Modeling the effect of environmental conditions on reliability of wind turbines

The climate condition of a wind farm has a significant influence on the reliability of wind turbines. The climate condition varies with season in a year and hence the reliability changes in a complex way. The purpose of this paper is to model the effect of climate condition on field reliability of wind turbines. The reliability is measured by monthly-averaged mean time between failures(MTBF), and the climate conditions are described by variables of monthly-averaged temperature, relative humidity, rainfall and wind speed. Referring to the physicsof-failure models in accelerated life testing(ALT), we develop a quantitative relation between the MTBF and the climate variables. For a set of field data, the model parameters are estimated by regression, and the insignificant variables are gradually deleted based on the P-value of the regression coefficients. The resulting model is useful for maintenance workload forecasting and preventive maintenance planning, and has a potential to be used in online failure prediction.     

风荷载-列车-大跨度桥梁系统非线性耦合振动分析

考虑桥梁结构的几何非线性因素,建立了风-列车-桥梁系统耦合振动分析模型.以某大跨度钢桁梁桥为例,计算了静风及脉动风荷载的不同作用效应、风速及车速变化对桥梁位移极值的影响及桥梁几何非线性因素对结构分析的影响.结果表明,进行车桥耦合振动分析时要综合考虑风荷载的动力作用,风速及车速变化对桥梁位移极值均有较大影响,桥梁的线性及非线性位移时程曲线存在明显区别.     

高速列车随车移动点的脉动风速模拟

以修正Karman风速谱为目标谱, 基于最小信息准则确定线性滤波法自回归模型的阶数, 采用线性滤波法和谐波叠加法模拟了高速列车随车移动点的脉动风速时间历程, 并验证了模拟结果的可靠性, 对比了2种方法模拟脉动风速均值、方差、幅频、相频等特征变量以及风速分布规律的差异, 并分析了2种方法的计算效率。分析结果表明: 采用2种方法得到的脉动风速功率谱密度均围绕目标谱波动; 脉动风速均值约为0, 由于随机数的使用, 使得脉动风速峰值在个别时间点存在差异, 且在低频区域得到的仿真谱差异可能超过50%;不同风向角下计算所得脉动风速均值的差异小于2%, 且脉动风速的分布规律几乎一致; 当列车运行速度为80m·s-1, 且距地面高度10m处平均风速为25m·s-1时, 2种方法得到的脉动风速峰值均值间的差异小于1%, 表明2种方法均适用于模拟高速列车随车移动点的脉动风速; 2种方法所得脉动风速幅值均随脉动风速频率的增大而减小, 相位在-π~π内波动, 脉动风速分布在-3~3m·s-1内的差异仅为0.48%;采用2种方法所得脉动风速点数满足高斯分布, 且高斯分布拟合系数最大差异为3.15%;采用线性滤波法模拟所得脉动风速波动比谐波叠加法大7.89%, 其稳定性劣于谐波叠加法; 采用线性滤波法的计算时间约为谐波叠加法的1/9, 其计算效率远高于谐波叠加法。      

Fault diagnosis for wind turbine based on improved extreme learning machine

A fault diagnosis method based on improved extreme learning machine (IELM) is proposed to solve the weakness (weak generalization ability, low diagnostic rate) of traditional fault diagnosis with feedforward neural network algorithm. This method fuses signal feature vectors, extracts six parameters as the principal component analysis (PCA) variables, and calculates correlation coefficient matrix among the variables. The weight values of control parameters in the extreme learning model are dynamically adjusted according to the test samples’ constantly changing. Consequently, the weight fixed drawback in the original model can be remedied. A fault simulation experiment platform for wind turbine drive system is built, eight kinds of fault modes are diagnosed by the improved extreme learning model, and the result is compared with that of other machine learning methods. The experiment indicates that the method can enhance the accuracy and generalization ability of diagnosis, and increase the computing speed. It is convenient for engineering application.     

