Research on hydrogen environment fatigue test system and correlative fatigue test of hydrogen storage vessel

A 70 MPa hydrogen environment fatigue test system has been designed and applied in the manufacture of a hydrogen storage vessel. Key equipment is the 80 MPa flat steel ribbon wound high pressure hydrogen storage vessel. A reasonable stress distribution has been realized, that is low stress in the liner of the pressure vessel and even stress in the flat ribbon layers. This optimal stress distribution is achieved through the adjustment of the prestress in flat steel ribbons. A control system for the fatigue test system has also been designed. It consists of a double control model, i.e. manual control and automatic control, to satisfy different experimental requirements. The system is the unique one that can be used in the real hydrogen environmental fatigue test system in China. An experiment for the 70 MPa onboard composite material hydrogen vessel has been carried out on the system. The experimental result from this test is in close agreement with the practical operating conditions.     

车用燃料电池阴极系统特性

为了提高车用燃料电池效率,利用物质守恒定律、理想气体方程以及二维插值法,建立了含有双螺杆压缩机的阴极系统模型,讨论了根据压缩机转速、压缩比计算其流量和功耗的方法,分析了环境因素对压缩机的影响以及阴极流体特性、过氧比特性.研究结果表明:在设定条件下,随过氧比变化,系统输出功率和效率的变化规律一致,最优过氧比为2.5,电能利用效率随过氧比增大呈单调下降趋势;工作温度升高能够提高系统输出功率,但会使系统电能利用效率有微弱降低,工作温度由60 ℃升到80 ℃时,系统输出功率增长5.03%,电能利用效率降低0.57%.      

基于压缩和油脂逃逸试验的盾尾刷密封性分析

为研究盾尾刷质量问题对盾尾刷密封系统工作性能的影响,基于动态压缩试验与油脂逃逸试验,探讨了盾尾刷长期挤压、磨损程度、砂浆渗入对盾尾刷密封性能的影响机理.首先,通过动态压缩试验,获得各个影响因素下盾尾刷贴合力变化规律;其次,利用油脂逃逸试验获取不同工况下盾尾刷的油脂逃逸量;最后,以贴合力为媒介,将影响盾尾刷质量的因素与油脂逃逸量联系起来,探讨盾尾刷的密封性能.研究结果表明：长期挤压、盾尾刷磨损程度、砂浆渗入等因素对盾尾刷弹性性能的影响显著,尤其是砂浆渗入,盾尾刷弹性性能损失最大可达90%;油脂压力存在一临界压力,盾尾间隙为50、70、90 mm的临界油脂压力分别为0.4、0.3、0.2 MPa,低于临界压力时油脂逃逸量极少,超过临界压力时油脂逃逸量陡增,油脂压力增加0.1 MPa,油脂逃逸量增加4倍以上;在盾构平均盾尾间隙（70 mm）条件下,当保护板磨损超过1/2与砂浆渗入比超过10%时,油脂逃逸将超过工程容许上限.     

氯盐融雪剂对SBS改性沥青混合料路用性能的影响分析

为了分析融雪剂对沥青路面性能的影响,选取了NaCl和CaCl2两种氯盐融雪剂,分别配制了浓度均为0.3g/mL的溶液及二者按质量比1∶1混合的溶液,对SBS改性沥青混合料AC-13C试件进行了冻融处理,然后,分别进行了高温车辙、低温弯曲和冻融劈裂试验.分析结果表明:在融雪剂和水的冻融作用下,随着空隙率的增大,SBS改性沥青混合料的高温、低温和水稳定性能均明显下降,且有逐渐加剧的趋势.总体上,按路用性能衰减程度排列,融雪剂大小依次为:NaCl、混合剂、CaCl2和水.因此,在实际工程中,应严格控制沥青混合料的空隙率,并减少氯盐融雪剂的使用量,多研究并开发和应用环保型融雪剂.     

