桩底沉渣对大直径钻孔灌注桩承载力的影响分析

针对桩底沉渣对大直径钻孔灌注桩承载性状的影响进行了分析,并对减少桩底沉渣影响的方法进行了探讨。     

高速公路沥青路面下面层车辙成因的分析

在对某高速公路沥青路面下面层车辙单影响因素分析的基础上,通过使用随机交换人工神经网络,对影响车辙的成因进行了多因素筛选研究.为了验证筛选出的因素是否能够代表路段的所有测试因素指标,文中进一步基于最小三乘法,对采集到的数据进行了多元非线性回归,把筛选出的关键因素对车辙的隐含影响显式化,并通过回归效果对网络筛选结果进行了判断.     

城市占道施工对交通环境影响的分析及管理

文章分析了城市施工占道项目的现状,并对施工占道项目进行等级划分,对城市施工占道项目的交通影响程度进行分析,具体包括确定交通影响分析的阈值,划定交通影响范围的方法,提出对城市施工占道期间的管理措施及方法。     

铁路客运枢纽对城市空间布局的影响分析

本文对以铁路客运站为主的综合客运枢纽对城市空间布局和区位态势的影响进行实证研究和理论分析。论证了枢纽对城市空间布局的圈层影响模式以及对城市区位态势的双向影响作用,提出需要从系统平衡的角度对枢纽的规划建设进行优化。     

矮塔斜拉桥最优塔跨比探讨

用影响矩阵法对索力进行了优化,研究了塔高变化对主梁、拉索等各个方面的影响,选取了优化函数并对最优塔跨比做了有益的探讨。     

复合式土压平衡盾构刀具切削扭矩的研究

为了准确地估算盾构刀盘的切削扭矩,文章通过对刀具切削扭矩影响的研究,提出了对复合式盾构应同时考虑切刀和盘形滚刀对切削扭矩的影响.为此,对滚刀和切刀切削产生的地层抗力扭矩进行了计算公式的推导,并通过实例进行了切削扭矩计算和切削扭矩的影响因素分析.本研究为盾构的选型和设计提供了理论参考.     

半刚性基层沥青路面剪应力正交分析

文章分析了沥青路面剪应力的影响因素,并通过正交设计实验,采用直观和方差方法,分析了各因素对沥青路面剪应力的影响程度。同时还对各影响因素与路面车辙间的关系进行了探讨。     

探究公路勘察设计与环境保护的关联

文章首先阐述了规划公路对周边环境可能产生的影响,包括对土地征用的影响、自然环境的影响、对周边环境的影响、以及对交通流量的影响,而后提出设计阶段需注重环境的影响,需注重对路线进行科学考量、对土地高效利用、最大限度保护水资源、防止水土流失等。     

道路隧道盾构施工对既有地铁隧道的影响分析

以北京市展西路道路工程下穿地铁四号线为工程背景,研究了道路隧道盾构施工对既有地铁隧道的影响。建立了三维有限元模型,通过模拟盾构开挖过程,分析了既有隧道在未进行地层加固情况下的反应,确定了既有隧道的危险部位。研究表明,隧道施工对既有隧道的影响较大,需对地层进行加固以减小对隧道的影响;分析了不同的地层加固方案,并对隧道施工中可能出现的问题及解决方法提出了建议。     

成型方法对沥青混合料性能的影响

对不同成型方法对沥青混合料密度和空隙率的影响进行了研究,同时进行了水稳定性比较.     

Two-class freeway traffic regulation to reduce congestion and emissions via nonlinear optimal control

The objective of this paper is the regulation of freeway traffic by means of optimal control techniques. A first innovative aspect of the proposed approach is the adopted objective function in which, besides the reduction of traffic congestion (which is typically considered in traffic control schemes), the minimization of traffic emissions is also included. Moreover, a multi-class framework is defined in which two classes of vehicles (cars and trucks) are explicitly modelled, and specific control actions for each vehicle class are sought. This results in the formulation of a multi-objective optimal control problem which is described in the paper and for which a specific solution algorithm is developed and used. The algorithm exploits a specific version of the feasible direction algorithm whose effectiveness is demonstrated in the paper by means of simulation results.     

