梅岭关瓦斯隧道施工技术

文章以梅岭关瓦斯隧道的施工为例,介绍了瓦斯隧道的施工特点、瓦斯隧道的等级划分、瓦斯对隧道的危害,并对瓦斯预报、检测与监控以及瓦斯隧道通风、机械和供电配置等方面进行了研究分析;总结出了瓦斯隧道安全施工的控制重点,即人的因素和物的因素相结合,发挥其最大的潜能,有效控制瓦斯事故的发生。     

瓦斯隧道通风在线监测与动态分析预警

瓦斯隧道通风控制系统是利用自动瓦斯监测系统对隧道内施工环境进行监测和对通风设备运行状态进行控制,在实时检测隧道内CH4、CO、风速、温度等参数的基础上,将这些数据传送到地面监控室的计算机,计算机再以检测到的环境参数为依据,对瓦斯隧道内通风状况进行动态分析与预警,为实时掌握瓦斯隧道通风安全状况提供技术手段,提高瓦斯隧道施工通风的管理水平,从而保证隧道施工安全有效地进行.文章以兰渝铁路梅岭关隧道为例,介绍了瓦斯隧道的施工通风方案、通风系统检测、通风安全预警以及瓦斯监测系统的的现场应用.     

黄荆坝隧道DK254+790～+810处坍方处理

介绍了黄荆坝隧道DK254+790～+810处的坍方整治方案,对坍方机理进行了简析,同时对低山浅埋偏压隧道辅助坑道的设置提出了一点看法.     

板桃隧道出口岩溶段桩基托梁施工

文章简要介绍渝怀铁路板桃隧道出口DK215+693～+759段溶洞、暗河整治中桩基托梁的施工技术,可为今后类似工程的设计和施工提供依据.     

昆仑山隧道渗漏水连通试验研究

昆仑山隧道在衬砌完成后,多处发生渗水现象.根据实地调查,隧道内最主要的出水点主要集中在3个地段DK976+283右侧避车洞、DK976+793左侧避车洞和DK977+573左侧避车洞.根据隧道内出水严重程度、地表示踪剂投放条件,以及水害治理的紧迫性,分3个阶段进行昆仑山隧道渗漏水连通试验.试验研究认为,因施工扰动局部改变了隧道穿越区域多年冻土的水-盐循环条件和水流场,并对隧道穿越区域的温度场造成较大的影响,以至于隧道内渗(涌)水与地表水之间,以及隧道衬砌背后与破碎围岩之间的地下水连通,造成隧道内多处发生渗(涌)水的现象.文章还针对性地提出了水害整治建议.     

宜万铁路野三关隧道602溶腔处治

文章主要介绍宜万铁路野三关隧道DK124+602高压富水溶腔的规模与处治技术.602溶腔影响隧道纵向达20 m,向上与3号暗河连通,最大涌水量48万m3/d,实测水压1.0 MPa.该溶腔段施工采取了高位排水降压、帷幕注浆、管棚预支护等技术措施,实现了降压、加固、堵水、肪渗的目的,防止高压渗水直接传递给隧道结构,为隧道开挖通过溶腔及运营结构安全提供了重要保障.     

双线铁路瓦斯长隧道快速施工设备配套及防爆改装探索

兰渝铁路肖家梁隧道为双线铁路瓦斯隧道,进出口同时掘进,采用台阶法和光面爆破法开挖、装载机配合自卸汽车出碴运输、以压人式通风为主并辅以竖井和斜井射流通风的施工方案.文章以该隧道为例,主要介绍了采用无轨运输的瓦斯隧道快速施工设备配套以及施工机械的防爆改装技术.     

铁路隧道穿越岩溶群区施工控制技术研究

文章以渝(重庆)怀(怀化)铁路板桃隧道为工程背景,阐述了该隧道穿越DK215+650～DK216+105段岩溶群区的施工技术.为确保施工工期,施工中采取了"先绕行后处理"的原则,设置施工迂回导洞绕行岩溶区,并通过横通道与正线相连.针对岩溶区内不同的溶洞类型分别采取跨越、支顶、锚喷支护、浆砌片石回填等技术措施,同时根据暗河与溶洞内的水流大小及流向采取了诸如涵洞、小桥等设施或开凿泄水洞将水排出洞外,安全稳妥地通过了455 m岩溶群区.本工程取得的经验可供类似工程施工中借鉴.     