A New Experimental Rig of Testing Flow Boiling Heat Transfer of Refrigerant and Lubricant Mixture

This paper proposed a new experimental rig of testing flow boiling heat transfer of refrigerant and lubricant oil mixture. The quantity of oil in the test section can be controlled and regulated conveniently and accurately by connecting separate lubricant oil circuit with test section in parallel. It was built up by retrofitting a multiple air-conditioner and installing three oil-separators in serials at the compressor outlet. And so the lubricant oil in the discharged refrigerant gas of compressor can be removed completely. The refrigerant flow rate through test section can be bypassed by the by-path circuit of indoor unit. This experimental rig has advantages such as on-line and continuous oil injection, short time of obtaining stability, flexible operation, simple control, which lead to high efficiency in the research of flow boiling heat transfer of refrigerant and lubricant oil mixture.     

大学生结构设计竞赛基本杆件力学性能试验研究

为探讨大学生结构设计竞赛模型制作中常用单层竹皮受拉构件和竹皮空心杆的基本力学性能,用0.2 mm、0.35 mm、0.5 mm竹皮制作了108个长度为200 mm的拉条,72个长度为100 mm不同边长和侧棱包角处理的单层空心杆试件,应用电子拉压试验机测试了其极限承载力,并分析了其破坏形式、荷质比和应力。试验结果表明:0.35 mm竹皮在表面涂胶后用作拉条构件,强度可达60 MPa;用0.35 mm和0.5 mm单层竹皮结构制作空心杆需在四角进行包角处理,但缺点是会增加质量,降低荷质比。     

船用大型压气机质量流量分区域建模方法

针对查表法外推能力不可靠以及采用单一曲线拟合法时在压气机不同工作区域的预测与外推精度不一致的问题, 提出了一种船用大型压气机质量流量分区域建模方法; 通过定义区域划分函数, 将压气机整个工作区域划分为设计工况区、低转速区、高转速区与低压比区, 通过对比与分析经典的和近年提出的压气机质量流量数学模型的预测和外推精度, 为每个区域选择精度最高的数学模型; 为防止在动态仿真过程中当压气机运行点由其他区进入低压比区时可能出现的不连续间断点, 应用一种曲线融合方法来保证等转速线的平滑过渡; 为验证所提出的建模方法的正确性与有效性, 将其应用于一台船用大型低速二冲程柴油机仿真模型中开展稳态与瞬态仿真试验。研究结果表明: 相比查表法, 提出的建模方法可有效提升主机仿真模型增压器转速的稳态预测精度, 平均绝对百分误差由3.54%下降至0.61%, 在改变主机转速与负载这2种瞬态工况下, 压气机的运行点可平稳、连续地由设计工况区过渡至非设计工况区; 提出的建模方法既能准确预测压气机设计工况区内的已有样本数据点, 又能合理、稳健地外推至非设计工况区, 既可直接应用于涡轮增压发动机的动态仿真研究中, 也可用于离线生成压气机在全工况范围内的性能图谱, 进而应用于商业发动机性能仿真软件中。      

Novel material of hydrogen generation

A novel aluminum alloy which could react with water and generate hydrogen at room temperature was prepared via mechanical alloying (MA). The results shows that milling time, additives and mass ratio have a significant role in the hydrogen production rate. The highest hydrogen production rate of alloys reaches 95% of theoretical value. The velocity of hydrogen generation reaches more over 200 mL/min for a gram alloy. Active materials (Ga and In) included in the aluminum alloys can be recycled and used repeatedly. The hydrolysis reaction between aluminum and H₂O will take place and release a large amount of heat, which contributes to increasing the velocity of hydrogen generation. The reaction products consist of AlO(OH) and hydrogen.     

高压输电塔主材的角钢并联加固轴压承载力

提高输电杆塔主材局部稳定性的承载力，可有效地避免输电塔倒塌事故的发生. 为此，通过6个轴心受压角钢并联加固试验、1个单角钢轴心受压试验和分析13个有限元模型，得到了试件的荷载-位移曲线和荷载-应变曲线以及构件的Mises应力云图，确定了试件的受力规律和应变规律以及设计参数对构件承载力的影响规律. 分析表明:试件原角钢的局部屈曲失稳为试件主要破坏形式；加固角钢的单元最大强度达到223.1 MPa；填板夹具的单元最大强度达到83.7 MPa；试件整体应变以竖向应变为主，填板夹具以剪切应变为主；均匀受压板理论的屈曲公式可以较好地计算出该加固试件的极限承载力；角钢并联加固法可以提高单角钢40%承载能力.      

