制动器摩擦副摩擦因数研究

以某EQ1208型车辆后桥鼓式制动器为例.对其三维热机耦合有限元模型进行了等速持续制动工况仿真.仿真结果与试验结果对比表明,仿真值和试验值在相同温度测量点的温升动态变化趋势相同,从而验证了仿真所利用摩擦因数温度特性的准确性.对该后桥鼓式制动器在连续15次循环制动工况下摩擦表面平均温度、摩擦副摩擦因数及制动管路压力的动态变化进行了计算分析.     

摩擦材料摩擦特性对轿车前,后制动力之比的影响

本研究了摩擦材料摩擦特性对轿车（盘式），后（鼓式）制动器制动力之比的影响。根据对前，后制动器部总成大量的测功器试结果，计算并绘出前，后制动之比值随制动管路压力，车速，制动温度的变化关系曲线，并与设计作了对比分析，讨论了它对轿车制动稳定性的影响，为制动性能计算，制动器设计和制动衬片摩擦材料的选配提供依据和参考，从而保证了轿车的制动稳定性。     

汽车通风盘式制动器的摩擦学性能测试和流固热耦合仿真

根据摩擦微凸理论和耦合控制方程组分析了汽车通风盘式制动器的弹塑性状态转变条件和对流换热机理,通过乘积解法实现了通风盘的三维传热计算;基于Link 3900 NVH测试台对制动器的平均摩擦因数和摩擦稳定系数进行了测试,得出制动速度、制动压力和温度对其摩擦学性能的影响;建立了制动器的流固热数值仿真模型,利用MPCCI平台实现了ABAQUS热固耦合和FLUENT流固耦合的同步迭代,通过耦合节点的数据共享与交换得出盘体的瞬态温度场、应力场和耦合面的对流换热系数。结果表明,在单制动周期内通风盘表面的温度变化的数值模拟值与试验值基本一致,最大偏差仅为5.6%,这对于通风盘式制动器的性能评价和结构优化有着重要的指导意义。     

关于盘式制动器摩擦片的研制

制动器可以看作是把汽车制动时的动能转化为热能的能量转换器。3吨的高级轿车,当以车速为50、100、200公里/小时制动时,制动器的热负荷分别为67.5、270和1080千卡。红旗牌高级轿车制动器由鼓式改为盘式结构以后,摩擦片的表面积减小了4/5～5/6,使单位面积上的摩擦力大大增加,摩擦所吸收的能量也相应增加。红旗牌轿车车速较高,当以150公里/小时制动时,其制动功率大约是发动机额定功率的四倍,可见制动器的热冲击是很大的,特别是连续制动时,对制动器的热冲击更为严重。由此可见,为了保证制动的安全性,采用摩擦性能稳定、热衰退性小的优质摩擦材料是非常必要的。     

用“三脚制动”法判断液压制动系统故障

汽车液压制动系统主要由制动踏板、助力器、制动总泵、液压管路及车轮制动器等组成。汽车制动时,踩下制动踏板后,推动助力器控制阀推杆向前移动．助力器产生助力作用后推动制动主缸推杆及活塞移动．将踏板力转变为制动油液压力．通过液压管路传至车轮制动器．     

汽车盘式制动器的研究进展

结合汽车盘式制动器设计与应用中存在的问题,对汽车盘式制动器摩擦衬片压力分布规律、摩擦偶件温度场和应力场的分布、摩擦衬片与对偶钢盘的摩擦机理、摩擦副间传热机理与制动噪声的研究状况进行了综述,探讨了今后的研究方向.     

长大下坡货车制动器温度模型

为了研究在道路长大下坡上载重货车制动器热衰减的温度曲线,应用能量守恒理论建立了载重货车在发动机制动和排气制动时制动器温度预测模型.通过在高速公路长大下坡路段进行制动器测温试验,得到了制动器在不同制动方式、载重时的连续升温数据和连续上坡时的连续降温数据;同时通过室内台架试验,得到了载重货车发动机功率曲线.最后通过试验数据...     