Optimization of isolation structure under wind load excitation and experimental study of the wind resistant bearing

The method of collaborative work between steel plate anti-wind bearing (AWB) and rubber isolation bearing is proposed to study the vibration reduction effect of isolation structure under stronger wind load, and the function mechanism is explained. Based on a practical project, three kinds of schemes with different isolation layers are put forward, the finite element software ETABS is used for time history analysis, and comparison is made on the seismic response of different isolated structure and aseismic structure. Comparison result shows that the isolation layer with rubber bearing and AWB can work reasonably, but further optimization on the designed parameters is needed. Moreover, the design value of horizontal bearing capacity of lead rubber bearing (LRB) is appropriate to be close to the seismic isolation layer under wind load excitation. Finally, numerical simulation and comparative analysis of shear test of the AWB are conducted. With a very small yield displacement and yield strength over 80% of the set of horizontal bearing capacity, the AWB is validated to satisfy the working conditions which provide the horizontal bearing capacity under normal operating conditions and designed earthquake. The AWB yields and malfunctions, when the maximum displacement is less than the displacement of the isolation layer.     

Design of fuzzy controller for direct drive wind turbines

Based on the research results of these years, this paper proposes a design of 3MW direct-driven wind generation inverter, and takes much effort in the control algorithm research and MATLAB simulation. Some wonderful results are obtained. All this may provide the reference for practical application. The fuzzy controllers are designed, based on fuzzy logic control theory, which can perfect control of wind generation system with no mathematic model. Models of permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) and dual pulse width modulation (PWM) converter with their controllers are set by MATLAB/Simulink. In addition, experiments are made on the simulation platform of variable speed constant frequency (VSCF) wind power generation system. The behavior of dual PWM converter is demonstrated by simulations and experiment, and the control strategy is valid and correct.     

高速列车侧风安全域计算方法

使用参数传递、求解控制以及动态网格技术,建立了侧风流体动力学模型和高速列车多体动力学模型,通过对列车外流场和系统响应进行协同仿真,获得不同侧风环境下列车的稳定姿态和气动载荷,研究了列车运行的安全性指标,分析了不同侧风环境下列车安全运行的临界速度,确定了列车的侧风作用安全域。计算结果表明：随着列车运行速度和侧风强度的增大...     

1.5 MW风力发电机组动态载荷分析

风力发电机动态载荷是影响风机运行和寿命的重要因素,对动态载荷的分析一般采用模型仿真方法.本文针对1.5MW变速变桨风力发电机,基于Samcef for wind turbine（SWT）软件,应用梁单元和超单元进行了高精度建模.模型的控制部分利用曲线查询模拟.在额定风速的湍流风况下,对动态响应曲线、齿轮箱和主轴的两轴承处动态载荷进行了重点分析,揭示了曲线变化成因.通过与Blad-ed软件的仿真结果对比,证明SWT模型具有较高的有效性和参考价值.     

兆瓦级直驱型风力发电系统的效率优化分析

针对兆瓦级永磁直驱风力发电系统,对变流器和发电机效率进行了优化分析.分别建立了中点嵌位式三电平变流器的损耗模型和包括铁损在内的电机损耗模型,通过分析给定转矩下直轴电流与损耗的关系,得到变流器效率最优和发电机效率最优的直轴电流解析式,进而求出永磁同步发电系统整机效率最优解.通过仿真和2MW三电平背靠背永磁直驱风电变流器的实验样机表明,在不同转矩工作区域内,即可以分别实现变流器效率或发电机效率的最优控制,并能提高发电系统整体效率.     

挡风墙对直接空冷风机群流体动力学特性的影响

通过数值模拟法对直接空冷凝汽器风机群流体动力学特性进行研究,分析不同风速情况下,挡风墙形状对空冷风机群流体动力学特性的影响．研究结果表明：挡风墙全凹时不仅有利于周边风机吸风,并能削弱热风回流,挡风墙下凹更有利于周边风机吸风．研究结果为实现空冷风机分区调节和电厂节能提供一定基础数据．     