怒江某隐伏断层带岩体的力学参数取值

断层带岩体是工程建设中重点关注的一类特殊岩体，为了获取考虑围压效应的隐伏断层带岩体真实力学参数，依托怒江某水电工程，对坝基深厚覆盖层下隐伏断层带岩体开展三轴试验. 总结了一套断层带岩体取样—试验前处理—施加初始围压—三轴试验—参数取值的评价方法，可避免三轴试验过程中断层带岩体散体以及液压油对试样的影响，使试验结果更接近断层带岩体天然状态下的真实力学参数. 试验结果表明:5个断层带岩体试样的变形模量为449～921 MPa，平均值为665 MPa；黏聚力为0.04～0.22 MPa，平均值为0.13 MPa，取80%保证率的标准值为0.12 MPa；内摩擦系数为0.32～0.61，平均值为0.46，取80%保证率的标准值为0.35；黏聚力试验值比内摩擦系数试验值离散性大，表明断层带岩体黏聚力受物质结构、断层泥含量、胶结程度等的影响更大.      

Analysis and determination of diterpenoids in unprocessed and processed Euphorbia lathyris seeds by HPLC-ESI-MS

Euphorbia lathyris （Caper spurge） is a toxic and potent Chinese materia medica （T/PCMM）. This study sought a method for identifying five diterpenoids （Euphorbia factors LI-L3, L7a, and Ls） with the spectra of UV and mass, quantifying three diterpenoids L1, L2, and L8 in crude extracts of unprocessed and processed E. lathyris seeds by liquid chromatography/ electrospray ionization mass spectrometry （LC-ESI-MS）. The analysis was achieved on an Agilent Eclipse XDB-C18 column （4.6 mm× 150mm i.d., 5 μm） with an isocratic elution with a mobile phase consisting of water and acetonitrile at a flow rate of 0.25 mL/min at column temperature of 30 ℃ and UV detection was set at 272 nm. An ESI source was used with a positive ionization mode. The calibration curve was linear in the ranges of 9.9-79 μg/mL for Euphorbia factor Lb 3.8-30.5μg/mL for Euphorbia factor L2, and 1.0-20.6 μg/mL for Euphorbia factor LB. The average recoveries （n=6） of three diterpenoids were 98.39%, 91.10% and 96.94%, respectively, with RSD of 2.5%, 2.4% and 2.1%, respectively. The contents of the three diterpenoids in processed E. lathyris seeds were 3.435, 1.367 and 0.286 mg/g, respectively, which decreased more sharply than those in unprocessed E. lathyris seeds which were 4.915, 1.944 and 0.425 mg/g, respectively. The method is simple, accurate, reliable and reproducible, and it can be applied to control the quality of unprocessed and processed E. lathyris seeds.     

土工袋竖向承载及循环压缩特性试验研究

土工袋技术近年来已被成功应用于房屋地基加固,具有较好的隔震效果,但其在动荷载条件下的变形特性尚未深入研究.为了进一步分析土工袋竖向承载能力及变形特性,开展一系列室内土工袋组合体无侧限极限抗压强度试验以及循环压缩试验,并通过控制循环次数、上部静荷载及循环荷载比值的大小研究其对土工袋组合体竖向应力、应变和动压缩模量的影响.试验结果表明：随着层数的增加,土工袋组合体极限抗压强度逐渐减小并趋于稳定值0.7 MPa,压缩模量峰值也随之减小并稳定于6.73 MPa;循环压缩试验初期土工袋组合体塑性变形显著,每一循环周期产生的竖向残余应变随着循环次数的增加逐渐减小并趋于0;动压缩模量在试验过程中基本保持稳定,不受循环次数的影响;随着上部静荷载的增大,土工袋组合体动压缩模量逐渐增大,上部静荷载为50 kN的土工袋组合体经过200次循环荷载作用后动压缩模量达到53.87 MPa;反之,循环荷载比值越大,动压缩模量越小,循环荷载比值为0.4条件下土工袋组合体在200次循环荷载作用后仍能达到49.39 MPa;在竖向动荷载作用下,土工袋能够满足其作为隔震材料的承载能力及稳定性要求.     