确保行车安全的车载技术保障

目前，各国都在努力降低交通事故的伤亡率，并且已经取得了显著效果。各大汽车厂家在提高燃油经济性、降低汽车排放的同时，越来越多地注重提高汽车的安全性能，从而将更加安全的汽车带入 21世纪。下面系统阐述现代汽车的车载安全技术。 1主动安全技术 1. 1制动系统 1. 1. 1盘式制动器 　　盘式制动器的优点是能够有效散发制动过程中的摩擦热。在强烈制动时，制动摩擦片和旋转制动表面产生的摩擦热若得不到有效散发将导致制动力减弱，此时，驾驶员必须加大踩踏制动踏板的力度，否则将导致制动距离加长，从而增加了发生事故的可能性。…     

非均匀盘式制动器热机耦合特性试验研究

选择具有不同厚薄差和端面跳动的制动盘,利用制动器特性试验台对其进行发热温度和几何形变的测量.分析了制动压力大小、制动盘温度变化及制动盘初始几何特征对制动盘厚薄差与端面跳动动态变化的综合影响.试验结果表明,制动器制动温升快慢受制动压力影响,制动温升导致制动盘发生翘曲;制动盘厚薄差的波动量与制动盘初始厚薄差及发热温度有关,存在明显的热-机耦合现象.     

汽车制动器制动效能因数计算及结果分析

对47种型号的汽车液压制动系统制动器的制动效能因数进行了计算，得到了当摩擦因数为0.35时各种结构型式制动器制动效能因数的平均值及其分布范围。绘制了国产各种结构型式制动器典型的制动效能因数随摩擦衬片摩擦因数变化的特性曲线。对同一制动器采用两种不同的制动效能因数计算方法所得计算结果进行了对比及验证。根据制动效能因数曲线图，提出了制动器系列化设置时减少制动器尺寸规格的设想。     

制动性能测试在受损车辆司法鉴定中的适应性研究

针对整车制动性能完成对车载制动检测系统的集成,实时检测、采集、分析各传感器输入的制动踏板力、制动减速度、管路压力等制动性能参数,分别完成常规制动试验、制动失效试验、静态及动态制动踏板感觉试验,并完成对4类工况的制动性能分析对比;对受损车辆制动性能的司法鉴定进行考核评价,并完成制动性能测试在受损车辆司法鉴定中的适应性研究。     

Comparative analysis of vehicle brake data in the ministry of transport test on the roller brake tester and on flat ground

This study performs a comparison between what occurs when braking on a Ministry of Transport (MOT) brake tester and on flat ground. The tire pressure is changed, but the other parameters remain constant. The results from this research and from the in-depth comparative study conducted by the mechanical engineering staff in the mechanical laboratory at the Miguel Hernández University in Elche have led to the following main conclusions: By varying the tire pressure, false results can be obtained with the MOT brake tester, which means that, if the tires are inflated at a low pressure but the brakes are in good condition, the vehicle will not pass the MOT. Conversely, if the brakes are in poor condition but the tire pressure is higher than what is recommended by the manufacturer, a false pass is produced. This article shows that the MOT brake testing equipment is often wrong and inexact, and the data and graphs presented prove that the tire pressure is a determining factor when assessing the condition of brakes.     

Development of the brake system design program for a vehicle

It is quite challenging to estimate the braking performance of a vehicle because the brake system is comprised of many parts, including a booster, master cylinder, and caliper. Calculation of characteristics such as braking force through vehicle tests requires much time and money. Therefore, the development of a method to estimate the braking performance of a vehicle using qualitative methods is beneficial. In this study, a program that can analyze the braking capabilities of a vehicle such as pressure, efficiency, and pedal travel is presented. The increase in disc temperature during braking as well as the properties of various boosters can be calculated using the proposed program. Dynamic characteristics of a vehicle equipped with a Load Sensing Proportional Valve (LSPV) were computed more precisely by obtaining the change in valve pressure according to the displacement of a suspension system. Since all input and output files are composed in the Microsoft Excel format, both design data management and database construction can easily completed.     

Wheel slip control with torque blending using linear and nonlinear model predictive control

Modern hybrid electric vehicles employ electric braking to recuperate energy during deceleration. However, currently anti-lock braking system (ABS) functionality is delivered solely by friction brakes. Hence regenerative braking is typically deactivated at a low deceleration threshold in case high slip develops at the wheels and ABS activation is required. If blending of friction and electric braking can be achieved during ABS events, there would be no need to impose conservative thresholds for deactivation of regenerative braking and the recuperation capacity of the vehicle would increase significantly. In addition, electric actuators are typically significantly faster responding and would deliver better control of wheel slip than friction brakes. In this work we present a control strategy for ABS on a fully electric vehicle with each wheel independently driven by an electric machine and friction brake independently applied at each wheel. In particular we develop linear and nonlinear model predictive control strategies for optimal performance and enforcement of critical control and state constraints. The capability for real-time implementation of these controllers is assessed and their performance is validated in high fidelity simulation.     