风和随机车流下悬索桥伸缩缝纵向变形

为动态仿真与评估运营阶段风和随机车流联合作用下大跨钢桁悬索桥伸缩缝纵向变形, 建立了风-随机车流-钢桁悬索桥分析系统; 基于已有单主梁风-车-桥耦合振动分析系统, 引入弹簧单元模拟伸缩缝, 并从车-桥耦合关系和钢桁梁横断面风荷载精细化加载2个方面将分析系统从单主梁提升为梁格法; 基于监测数据仿真重现了交通流荷载, 采用建立的分析系统计算了一座典型大跨钢桁悬索桥伸缩缝在随机车流作用下的动态位移时程响应, 获取并验证了累计位移与交通流质量的相关关系; 以滑动支承耐磨材料厚度为评估指标确定了伸缩缝累计位移临界值, 评估了伸缩缝的正常工作寿命; 在不同风速和随机车流作用下对伸缩缝纵向变形性能进行了参数敏感性分析。分析结果表明: 伸缩缝在随机车流作用下的时位移极值远小于设计允许伸缩范围-880~880 mm; 伸缩缝累计位移与其对应时段内的交通流荷载具有正相关性; 在风与随机车流联合作用下, 风速小于15 m·s-1时, 影响伸缩缝纵向变形的主要荷载因素为随机车流, 风速大于15 m·s-1时, 主要荷载因素为风荷载; 伸缩缝时位移极值与时累计位移随风速的增大均呈增大趋势; 当风速增大至20 m·s-1时, 风荷载产生的伸缩缝纵向变形近似为车流荷载下的2倍; 建立的风-随机车流-钢桁悬索桥分析系统可为运营荷载下伸缩缝纵向变形的动态仿真与性能评估提供数值分析平台。      

风力发电用齿轮箱齿根应力测试系统的开发

针对风电齿轮箱研制中检验修形效果的难点,提出了齿根应力测试技术,可同时测出齿根处,齿向载荷分布系数和载荷不均匀系数.论述了风机齿轮箱应力测试系统的原理及其主要组成部分,给出了典型的应力分布和均载测试结果;重点分析了测试系统中关键的程控放大模块和I2C总线通信.运行实践表明,该应力测试系统能够对齿轮箱的啮合状态进行定量分析,测试结果对齿轮修形及结构设计等有重要的参考价值.     

建筑结构非定常绕流风场的数值模拟方法

给出了一种适用于计算建筑结构非定常绕流风场的大涡数值模拟算法．该算法基于有限差分法,采用曲线坐标结构网格,能精确描述形状复杂的物面边界,为下一步准确模拟含有因结构受风变形所致运动边界的绕流场奠定了基础．该算法采用投影法解耦纳维一斯托克斯方程中的压力和速度,对非定常流场的时间步进采用二阶Adams—Bashforth方法．采用同位网格以减少计算所需内存,为了平抑同位网格下中心差分格式导致的固有压力波动现象,计算对流速度时采用Rhie—Chow动量插值方法,利用编制的曲线坐标系下大涡模拟数值计算程序,对德州理工大学（TTU）建筑足尺模型绕流风场进行了模拟,所得结果与现场实测和风洞试验结果进行了比较,结果表明,本文算法是建筑结构非定常绕流风场数值模拟的有效方法．     

基于指数平滑法的平抑风电功率波动储能控制策略

随着风电并网渗透率不断提高,风电并网的功率波动对电网产生的不利影响逐渐显现.本文将储能系统（ESS）用于抑制风电发电系统的功率波动性.同时考虑ESS荷电状态（SOC）和风电功率波动率的情况下设计了一种基于指数平滑法（ES）的平抑风电功率波动的储能控制策略方法.算例结果验证了该控制策略的正确性和有效性.     

斜风作用下桥塔施工阶段抖振性能

为了研究不同风速、风偏角在施工阶段对桥塔抖振性能的影响,进行了考虑塔吊共同作用的桥塔联合气弹模型风洞试验。试验结果显示:桥塔的抖振位移响应可近似地表示为风速的二次函数,桥塔抖振响应随着风偏角的增加呈非单调变化,施工状态中桥塔顺桥向和横桥向抖振位移响应最大值会出现在非正交风作用下;在施工阶段设计风速下抖振位移响应最大值为0.2746m,在工程可接受范围内,试验得出的抖振位移响应均方根值显著大于抖振时域分析计算值,说明桥塔风洞试验应考虑施工状态和施工机械对其抖振性能的影响。     

