渤中稠油乳状液的流变性实验研究

此项研究的目的在于揭示含水率、压力和温度等对稠油乳状液流变特性的影响.实验结果表明,油品乳状液的反相点大约在含水率70%左右,温度对乳状液黏度和流变性影响较为明显,压力对乳状液黏度和流变性影响不大.     

大庆油田稠油流变特性的分析

对大庆油田稠油开展流变特性实验研究,在一定温度范围内作出其黏温曲线和流变曲线,对实验结果进行归纳分析,确定稠油的流体类型以及牛顿流与非牛顿流的转变点,总结出稠油流变规律,为实际生产提供了一种有效的理论依据。     

屈服假塑性流体管流流动及传热规律研究

结合屈服假塑性流体的本构方程、管流力平衡关系式以及非牛顿流体的能量方程，得出了屈服假塑性流体管流速度分布及温度分布。研究结果表明：由于屈服应力的作用，管中心存在柱塞流动，柱塞的半径与屈服应力成正比，与压力梯度成反比；管流流量随屈服应力的增大而减小；柱塞内温度一致，从柱塞边界到管壁，温度逐渐减小，而且越靠近管壁，温降梯度越大。     

越海泥水盾构隧道泥浆流变特征试验研究

针对目前不同因素作用下海水泥浆流变特征及流变方程不明的问题，选取两种典型的增黏剂开展一系列室内流变试验，探究不同增黏剂含量及环境温度对海水泥浆流变参数的影响规律，并从微观层面揭示泥浆流变参数变化机理。结果表明：相较于羧甲基纤维素钠（CMC），同等含量的增黏剂聚阴离子纤维素（PAC）具有更好的海水泥浆流动性增强效果，可显著提升泥浆黏度和物理稳定性，含0.4%PAC、12%钠基膨润土的海水泥浆的黏度有较大程度提升；不同PAC含量下海水泥浆流动模式均符合幂律模型，且随温度的升高，其稠度系数k和流变指数n分别呈下降和增加趋势；微观角度上，增黏剂分子链上的羟基与膨润土颗粒之间相互作用形成分子内氢键，是增黏剂起到增强泥浆流动性作用的主要原因。     

原油管道停输再启动实验研究

在实验室内建立了管流实验装置,测定大庆原油流变特性以及进行停输再启动的实验研究。对原油流变特性的测定大多是在旋转黏度计中进行的,而原油在旋转黏度计中是拖动流,在管路中为压力流。管流实验装置测量的原油流变特性曲线更符合实际管道原油的流变特性。分析了停输前流量、启输流量、原油出站温度、环境温度对启输过程的影响。由试验结果以及模拟结果分析可知,对停输过程温度的计算偏低,再启动压力值偏大。对解决东北管网的低输量问题具有指导意义和实际的应用价值。     

特石管线超稠油黏温特性实验分析

辽河油田曙光特油2号站至石化分公司输油管线输送原油为超稠油。超稠油的输送过程中,需要进行加热以降低黏度。为了降低企业运营成本,需要对稠油管道进行优化设计,这就需要掌握目前管道中超稠油的黏温特性。在利用HAAKE RV-3旋转黏度计测出不同温度超稠油的黏度后,进行数据分析,得出超稠油流变方程与黏温指数,用以指导超稠油管道的优化工作。     

氧化钙-碳酸钠复合激发矿渣灌浆材料流变特性研究

浆液流型及流变参数的时变规律是建立注浆扩散理论模型的前提。为探究氧化钙和碳酸钠复合激发矿渣灌浆材料流变特性，首先采用氧化钙和碳酸钠（物质的量比为1∶1）为激发剂制备出析水率和结石体抗压强度优于42.5号普通硅酸盐水泥浆的新型灌浆材料，接下来采用旋转黏度计对不同水胶比、不同水化时间灌浆材料的流变特性进行测试，基于测试结果探讨了水胶比、水化时间对灌浆材料流型及流变参数的影响规律。结果表明，水胶比对氧化钙-碳酸钠复合激发矿渣灌浆材料流变模式有较大影响，水胶比为0.60～1.00的灌浆材料流型不是某种单一流型，分属宾汉姆流体、牛顿流体。塑性黏度和屈服应力随水胶比增大呈幂函数关系减小。与水泥基注浆材料类似，氧化钙-碳酸钠复合激发矿渣灌浆材料在注浆过程中流型保持不变，只是流变参数随水化时间发生变化。灌浆材料水胶比越大，水化时间对剪切应力与剪切速率关系、流变参数量值影响越小。与水泥基注浆材料不同的是，新型灌浆材料塑性黏度随水化时间变化规律符合幂函数而非指数函数。水胶比为0.60、0.65的浆液屈服应力随水化时间增加呈线性增大，而水化时间对水胶比为0.70、0.75的浆液屈服应力影响不显著，可认为屈服...     