梅岭关隧道水平岩层稳定性分析与施工技术

水平岩层是地下工程中经常遇到的一种岩体,具有明显的各向异性力学性质,其变形破坏特征表现得更为复杂.为了及时预防大跨度隧道穿越水平岩层施工过程中极易出现的平拱、拱顶离层破坏、拱顶弯折内鼓等危害现象,确定合理的支护方案,文章结合新建兰渝铁路梅岭关隧道,根据现场跟踪调查和试验,在对隧道地质特质和影响围岩稳定性因素等进行分析的基础上,提出针对性施工技术措施,并经施工实践证明,避免了隧道坍塌等恶性安全事件的发生,从而有效指导了隧道设计和施工.     

铁路隧道施工阶段监测等级划分方法及应用

铁路隧道施工阶段监控量测是保障信息化施工的重要手段，目前关于隧道监控量测项目及内容主要通过围岩级别定性判定，未建立统一的定量化评价体系。基于风险分析理论，依据隧道发生风险概率指数与风险后果指数，建立铁路隧道施工阶段监测等级及划分方法。将未确知测度理论作为风险概率指数评价方法，选取岩石风化程度、岩石质量指标和单轴饱和抗压强度等8个影响指标，构建指标测度函数，结合改进层次分析法对各评价指标进行赋权，依照置信度识别准则判定风险概率指数，定量计算监测等级指数确定监控量测等级及相应的监测内容。以渝昆铁路小草坝隧道为例，对该隧道3个里程区段进行施工阶段监测等级划分，评价结果显示DK344+200～DK344+220区段监测等级为C。     

Optimization of bus stop locations for improving transit accessibility

A mathematical model is developed in this paper to improve the accessibility of a bus service. To formulate the optimization model, a segment of a bus route is given, on which a number of demand entry points are distributed realistically. The objective total cost function (i.e. the sum of supplier and user costs) is minimized by optimizing the number and locations of stops, subject to non‐additive users' value of time. A numerical example is designed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method thus developed to optimize the bus stop location problem. The sensitivity of the total cost to various parameters (e.g. value of users' time, access speed, and demand density) and the effect of the parameters on the optimal stop locations are analyzed and discussed.     

Productive efficiency and ownership of urban bus services

The established ownership mix of urban bus operations in Australia provides a unique opportunity to investigate the productivity differences between public and private bus service supply. Using duality theory in economics which links economic indices of factor productivity to the cost structure of a firm, we develop empirical measures of total and partial productivity of inputs, and adjust the differences for the effects of ownership status and operating environment. The evidence supports the notion that private supply of public passenger transport in general has performed more efficiently in the past than public supply, although the differences in productivity need not continue in the future.     

Governing autonomous vehicles: emerging responses for safety,liability, privacy,cybersecurity, and industry risks

ABSTRACT

The benefits of autonomous vehicles (AVs) are widely acknowledged, but there are concerns about the extent of these benefits and AV risks and unintended consequences. In this article, we first examine AVs and different categories of the technological risks associated with them. We then explore strategies that can be adopted to address these risks, and explore emerging responses by governments for addressing AV risks. Our analyses reveal that, thus far, governments have in most instances avoided stringent measures in order to promote AV developments and the majority of responses are non-binding and focus on creating councils or working groups to better explore AV implications. The US has been active in introducing legislations to address issues related to privacy and cybersecurity. The UK and Germany, in particular, have enacted laws to address liability issues; other countries mostly acknowledge these issues, but have yet to implement specific strategies. To address privacy and cybersecurity risks strategies ranging from introduction or amendment of non-AV specific legislation to creating working groups have been adopted. Much less attention has been paid to issues such as environmental and employment risks, although a few governments have begun programmes to retrain workers who might be negatively affected.     

Determinants of modal choice in freight transport

In the next few years, exciting developments in the field of freight transport are likely to occur. The Channel Tunnel will be perceived as giving railways much greater distance of operation, compared to the current train ferry to/from Great Britain. The further development of swap-body technology will allow easier modal transfer and the creation, in 1992, of a single market in Europe will transform the pattern of trade. All of these are likely to have significant impacts on modal choice, and hence modal split, in freight transport. Reappraisal by many firms of the modes of transport used is likely but will it result in a net transfer of freight from road to rail and, if so, to what extent? To answer such questions, an accurate and reliable method of predicting modal split is required. Research in the past has concentrated on the development of modal split models based on generalised costs. These fail to explain adequately the prevalence of road freight in the UK. From surveys of freight managers within industry, it is clear that models to date rely too heavily on the economic cost factor and too little on behavioural factors (Jeffs 1985). This paper derives from a recent study of freight transport modal choice from the standpoint of the transport decision-maker within the firm. It attempts to shed light on the actual parameters which should be incorporated into a modal split model. Many variables appear to exert an influence on modal choice decision-making process. However, it is possible to categorise them into six main groups, namely: customer-requirements; product-characteristics; company structure/organisation; government interventions; available transport facilities; and perceptions of the decision-maker him/herself. It is the interactions and inter-relationships between these which ultimately determine freight modal split. This study has shown that the relationship between the outcome of the transport decision process and the values of particular determinants of modal split is not straight-forward, due to the complexity and variety of interactions involved. Perhaps one of the main reasons for researchers' failure hitherto to develop a successful modal-split model has been the preoccupation with techniques that rely on the development of common metric (e.g. generalised cost), which has led to the exclusion of some important explanatory variables along quite different dimensions. Another important issue concerns the appropriate level of aggregation. In order not to reduce the explanatory power of the key variables, it is important to work at a disaggregate level, although this does make substantial demands on data. The use of factor analysis enables both the aggregation of information without loss of behavioural reality and the specification of variables in terms of a common metric. In conclusion, freight transport has usually been examined within too narrow a framework. It must be placed firmly within the context of the total industrial process. The demand for freight transport is directly influenced by the level, composition and geographical distribution of production and consumption activities. Freight flows are complex and so it is highly unlikely that a universal mode-choice model can ever be developed. Future research should, therefore, be directed towards developing partial models in response to specific needs of those involved in decision-taking in the freight sector.     