Driving behaviour models enabling the simulation of Advanced Driving Assistance Systems: revisiting the Action Point paradigm

In the field of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), one of the most promising sub-functions is that of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). Development of an effective ADAS, and one that is able to gain drivers’ acceptance, hinges on the development of a human-like car-following model, and this is particularly important in order to ensure the driver is always ‘in the (vehicle control) loop’ and is able to recover control safely in any situation where the ADAS may release control. One of the most commonly used models of car-following is that of the Action Point (AP) (psychophysical) paradigm. However, while this is widely used in both micro-simulation models and behavioural research, the approach is not without its weaknesses. One of these, the potential redundancy of some of the identified APs, is examined in this paper and its basic structure validated using microscopic driving behaviour collected on thirteen subjects in Italy. Another weakness in practical application of the Action Point theory is the identification of appropriate thresholds, accounting for the perception, reaction and adjustment of relative speed (or spacing) from the leading vehicle. This article shows that this identification is problematic if the Action Point paradigm is analysed in a traditional way (car-following spirals), while it is easier if the phenomenon is analysed in terms of car-following ‘waves’, related to Time To Collision (TTC) or the inverse of TTC. Within this new interpretative framework, the observed action points can be observed to follow a characteristically linear pattern. The identification of the most significant variables to be taken into account, and their characterisation by means of a simple linear pattern, allows for the formulation of more efficient real-time applications, thereby contributing to the development and diffusion of emerging on-board technologies in the field of vehicle control and driver’s assistance.     

Tree-building with complex cost structures — A new algorithm for incorporation into transport demand models

This paper highlights some of the difficulties involved in the implementation of complex cost structures in the tree-building section of a transport demand model. The conventional tree-building algorithm is briefly described and is seen to be inadequate for the present purpose. A new algorithm is then presented which is able to implement complex cost structures properly. An example is given of the application of this algorithm to the building of tree in a public transport network. The performance of a computer program incorporating the new alrogrithm is evaluated against alternative methods of implementing complex cost structures. Some mention is then made of the vast range of potential uses for the new algorithm in the field of transport modelling and simulation.     

Attitudes towards the role of Cost–Benefit Analysis in the decision-making process for spatial-infrastructure projects: A Dutch case study

This paper provides a systematic overview of the attitudes of key actors in the Dutch Cost–Benefit Analysis (CBA) practice towards the role of CBA in the decision-making process for spatial-infrastructure projects. The main aim of this paper is to scrutinize the extent to which there is agreement among these Dutch actors in regard to the role of the CBA in the decision-making process. A secondary goal is to provide possible explanations for agreements and controversies among key actors in the Dutch CBA practice. In this study two research methods are combined to study the key actors’ attitudes. Firstly, 86 key actors (e.g. consultants, scientists, policy makers) were interviewed in-depth. Secondly, 74 of them completed a written questionnaire. The most important conclusion of this paper is that in the Dutch CBA practice there is agreement that CBA must have a role in the appraisal process of spatial-infrastructure projects. However, there is a lot of controversy among economists and spatial planners in the Dutch CBA practice concerning the value that is and should be assigned to CBA in the decision-making process. Economists predominantly believe that not enough value is assigned to the CBA in the decision-making process, whereas spatial planners predominantly think that too much value is assigned to the CBA. Both economists and spatial planners believe that this controversy is problematic as it results in debates about the pros and cons of CBA instead of the pros and cons of the spatial-infrastructure projects. This paper analyzes some solutions for this controversy.     

磁场对金属腐蚀的实验研究

在室温下，将腐蚀溶液装上试片放在3种不同磁场强度环境下，分析实验前后试样厚度及质量，对腐蚀速率数据进行对比。研究了A3钢在不同磁场强度下的腐蚀性能，并在不同的时间段测出腐蚀介质的电导率随时间的变化规律。实验结果表明：强磁场下的腐蚀速率小于较强磁场下的腐蚀速率，大于不加磁场下的腐蚀速率；通过对电导率曲线的分析，较强磁场下的电导率大于强磁场下的电导率，且强磁场下的电导率大于不加磁场下的电导率，这与实验中金属腐蚀速率大小结果一致。     