抚顺石油一厂渣油管道流动特性的研究

采用RV2旋转黏度计测定了石油一厂渣油在 6 0～ 14 0℃范围的流动特性参数 ,当油温在 90℃以上时 ,渣油为牛顿流体 ,油温低于 90℃时 ,渣油为非牛顿流体 ,而且油温越低非牛顿特性越强。渣油的黏温关系与原油类似 ,其黏温曲线可分为放射段和直线段 ,但非牛顿特性强于原油。     

管输稠油最低进站温度确定方法

管输原油最低进站温度常用于确定管道设计最小输量，分析管道的流动安全性，一般按照规范执行。但对于高黏稠油，现行标准规范均未明确最低进站温度的取值。因此，以新疆油田6种稠油为研究对象，提出了一种稠油最低进站温度确定方法。从原油黏度随温度的递增幅度、稠油拐点温度、稠油活化能递增温度点3个方面分析稠油的黏温特性，通过对比分析，推荐以稠油拐点温度作为进站温度的初始值，再结合正常输送及停输再启动工况的水力计算结果，对该温度进行校核。     

抚顺石油一厂渣油管流动特性的研究

采用RV2旋转黏度计测定了石油一厂渣油在60～140℃范围的流动特性参数，当油温在90%以上时，渣油为牛顿流体，油温低于90℃时，渣油为非牛顿流体，而且油温越低非牛顿特性越强，渣油的黏温关系与原油类似，其黏温曲线可分为放射段和直线段，但非牛顿特性强于原油。     

Survey of R&D in PRT systems

A survey of research and development in advanced transit has been made by Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg in cooperation with Trans21 in Boston. Summary findings are reported for fourteen academic research programs and ten development programs for PRT. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the International Conference of PRT and other Emerging Systems held in Minneapolis in 1996.     

Optimization of bus stop locations for improving transit accessibility

A mathematical model is developed in this paper to improve the accessibility of a bus service. To formulate the optimization model, a segment of a bus route is given, on which a number of demand entry points are distributed realistically. The objective total cost function (i.e. the sum of supplier and user costs) is minimized by optimizing the number and locations of stops, subject to non‐additive users' value of time. A numerical example is designed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method thus developed to optimize the bus stop location problem. The sensitivity of the total cost to various parameters (e.g. value of users' time, access speed, and demand density) and the effect of the parameters on the optimal stop locations are analyzed and discussed.     

Productive efficiency and ownership of urban bus services

The established ownership mix of urban bus operations in Australia provides a unique opportunity to investigate the productivity differences between public and private bus service supply. Using duality theory in economics which links economic indices of factor productivity to the cost structure of a firm, we develop empirical measures of total and partial productivity of inputs, and adjust the differences for the effects of ownership status and operating environment. The evidence supports the notion that private supply of public passenger transport in general has performed more efficiently in the past than public supply, although the differences in productivity need not continue in the future.     

管道风险分析指数评分法中分值调整初探

管道风险分析指数评分法中重要步骤之一就是确定影响管道事故因素的权重,各个管道风险因素在整个管道事故中所占的权重是不相同的。针对目前管道风险分析指数评分法基本假设之一（各因素的分值范围都是0～100分）,为了更加客观、准确、合理地反映各个风险因素对于管道事故的影响程度,提出并论述了依据层次分析法的数学逻辑性进行综合计算得出管道风险因素的权重,然后对评分法中各个因素的最高分值,根据其权重不同进行相应调整,从而增强评价者对风险因素的认识和评判能力,提高管道风险评价结果的准确性。     

