浅析多年冻土路段路基施工的注意事项及处理措施

本文依托青海省共和至玉树(结古)公路改扩建工程施工GYII-SGD5合同段为背景,该项目沿线气候严寒、地势高耸,属高寒大陆性半干旱气候,年平均气温-4.2℃,极端最低气温-48.1℃。因此沿线季节性冻土分布比较广泛。针对该项目中多年冻土区工程地质条件的复杂性,简要阐述多年冻土路段路基施工应注意的一些事项及本项目中采取的几种处理方法。     

国道214线姜路岭至清水河段公路使用性能评价

通过对国道214线姜路岭至清水河段公路多年冻土路段病害的调查,分析了国道214沿线的主要病害类型以及多年冻土类型,并对该路段公路使用性能进行了评价,研究了典型病害类型与多年冻土特征之间的相互关系。     

国道214线沿线多年冻土的特征及分布

国道214线地处青藏高原东部,平均海拔在4500m以上,沿线气候高寒缺氧,地形地质条件复杂,分布着大面积的多年冻土,全长约440km,呈不连续状,并且主要为湿地和高山型多年冻土类型。多年冻土主要集中在鄂拉山至清水河路段,这给公路工程建设带来了极大困难。     

桂林-三江高速公路宛金段路线设计方案研究

山区复杂的地形、地质、水文和生态环境条件制约着公路路线方案的布置。文章以桂林-三江高速公路宛田-金桔段路线设计为例,通过对其沿线自然条件的分析,提出了针对性的路线设计方案,并结合原工可设计进行了方案比选,评价了所推荐方案的优越性,为山区高速公路设计研究提供依据。     

共和至玉树公路多年冻土区涵洞设计探讨

共和至玉树公路里程长,沿线海拔高,气候条件恶劣,地质条件复杂,季节冻土和多年冻土均大面积分布,加上沿线玉树灾后重建工作任务重、时间紧和涵洞构造物多,施工周期短.涵洞基础形式的选择和地基的处理则是本项目涵洞设计的难点.为保证涵洞的施工质量和进度,这就要求涵洞结构型式必须是施工质量宜控制、施工进度宜保证的型式.     

多束山垭口岛状多年冻土分布及工程对策

通过对盘大公路多束山垭口段沿线岛状多年冻土分布及工程措施进行分析,阐述在工程设计实施中应采取的方案和注意的问题。     

共和至玉树公路设计方案的研究

共和至玉树公路沿线风积沙、积雪、连续多年冻土等不良地质路段较多,对公路危害严重。特别是鄂拉山至雁口山段,分布有富冰、饱冰冻土、含土冰层等各种类型的多年冻土。路基沉降、路面开裂、坑槽、翻浆等道路病害严重,严重影响公路的通行能力;因而公路设计方案是共玉公路成败的关键。     

漠大线多年冻土灾害风险分析及管理措施探讨

漠大线途径国内纬度最高、极端温度-52.3℃的高寒地带,是国内第一条完全意义上穿越永冻土区域的大口径长输管道,所经过的漠河至加格达奇大杨树段共计440 km的管道穿越大兴安岭多年冻土区域,包括连续冻土、不连续冻土和岛状冻土。管道沿线地势北高南低,北部地形起伏较大,沿线为大兴安岭低山、丘陵及河谷地貌,南部为松嫩平原,地形平坦开阔,地理环境复杂,极易发生冻胀融沉、崩塌、热融滑坡、水毁冲蚀（坍岸）等地质灾害。文中首先对漠大线的具体情况进行了简单介绍,并结合地质勘察和运营情况详细地分析了穿越冻土区域管道所面临的热融滑坡、冻胀、融沉以及弯曲翘曲等特有地质灾害,最后结合管道管理实际情况和工作经验提出了详细的灾害管理和应对措施。     

浅谈多年冻土地区的路基设计

针对多年冻土地区的多种影响因素,进行较详细的分析,从外业调查到内业设计,参照国内的成功经验,提出多年冻土地区的路基设计方法,保证公路在多年冻土地区能够充分发挥运行能力。     