Complex Mode Frequency Iteration Method for Flutter Analysis of 2-DOF Systems

For a vibration system with 2-DOF of bend and torsion, itscritical flutter wind speed can be calculated by using complex mode frequency iteration (CMFI) method based on MatLab 5.2, the results of which are in agree with those acquired by wind tunnel test. Not only critical flutter wind speed, but also vibration characteristic of a system under different wind speeds can be determined. CMFI method is suitable for both of separated-flow torsional flutter and classic coupling flutter analysis, which is presented by flutter analysis of an ideal thin plate and a bluff bridge deck. Furthermore, it is proved through the investigation of the relationship between flutter derivatives and its critical flutter wind speed that coupling aerodynamic derivatives are necessary for classic coupling flutter to occur.     

环境风对高速铁路接触线波动速度的影响

基于空气动力学理论分别推导了作用在接触线上的空气阻尼和脉动风气动载荷, 并将空气动力项添加至接触线波动速度公式中进行修正; 通过风洞试验和CFD绕流仿真得到了横风环境下的气动阻力系数, 分析了不同空气阻尼下接触线波动速度的变化规律; 基于AR模型和接触网的结构特性, 建立了具有时间和空间相关性的接触网脉动风场, 通过仿真计算分析了脉动风速和风攻角对接触线波动速度的影响。研究结果表明: 静风载荷引起的接触线空气阻尼很小, 当平均风速达到30 m·s-1时, 接触线空气阻尼仅为0.3, 接触线波动速度为549.1 km·h-1左右, 因此, 空气阻尼不会对接触线波动速度产生较大影响; 当来流风攻角为60°, 平均风速不大于10 m·s-1时, 脉动风下接触线波动速度标准差和最值差分别小于1和6 km·h-1, 此时接触线波动速度相对无风情况变化较小, 脉动风载荷对接触线波动速度的影响不明显; 当风速达到40 m·s-1时, 接触线平均波动速度较无风情况下降39.39 km·h-1, 且其标准差和最值差分别达到11.84和75.98 km·h-1, 此时接触线波动速度出现大幅下降与振荡, 最小波动速度低至474.16 km·h-1, 因此, 脉动风下风速越大, 接触线波动速度受脉动风载荷影响越显著; 当风速保持30 m·s-1, 来流风攻角为0°~30°时, 接触线波动速度标准差和最值差分别小于1和5 km·h-1, 此时脉动风载荷对接触线波动速度的影响较小; 当风攻角为90°时, 接触线波动速度标准差和最值差分别达到12.38和73.19 km·h-1, 此时接触线波动速度出现大幅下降与振荡, 最小波动速度低至472.91 km·h-1, 因此, 脉动风下来流风越偏于水平方向, 对接触线波动速度的影响越小。      

基于EMD与SVM的风电功率短期预测

由于风电存在着不确定性,风电功率预测对于接入大量风电的电力系统意义重大.为了提高风电功率的预测精度,本文建立了基于经验模式分解法（EMD）与支持向量机（SVM）的复合预测模型.考虑到风力机组的输出有很强的非线性,该模型首先将训练数据按风速大小分成高、中、低3组,然后对各组的风电功率样本序列进行经验模式分解,并建立各个频带分量的支持向量机预测模型,各模型的预测结果等权求和即得到最终的功率预测值.使用风电场现场采集数据的预测结果,验证了该方法的可行性和有效性.     

Wind Vibration Study of Long-span Steel Arch Structure of Beijing Capital International Airport

IntroductionThe long-span light-weight steel arch struc-tures have been widely used in the world due to itsbeautiful shape and reasonable mechanical charac-teristics. With the development of the computa-tional theory, the steel arch span becomes longerand longer. So, the wind loads become the majoror even dominant loads applied on steel arch struc-tural system[1~3]. The distress and damage willprobably occur in the structure, because of thelong term wind-induced vibration.1 Structural Wind-in…     

Composite Control of Precalciner Exit Temperature in Cement Rotary Kiln

Introduction　　Thecementkilnisalarge scaledcomplexsystem ,inwhichtheinvolvedcontrolobjectsincluderawmealflow ,exittemperatureofwettower ,negativepressureofkilnheadcover ,spoutwaterofkilnhead ,temperatureinprecalciner ,rotatingspeedofkiln ,strokeofcooling…