利用率分析及通过能力评估

交通运输部规划研究院,北京 100028;2.中交第三航务工程勘察设计院有限公司,上海 200032）摘要：码头属于服务性基础设施,通常所说的“码头通过能力”属于非饱和能力,即设施利用率保持合理状态（集装箱码头50%~70%）下的能力。设计通过能力,即为按照设计条件计算确定额定通过能力,根据运营后设备配备、船型（单船装卸量）等情况的变化,通过能力需要定期进行重新评估。2022年,上海港全港完成集装箱吞吐量4 730万TEU,远远高于原来码头的设计通过能力值。在《上海港总体规划（修订）》中需要重新评估集装箱码头的通过能力,从而实现对岸线资源的合理规划,保障港口的可持续发展。     

大风天气下大型船舶撤离洋山港外航道可行性的探讨

根据洋山港自然、地理条件，运用目前在航道论证方面已经比较成熟的船舶操纵模拟器，有针对性地对大风天气下大型船舶撤离洋山港外航道疏浚段的可行性进行研究；根据所选5250TEU和8000TEU大型集装箱船舶的模拟船型撤离外航道疏浚段模拟试验的结果并基于航迹带概率分布对试验数据充分和系统分析的基础上，提出了大型船舶安全撤离外航道疏浚段的可行性，为洋山港大型集装箱船舶在大风天气下安全撤离外航道疏浚段提供比较科学的参考依据。     

基于GPS、GPRS的货箱跟踪终端的设计和实现

为确保货箱在航海中的安全,研制了一种基于GPRS、GPS的货箱跟踪终端.该系统以ARM7TDMI-S LPC 2292为核心处理器,利用GPRS作为数据通信载体,同时终端提供继电器接口和密码键盘,可以实现对货柜的安全控制.介绍系统的硬件原理,并介绍具体的软硬件设计.     

Simulation-based severe weather-induced container terminal economic loss estimation

Container terminals play a critical role in maritime supply chains. However, they show vulnerabilities to severe weather events due to the sea–land interface locations. Previous severe weather risk analysis focused more on larger assessment units, such as regions and cities. Limited studies assessed severe weather risks on a smaller scale of seaports. This paper aims to propose a severe weather-induced container terminal loss estimation framework. Based on a container terminal operation simulation model, monthly average loss and single event-induced loss are obtained by using historical hazard records and terminal operation records as model inputs. By studying the Port of Shenzhen as the case study, we find that the fog events in March lead to the longest monthly port downtime and the highest monthly severe weather-induced economic losses in the studied port. The monthly average loss is estimated to be 30 million USD, accounting for 20% of the intact income. The worst-case scenario is found to be a red-signal typhoon attack which results in nearly 20% decrease in the month’s income. The results provide useful references for various container terminal stakeholders in severe weather risk management.     

Studying port selection on liner routes: An approach from logistics perspective

The research aims to study the port selection in liner shipping. The central work is to set up a model to deal with port choice decisions. The model solves three matters: ports on a ship’s route; the order of selected ports and loading/unloading ports for each shipment. Its objective is to minimize total cost including ship cost, port tariff, inland transport cost and inventory cost. The model has been applied in real data, with cargo flows between the USA and Northern Europe. Afterwards, two sensitive analyses are considered. The first assesses the impact of a number of port calls on the total cost which relates closely to the viability of two service patterns: multi ports and hub & spoke. The second analyzes the efficiency of large vessels in the scope of a logistics network. The overriding result of this research is to indicate the influence of logistics factors in the decision of port choice. The research emphasizes the necessity to combine different factors when dealing with this topic, or else a result can be one-sided.     

基于动态竞争范式的集装箱码头费率和吞吐量预测

区域总体供求状况和码头竞争力地位的变化是导致码头费率变化和吞吐量变化的主要决定性因素。文章基于码头动态竞争态势的变化，综合行业规律和特征，建立了码头费率预测和吞吐量预测的动态模型。     

广州港南沙港区的工程地质特征

在南沙港区各期工程的地质勘察的基础上,结合规划中的深圳—中山通道工程,从地貌形态、基岩构造、地震效应、第四纪覆盖层分布、地层特征和代表性地质断面等方面总结南沙港地区的工程地质特点,探讨工程建设中可能遇到的岩土工程问题及其处理方法,并提出相关建议以供设计、施工参考.     

基于多要素比选的连云港港LNG接收站码头选址

基于多智能体仿真建模方法建立连云港港LNG码头选址涉及相关港区船舶进出港全过程仿真模型,对拟选址的LNG码头船舶进出可能产生的远期通航影响进行定量评估,并与已有选址相关研究结论进行对比;综合分析航道条件、选址与后方城市距离、通航影响等多要素,提出在现行通航规则和港口规划条件下的连云港港LNG码头推荐港址。本研究所采用的方法和结论可为区域LNG码头布局规划提供技术支撑。     

秦皇岛港煤码头五期工程翻车机房小区钢管桩施工总结

根据现场实际情况,对钢筋混凝土灌注桩和钢管桩进行比较分析,采用钢管桩作为基础,并对钢管桩施工工艺进行了总结。     

An application of centralized data envelopment analysis in resource allocation in container terminal operations

This paper presents an application of centralized data envelopment analysis (CDEA) to analyse the performance of a number of container terminals supervised by one liner shipping company. It provides a systematic and centralized perspective of resource reallocation based on one company’s perspective. The numerical results show that two of the five dedicated terminals are, by and large, efficient, but the other three need resources to be reallocated. Under the minor adjustment scenario, the liner shipping company should reduce the aggregated amount of the labour cost and the hauling equipment should be transferred to different terminals in America. Under the major adjustment scenario, both the labour and hauling equipment could be reduced.     

天津港LNG码头工程通航安全研究

文中利用船舶操纵模拟器结合水流数学模型对天津港LNG码头工程保障通航安全的工程措施进行了研究;用通航条件论证分析的方法提出了保障通航安全的重点监护、作业条件限制、完善海事监管配套设施、制定LNG船舶管理规定等非工程通航安全保障措施     

港口建设费征稽问题分析与对策的研究

港口建设费作为国务院批准征收的一项国家政府性基金,为对我国海上经济发展和港口基础建设提供了重要保障.文中通过实践调研与对比研究,对当前港口建设费征稽工作的现状和存在的问题进行多角度分析,提出港口建设费征稽工作的完善方向和解决对策,以期提高海事部门港口建设费征管能力,使我国港建费征收工作更加法制化、规范化、科学化.