Determinants of modal choice in freight transport

In the next few years, exciting developments in the field of freight transport are likely to occur. The Channel Tunnel will be perceived as giving railways much greater distance of operation, compared to the current train ferry to/from Great Britain. The further development of swap-body technology will allow easier modal transfer and the creation, in 1992, of a single market in Europe will transform the pattern of trade. All of these are likely to have significant impacts on modal choice, and hence modal split, in freight transport. Reappraisal by many firms of the modes of transport used is likely but will it result in a net transfer of freight from road to rail and, if so, to what extent? To answer such questions, an accurate and reliable method of predicting modal split is required. Research in the past has concentrated on the development of modal split models based on generalised costs. These fail to explain adequately the prevalence of road freight in the UK. From surveys of freight managers within industry, it is clear that models to date rely too heavily on the economic cost factor and too little on behavioural factors (Jeffs 1985). This paper derives from a recent study of freight transport modal choice from the standpoint of the transport decision-maker within the firm. It attempts to shed light on the actual parameters which should be incorporated into a modal split model. Many variables appear to exert an influence on modal choice decision-making process. However, it is possible to categorise them into six main groups, namely: customer-requirements; product-characteristics; company structure/organisation; government interventions; available transport facilities; and perceptions of the decision-maker him/herself. It is the interactions and inter-relationships between these which ultimately determine freight modal split. This study has shown that the relationship between the outcome of the transport decision process and the values of particular determinants of modal split is not straight-forward, due to the complexity and variety of interactions involved. Perhaps one of the main reasons for researchers' failure hitherto to develop a successful modal-split model has been the preoccupation with techniques that rely on the development of common metric (e.g. generalised cost), which has led to the exclusion of some important explanatory variables along quite different dimensions. Another important issue concerns the appropriate level of aggregation. In order not to reduce the explanatory power of the key variables, it is important to work at a disaggregate level, although this does make substantial demands on data. The use of factor analysis enables both the aggregation of information without loss of behavioural reality and the specification of variables in terms of a common metric. In conclusion, freight transport has usually been examined within too narrow a framework. It must be placed firmly within the context of the total industrial process. The demand for freight transport is directly influenced by the level, composition and geographical distribution of production and consumption activities. Freight flows are complex and so it is highly unlikely that a universal mode-choice model can ever be developed. Future research should, therefore, be directed towards developing partial models in response to specific needs of those involved in decision-taking in the freight sector.     

A century of evolution of the accessibility concept

The concept of accessibility has acquired numerous meanings along multiple dimensions during the century of its evolution. This essay argues for the salience of two dimensions: application-based and definition-based. In its application, accessibility has incorporated positive and normative dimensions which have varied in prominence over time. In its definition, accessibility has varied between a mode of evaluation incorporating measured mobility and proximity, on the one hand, and a predefined market basket of urbanist improvements to transportation and land use systems, on the other. Advocates of the accessibility shift should emphasize both the measured approach to accessibility and accessibility’s normative side.     

Governing autonomous vehicles: emerging responses for safety,liability, privacy,cybersecurity, and industry risks

ABSTRACT

The benefits of autonomous vehicles (AVs) are widely acknowledged, but there are concerns about the extent of these benefits and AV risks and unintended consequences. In this article, we first examine AVs and different categories of the technological risks associated with them. We then explore strategies that can be adopted to address these risks, and explore emerging responses by governments for addressing AV risks. Our analyses reveal that, thus far, governments have in most instances avoided stringent measures in order to promote AV developments and the majority of responses are non-binding and focus on creating councils or working groups to better explore AV implications. The US has been active in introducing legislations to address issues related to privacy and cybersecurity. The UK and Germany, in particular, have enacted laws to address liability issues; other countries mostly acknowledge these issues, but have yet to implement specific strategies. To address privacy and cybersecurity risks strategies ranging from introduction or amendment of non-AV specific legislation to creating working groups have been adopted. Much less attention has been paid to issues such as environmental and employment risks, although a few governments have begun programmes to retrain workers who might be negatively affected.     

Real-world gaseous and particle emissions of a Bi-fuel gasoline/CNG Euro 6 passenger car

The objective of the present study is the assessment of the environmental impact of a bivalent (bi-fuel) vehicle, running either on gasoline or compressed natural gas (CNG). To that aim, a Euro 6 passenger car was tested under various real-world driving conditions. In order to cover the full range of conventional powertrains currently in the market, the tests were also repeated on a Euro 6 diesel passenger car. Both cars were driven in two routes, the first complying with the regulation limits and the second going beyond them. Carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO_x) and particle number (PN) emissions were recorded using a Portable Emissions Measurement System (PEMS). Apart from the aggregated emission levels, in g/km, the exact emission location along the route was also assessed. Natural gas proved beneficial for CO and PN emissions, the level of which always remained below the respective legislation limits. On the other hand, under the dynamic driving conditions with gasoline, the relevant limits were exceeded. Cold start, occurring at the beginning of the urban part, and motorway driving were identified as major contributors to total emissions, especially in gasoline mode. However, the application of natural gas was associated with a penalty in NO_x emissions, which were significantly increased as compared to gasoline. Local peaks within the urban part were identified in CNG mode. In any case, the diesel vehicle was by far the highest NO_x emitter.