高速公路路线设计与沿线景观协调性探析

文章介绍了高速公路路线设计理念,构建了高速公路景观现状评价体系,并结合柳州经合山至南宁高速公路工程实例,分析了高速公路路线规划与沿线景观协调性设计方案及要点,以期为更多高速公路路线设计提供有利参考依据。     

Optimization of bus stop locations for improving transit accessibility

A mathematical model is developed in this paper to improve the accessibility of a bus service. To formulate the optimization model, a segment of a bus route is given, on which a number of demand entry points are distributed realistically. The objective total cost function (i.e. the sum of supplier and user costs) is minimized by optimizing the number and locations of stops, subject to non‐additive users' value of time. A numerical example is designed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method thus developed to optimize the bus stop location problem. The sensitivity of the total cost to various parameters (e.g. value of users' time, access speed, and demand density) and the effect of the parameters on the optimal stop locations are analyzed and discussed.     

Productive efficiency and ownership of urban bus services

The established ownership mix of urban bus operations in Australia provides a unique opportunity to investigate the productivity differences between public and private bus service supply. Using duality theory in economics which links economic indices of factor productivity to the cost structure of a firm, we develop empirical measures of total and partial productivity of inputs, and adjust the differences for the effects of ownership status and operating environment. The evidence supports the notion that private supply of public passenger transport in general has performed more efficiently in the past than public supply, although the differences in productivity need not continue in the future.     

Governing autonomous vehicles: emerging responses for safety,liability, privacy,cybersecurity, and industry risks

ABSTRACT

The benefits of autonomous vehicles (AVs) are widely acknowledged, but there are concerns about the extent of these benefits and AV risks and unintended consequences. In this article, we first examine AVs and different categories of the technological risks associated with them. We then explore strategies that can be adopted to address these risks, and explore emerging responses by governments for addressing AV risks. Our analyses reveal that, thus far, governments have in most instances avoided stringent measures in order to promote AV developments and the majority of responses are non-binding and focus on creating councils or working groups to better explore AV implications. The US has been active in introducing legislations to address issues related to privacy and cybersecurity. The UK and Germany, in particular, have enacted laws to address liability issues; other countries mostly acknowledge these issues, but have yet to implement specific strategies. To address privacy and cybersecurity risks strategies ranging from introduction or amendment of non-AV specific legislation to creating working groups have been adopted. Much less attention has been paid to issues such as environmental and employment risks, although a few governments have begun programmes to retrain workers who might be negatively affected.     

Determinants of modal choice in freight transport

In the next few years, exciting developments in the field of freight transport are likely to occur. The Channel Tunnel will be perceived as giving railways much greater distance of operation, compared to the current train ferry to/from Great Britain. The further development of swap-body technology will allow easier modal transfer and the creation, in 1992, of a single market in Europe will transform the pattern of trade. All of these are likely to have significant impacts on modal choice, and hence modal split, in freight transport. Reappraisal by many firms of the modes of transport used is likely but will it result in a net transfer of freight from road to rail and, if so, to what extent? To answer such questions, an accurate and reliable method of predicting modal split is required. Research in the past has concentrated on the development of modal split models based on generalised costs. These fail to explain adequately the prevalence of road freight in the UK. From surveys of freight managers within industry, it is clear that models to date rely too heavily on the economic cost factor and too little on behavioural factors (Jeffs 1985). This paper derives from a recent study of freight transport modal choice from the standpoint of the transport decision-maker within the firm. It attempts to shed light on the actual parameters which should be incorporated into a modal split model. Many variables appear to exert an influence on modal choice decision-making process. However, it is possible to categorise them into six main groups, namely: customer-requirements; product-characteristics; company structure/organisation; government interventions; available transport facilities; and perceptions of the decision-maker him/herself. It is the interactions and inter-relationships between these which ultimately determine freight modal split. This study has shown that the relationship between the outcome of the transport decision process and the values of particular determinants of modal split is not straight-forward, due to the complexity and variety of interactions involved. Perhaps one of the main reasons for researchers' failure hitherto to develop a successful modal-split model has been the preoccupation with techniques that rely on the development of common metric (e.g. generalised cost), which has led to the exclusion of some important explanatory variables along quite different dimensions. Another important issue concerns the appropriate level of aggregation. In order not to reduce the explanatory power of the key variables, it is important to work at a disaggregate level, although this does make substantial demands on data. The use of factor analysis enables both the aggregation of information without loss of behavioural reality and the specification of variables in terms of a common metric. In conclusion, freight transport has usually been examined within too narrow a framework. It must be placed firmly within the context of the total industrial process. The demand for freight transport is directly influenced by the level, composition and geographical distribution of production and consumption activities. Freight flows are complex and so it is highly unlikely that a universal mode-choice model can ever be developed. Future research should, therefore, be directed towards developing partial models in response to specific needs of those involved in decision-taking in the freight sector.     