Fatigue in transport: a review of exposure,risks, checks and controls*

Human fatigue continues to threaten safe transport. There are claims that employers of operators should do more to mitigate the risks, and several regulators are promoting fatigue-risk management in the context of safety management systems (SMS). The current paper reviews fatigue-related risk and exposure factors and control measures for operators of land- and sea-based transport forms. Our review identifies 13 types of measures for the monitoring or control of fatigue risks: optimal staffing; optimal schedule design; optimisation of breaks/naps; monitoring of actual hours worked; optimisation of work content; monitoring and feedback of actual sleep; health screening and treatment; promotion of recovery from work; fitness-for-duty testing; monitoring of fatigue symptoms while operating; control of fatigue while operating; performance monitoring and assistance; and fatigue-proofing. We also identify two systemic measures needed to anchor risk mitigation in SMS: organisational learning and training/other. By structuring monitoring and control measures along Dawson and McCulloch’s [Managing fatigue: It’s about sleep. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 9(5), 365–380] fatigue-risk trajectory, a framework is obtained that acts as a guide for fatigue-risk management by transport employers. To inform transport managers further, evaluations are needed of the effectiveness of individual control measures as well as whole fatigue-risk management interventions.     

海底管道单项高风险因素分析

为了准确掌握海底管道在运行阶段面临的各种单项高风险因素,通过采用相应模型计算和OLGA模拟等方法,以某管道为例,得到了对管道安全影响较大的单项高风险因素为海底管道埋深、海床变化、析蜡可能性、水合物堵塞可能性、结垢、沥青质沉积、抛锚与拖网干扰等、腐蚀、悬跨影响等。文中给出了相应的风险减缓措施,为解决生产实践中海底管道存在的安全隐患提供了依据,预防海底管道事故的发生。     

统筹区域性交通物流促进循环经济发展

文章结合贺州交通物流发展状况,分析当前制约贺州市物流产业发展的因素,提出了利用循环经济理念。倡导通过节约资源,实施差异化发展等途径,推动贺州市区域性交通物流沿着循环经济发展需要采取的措施,探讨了贺州物流今后十年的阶段性发展思路。     

威乌高速公路8M预制板静载试验研究

对8m预制板进行静力荷载试验,测量预制板在试验荷载作用下控制截面的应力和挠度是否满足设计要求,通过对试验检测数据和试验现象进行综合分析,对试验板做出总体评价。     

Mapping minibuses in Maputo and Nairobi: engaging paratransit in transportation planning in African cities

ABSTRACT

Often called paratransit because of their flexible stops, schedules and routes, minibuses make up the bulk of public transport in African cities. Despite their ubiquity and importance, these systems are poorly understood by transportation planners who tend to focus on large-scale urban infrastructure projects such as highways, commuter rail or bus rapid transit systems. The assumption within much of this planning is that these minibus systems are barriers to change and will become at most secondary “feeder” buses within large-scale projects, but structured plans detailing this vision are lacking. This paper argues that frequent failure to collect data and value important paratransit systems as a critical part of transportation in their own right is deeply problematic from the point of view of equity, access and inclusive and effective planning. We ask whether the growing number of bottom up mapping projects of minibus systems can disrupt this status quo. By comparing two mapping projects, Digital Matatus in Nairobi and the Mapa Dos Chapas in Maputo, we find that inclusive, collaborative mapping can help render these minibuses more visible in planning and provoke more grounded and inclusive “planning conversations” on multi-modal integration, passenger information and minibus upgrading, all key but relatively marginalised aspects of creating accessible, low emission, high quality and safe public transport in African cities.