基于Kriging算法的压气机健康参数主从式插值建模

针对航空燃气轮机压气机数字化建模过程中由于缺少压气机流量系数导致模型精度偏低的问题,基于Kriging插值算法构造了面向压气机流量系数估计的主从式建模方法,分析了高维空间下对应于不同压气机换算转速的流量系数分布特征;基于流量系数的特征提取方法探索了流量系数、换算转速、增压比之间的映射关系,并提出了关于这三类参数的多维样本向量构造方法;基于Kriging算法建立了适用于燃气轮机过渡工况下压气机流量系数主从式插值模型. 研究结果表明:与传统的Kriging插值方法及牛顿插值法相比,基于主从式模型的流量系数计算结果更接近实际值,计算精度提高了近10%;主模型可输出流量系数的估值向量,插值效率相比传统Kriging模型提高了近15%.      

氢燃料电池动力船舶关键技术综述

梳理了当今世界上现有氢燃料动力船舶类型，总结了氢燃料动力船舶的特点，分析了氢燃料电池动力船舶关键技术的研究现状，包括:标准规范、动力源、氢制取、氢储存与氢安全；结合船舶的航行环境、结构与运行工况等，提出了氢燃料电池动力船舶各关键技术所面临的挑战，以及应对挑战的措施建议。研究结果表明:目前，全球氢燃料动力船舶数量有限，多为内河湖泊小型客船，以氢燃料电池为主要动力来源，主要采用35 MPa高压气瓶存储氢燃料；氢燃料电池动力船舶的相关标准规范仍处于制定阶段，可参照氢燃料电池汽车建造、测试和使用方面的标准规范要求；氢燃料电池主要以质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)应用最为广泛，催化剂、双极板、膜电极以及密封材料等均对PEMFC性能具有重要影响；为提高燃料电池对船舶的适用性，建议发展大功率燃料电池模块，并开展燃料电池在湿热、盐雾、倾斜、摇摆状态下的环境适应性研究；中国的制氢产业目前仍以煤炭制氢为主，应大力发展可再生能源制氢。短期内，高压气态储氢是最可行的船上储氢方式，应研究轻质、耐压、高储氢密度的新型储罐，提高储氢密度和安全性；为保证氢燃料电池动力船舶安全性，应综合运用定性和定量风险分析方法，明确风险场景，对氢泄漏、扩散、燃烧与爆炸的发展规律与后果进行仿真分析与风险评估，并提出风险缓解措施。      

Steam Pressure Control of 1000 MW Ultra-Supercritical Coal-Fired Power Unit Based on Multi-Model Predictive Control

Ultra-supercritical(USC) coal-fired unit is more and more popular in these years for its advantages.But the control of USC unit is a difficult issue for its characteristic of nonlinearity, large dead time and coupling among inputs and outputs. In this paper, model predictive control(MPC) method based on multi-model and double layered optimization is introduced for coordinated control of USC unit running in sliding pressure mode and fixed pressure mode. Three inputs(i.e. valve opening, coal flow and feedwater flow) are employed to control three outputs(i.e. output power, main steam temperature and main steam pressure). The step responses for the dynamic matrix control(DMC) are constructed using the three inputs by the three outputs under both pressure control mode. Piecewise models are built at selected operation points. In simulation, the output power follows load demand quickly and main steam temperature can be controlled around the setpoint closely in load tracking control. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed methods.     

鲜水河构造带某隧道地应力反演与分析

地应力的分布规律严重影响地下工程建设,获得开展工程区域地应力场分布对指导支护结构的设计具有重要意义.在鲜水河断裂带某隧道工程区采用钻孔水压致裂法进行了深孔地应力测试,基于地应力测试结果,得到了开展工程区域地应力随深度的变化规律,并利用数值模拟进行地应力反演.结果表明:地应力随深度的增加而逐渐增加,其中最大水平地应力的递...     