隔挡式背斜构造区隧道涌突水量的BP网络预测

川东隔挡式背斜区具有其特殊的岩溶地质构造,已修建的数十条隧道每每揭露背斜区,均发生较大地下水涌突水灾害,对这种特殊构造下涌突水灾害的研究具有重要现实意义.针对岩溶地下水系统具有强烈的非线性特征,建立合适的BP神经网络,评价某在建公路华蓥山隧道的涌突水灾害危险等级.结果显示,背斜两翼非可溶岩层等级为Ⅰ～Ⅲ级;核部可溶岩地层为Ⅲ～Ⅴ级,且越靠近核部危险性等级越高;西翼涌突水危险性等级高于东翼.评价结果与勘察阶段的研究相互印证.     

The concept and impact analysis of a flexible mobility on demand system

This paper introduces an innovative transportation concept called Flexible Mobility on Demand (FMOD), which provides personalized services to passengers. FMOD is a demand responsive system in which a list of travel options is provided in real-time to each passenger request. The system provides passengers with flexibility to choose from a menu that is optimized in an assortment optimization framework. For operators, there is flexibility in terms of vehicle allocation to different service types: taxi, shared-taxi and mini-bus. The allocation of the available fleet to these three services is carried out dynamically so that vehicles can change roles during the day. The FMOD system is built based on a choice model and consumer surplus is taken into account in order to improve passenger satisfaction. Furthermore, profits of the operators are expected to increase since the system adapts to changing demand patterns. In this paper, we introduce the concept of FMOD and present preliminary simulation results. It is shown that the dynamic allocation of the vehicles to different services provides significant benefits over static allocation. Furthermore, it is observed that the trade-off between consumer surplus and operator’s profit is critical. The optimization model is adapted in order to take into account this trade-off by controlling the level of passenger satisfaction. It is shown that with such control mechanisms FMOD provides improved results in terms of both profit and consumer surplus.     

管道污垢监测装置的研究进展

介绍了管道污垢的种类,并对国内外目前较流行的污垢监测设备进行了分析。污垢广泛存在于各种工业生产过程中,使管道截面积减小,设备处理能力降低,能耗增加,甚至使管道破裂,带来巨大的经济损失。污垢的形成是个复杂的过程,现阶段的研究处在实验阶段,没有形成完整的理论体系,污垢监测装置的研发显得尤为重要。采用合理、经济的监测装置有利于除垢、防垢工作的进行。国内污垢监测装置的开发起步较晚,技术水平还不太成熟,通过对不同污垢监测装置的分析比较,可以促进国内污垢监测水平的提高。     

Why railway passengers are more polluting in the peak than in the off-peak; environmental effects of capacity management by railway companies under conditions of fluctuating demand

Given the difference between peak and off-peak occupancy rates in public transport, the average emission per traveller kilometre is lower in the peak than during the off-peak period. However, in this paper it is argued that it is much more fruitful to analyse environmental effects in marginal than in average terms. The issue appears to depend on capacity management policies of public transport suppliers that are facing increases in demand both during the peak and off-peak period. A detailed analysis of capacity management of the Netherlands Railways reveals that the off-peak capacity supply is mainly dictated by the demand levels during the peak period. Topics that receive attention in the analysis are the effects of frequency increases and size of vehicle increases on environmental effects. Also environmental economies of vehicle size are taken into account in the analysis. The main conclusion is that the marginal environmental burden during the peak is much higher than is usually thought, whereas it is almost zero at the off-peak period. Thus, one arrives at a pattern that is entirely reversed compared with the average environmental burden: peak passengers are more polluting than off-peak passengers. The conclusion is that policies based on average environmental performances would lead to misleading conclusions.     

Estimating choice models containing attraction variables

The paper presents a family of disaggregate choice models, which are shown to be equivalent to many of the aggregate models commonly used in planning studies. A brief summary is given of the method that has been developed for estimating the parameters of these models. A generalisation is then introduced in which variables representing the attractiveness in terms of size or quantity of each alternative are allowed to enter the model. It is shown that the form in which these variables enter the model requires a more general estimation algorithm than is commonly used, and such an algorithm is presented. A series of practical tests of the new algorithm is described.