Fatigue in transport: a review of exposure,risks, checks and controls*

Human fatigue continues to threaten safe transport. There are claims that employers of operators should do more to mitigate the risks, and several regulators are promoting fatigue-risk management in the context of safety management systems (SMS). The current paper reviews fatigue-related risk and exposure factors and control measures for operators of land- and sea-based transport forms. Our review identifies 13 types of measures for the monitoring or control of fatigue risks: optimal staffing; optimal schedule design; optimisation of breaks/naps; monitoring of actual hours worked; optimisation of work content; monitoring and feedback of actual sleep; health screening and treatment; promotion of recovery from work; fitness-for-duty testing; monitoring of fatigue symptoms while operating; control of fatigue while operating; performance monitoring and assistance; and fatigue-proofing. We also identify two systemic measures needed to anchor risk mitigation in SMS: organisational learning and training/other. By structuring monitoring and control measures along Dawson and McCulloch’s [Managing fatigue: It’s about sleep. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 9(5), 365–380] fatigue-risk trajectory, a framework is obtained that acts as a guide for fatigue-risk management by transport employers. To inform transport managers further, evaluations are needed of the effectiveness of individual control measures as well as whole fatigue-risk management interventions.     

海底管道单项高风险因素分析

为了准确掌握海底管道在运行阶段面临的各种单项高风险因素,通过采用相应模型计算和OLGA模拟等方法,以某管道为例,得到了对管道安全影响较大的单项高风险因素为海底管道埋深、海床变化、析蜡可能性、水合物堵塞可能性、结垢、沥青质沉积、抛锚与拖网干扰等、腐蚀、悬跨影响等。文中给出了相应的风险减缓措施,为解决生产实践中海底管道存在的安全隐患提供了依据,预防海底管道事故的发生。     

统筹区域性交通物流促进循环经济发展

文章结合贺州交通物流发展状况,分析当前制约贺州市物流产业发展的因素,提出了利用循环经济理念。倡导通过节约资源,实施差异化发展等途径,推动贺州市区域性交通物流沿着循环经济发展需要采取的措施,探讨了贺州物流今后十年的阶段性发展思路。     

威乌高速公路8M预制板静载试验研究

对8m预制板进行静力荷载试验,测量预制板在试验荷载作用下控制截面的应力和挠度是否满足设计要求,通过对试验检测数据和试验现象进行综合分析,对试验板做出总体评价。     

Mapping minibuses in Maputo and Nairobi: engaging paratransit in transportation planning in African cities

ABSTRACT

Often called paratransit because of their flexible stops, schedules and routes, minibuses make up the bulk of public transport in African cities. Despite their ubiquity and importance, these systems are poorly understood by transportation planners who tend to focus on large-scale urban infrastructure projects such as highways, commuter rail or bus rapid transit systems. The assumption within much of this planning is that these minibus systems are barriers to change and will become at most secondary “feeder” buses within large-scale projects, but structured plans detailing this vision are lacking. This paper argues that frequent failure to collect data and value important paratransit systems as a critical part of transportation in their own right is deeply problematic from the point of view of equity, access and inclusive and effective planning. We ask whether the growing number of bottom up mapping projects of minibus systems can disrupt this status quo. By comparing two mapping projects, Digital Matatus in Nairobi and the Mapa Dos Chapas in Maputo, we find that inclusive, collaborative mapping can help render these minibuses more visible in planning and provoke more grounded and inclusive “planning conversations” on multi-modal integration, passenger information and minibus upgrading, all key but relatively marginalised aspects of creating accessible, low emission, high quality and safe public transport in African cities.