水泥稳定煤渣碎石基层的强度与损伤特性

为研究水泥稳定煤渣碎石作为路面基层材料的强度与损伤特性, 采用配方均匀试验方法, 获得了有约束条件下水泥稳定煤渣碎石基层的最优配比; 通过无侧限抗压试验与超声波测试对不同配比下的水泥稳定煤渣碎石的无侧限抗压强度与超声波波速进行了测试, 分析了超声波波速与无侧限抗压强度的关系; 根据超声波波速及试样的破坏过程, 对水泥稳定煤渣碎石的损伤变量进行了定义, 提出了损伤发展的控制阈值, 并建立了无侧限压缩条件下水泥稳定煤渣碎石基层填料的本构关系。研究结果表明: 水泥对基层材料的强度起到积极的影响, 而煤渣则会给材料强度带来负面影响; 水泥稳定煤渣碎石的最优配比为5∶35∶60 (水泥、煤渣、碎石的质量比), 其强度可达3.96 MPa, 可以作为路面基层填料使用; 随着材料抗压强度的增大, 超声波波速也有所增加, 但二者之间的规律性不强; 试件无侧限抗压试验过程可以分为压密阶段、弹性变形阶段、弹塑性变形阶段和破坏阶段, 利用超声波波速的变化可以将弹性变形阶段与弹塑性变形阶段进行区分; 根据超声波波速确定了水泥稳定煤渣碎石的损伤阈值为0.232, 材料可以带伤工作至损伤阈值处, 但不能超过损伤阈值。      

Experimental study on frictional and sealing performances of packing rings in an oil-free gas compressor

To enhance the reliability and to extend service life of packing rings, tribological and sealing performances are investigated based on the experimental results. Friction force, leakage rate and power consumption of three materials of pressure packing seals are measured in a refitted vertical gas compressor. The rings are made of common filled polytetrafluroethylene (Filled PTFE), PTFE reinforced with 30% mass fraction carbon fiber (30%CF+PTFE), and carbon-carbon composites infiltrated with PTFE (C/C+PTFE), respectively. It is found that packing rings will periodically vibrate with the periodic vibration of pressure packing after the travel direction of motion abruptly turns to the reverse direction. Furthermore, the amplitude of vibration slows down with the increasing crank angle. Approximate value of friction force is available by multiple-point fast Fourier transformation (FFT) employed to process the experimental results by reducing the impact of vibration to a great extent. Of three materials of rings employed in experiments, Filled PTFE presents minimal leakage rate accompanied with maximum power consumption. And 30%CF+PTFE exhibits minimum friction power and moderate leakage rate. As for C/C+PTFE, its high mechanical and thermal properties are favorable factors to enhance the ability of operating under high pressure and velocity and to improve the wear resistance. Unfortunately, this also leads to a large leakage rate. Comprehensive consideration should be taken into to evaluate the availability, reliability and service life for a type of packing ring under dry running conditions.     

高压水压轴向柱塞泵特性试验

为了开展水压轴向柱塞泵研究，研制了高压水驱动系统试验台。该试验台能完成水压泵、马达和阀的性能试验以及水压缸的同步试验。用该试验台对某排量为25．3mL／min的高压水压轴向柱塞泵进行了动静特性和吸水能力试验。试验结果表明，该水压轴向柱塞泵的响应速度为1．1ms，但在转速低于1000r／min时随着压力的提高容积效率下降明显。减小泄漏是提高水压泵性能的关键。     

液压对柱板电极下绝缘油纸沿面放电的影响

探明油纸绝缘在不同液压条件下的放电特性,既可以完善油纸绝缘设备的运检策略,也可以为油纸绝缘设备小型轻量化提供参考. 为此,在自行设计的密闭无局放容器中,对柱板油纸绝缘模型进行不同液压条件下（0.01 ~ 0.60 MPa）的沿面放电试验. 测量了不同液压下油纸绝缘柱板沿面放电发展过程中的放电表征参量,记录了从起始放电到击穿过程中的多个局部放电参数,拍摄了放电过程中白斑和气体现象;根据前人的研究结果,结合不同液压下气体的溶解和压缩规律,推导出了压强增加对油纸绝缘中的气体缺陷具有抑制效应;通过不同液压下放电过程中的白斑和气泡现象,对推导结果进行了验证. 试验和推导结果共同表明:沿面放电的起始放电电压和击穿电压均随压强的上升而增加;在同一电压等级下,最大放电量、平均放电量、放电重复率和放电功率均随压强的上升而减小.