一种降低人-地撞击损伤的车辆制动控制方法

为降低车人碰撞事故中人与地面撞击所致损伤,提出一种车辆制动控制策略。该策略在检测到人体头部与车辆首次接触后松开车辆制动,之后依据若干准则再次完全制动车辆直到车辆停止。选择10种车型、两种制动方法(完全制动和控制制动)和一个虚拟仿真系统(包含3种车速×4种行人尺寸×2种行人步态)设计了共480次MADYMO仿真试验。结果发现控制制动能降低人-地撞击所致损伤但不会加重车辆的损伤,且能将83.75%案例中车辆与人体主要部位首次触地点位置之间的距离缩短至1 m内。进一步讨论了车型和车速对制动控制策略防护效果的影响、人车首次接触与再次完全制动车辆的时间间隔取值规律和控制制动中损伤加重案例的原因等问题,为今后开发更实用且高效的制动控制策略提供技术支持。     

Utilisation of optimisation solutions to control active suspension for decreased braking distance

This work deals with how to utilise active suspension on individual vehicle wheels in order to improve the vehicle performance during straight-line braking. Through numerical optimisation, solutions have been found as regards how active suspension should be controlled and coordinated with friction brakes to shorten the braking distance. The results show that, for the studied vehicle, the braking distance can be shortened by more than 1?m when braking from 100?km/h. The applicability of these results is studied by investigating the approach for different vehicle speeds and actuator stroke limitations. It is shown that substantial improvements in the braking distance can also be found for lower velocities, and that the actuator strokes are an important parameter. To investigate the potential of implementing these findings in a real vehicle, a validated detailed vehicle model equipped with active struts is analysed. Simplified control laws, appropriate for on-board implementation and based on knowledge of the optimised solution, are proposed and evaluated. The results show that substantial improvements of the braking ability, and thus safety, can be made using this simplified approach. Particle model simulations have been made to explain the underlying physical mechanisms and limitations of the approach. These results provide valuable guidance on how active suspension can be used to achieve significant improvements in vehicle performance with reasonable complexity and energy consumption.     

车用电涡流缓速器弯道制动的研究

推导出了装有电涡流缓速器的车辆在弯道制动过程中的运动微分方程,给出了制动时的理想制动力分配曲线公式,并以实车为例对缓速器在弯道上的制动性能进行了试验。     

分布式驱动电动汽车回馈制动失效的液压补偿控制

分布式驱动电动汽车各驱动轮转速和转矩可以单独精确控制，便于实现整车动力学控制和制动能量回馈，从而提升车辆的主动安全性和行驶经济性。但车辆在回馈制动过程中，一旦1台电机突发故障，其他电机产生的制动力矩将对整车形成附加横摆力矩，从而造成车辆失稳，此时虽可通过截断异侧对应电机制动力矩输出来保证行驶方向，但会使车辆制动力大幅衰减或丧失，同样不利于行车安全。为了解决此问题，提出并验证一种基于电动助力液压制动系统的制动压力补偿控制方法，力图有效保证整车制动安全性。以轮毂电机驱动汽车为例，首先建立了整车动力学模型以及轮毂电机模型，通过仿真验证了回馈制动失效的整车失稳特性以及电机转矩截断控制的不足；然后，建立了电动助力液压制动系统模型，并通过原理样机的台架试验验证了模型的准确性；接着，基于滑模控制算法设计了制动压力补偿控制器，并在单侧电机再生制动失效后的转矩截断控制基础上完成了液压制动补偿控制效果仿真验证；最后，通过实车试验证明了所提控制方法的有效性和实用性。研究结果表明：在分布式驱动电动汽车单侧电机再生制动失效工况下，通过异侧电机转矩截断控制和制动系统的液压主动补偿，能够使车辆快速恢复稳定行驶并满足制动强度需求。     

多轴分布式电驱动车辆电液复合制动控制研究

针对多轴分布式电机驱动车辆电液复合制动中易出现的车辆制动抖动问题,提出了一种建压阶段电机制动力修正策略和一种基于前馈-反馈的协调控制策略,分别在建压阶段和其他阶段通过协调复合制动力来解决制动抖动的问题。针对防抱死控制系统与电机制动系统共同作用时的制动矛盾,提出了一种基于PID 控制的ABS控制策略,主要通过改变电机制动力来解决制动矛盾的问题。通过TruckSim、Matlab/Simulink及AMESim联合仿真验证,制动冲击度在建压阶段下降了 20.66%,在电机退出阶段下降了 92.59%,驾驶感觉得到明显改善。而 ABS控制策略也可在保证理想滑移率的同时完成制动能量回收;结合整车制动试验,表明协调控制策略在保证制动效果良好的同时实现了制动能量回收,效果显著。