管道投产时期翻越点后水隔离段稳态流动分析

管道中不满流动状态的存在对管道的正常运行和停输产生较大影响,容易引起管道事故.因此,对地形起伏管道翻越高峰点后的流动特点进行了分析,根据流体力学连续性方程和动量方程建立了不满流动的数学模型,并结合现场数据进行了投产时期水隔离段的不满流动截面参数计算;通过分析计算结果可知,影响不满流段气体含量的因素包括管道坡度、流体流量...     

加热炉对长输管道流动安全性的影响

文中从工艺的角度分析了加热炉与管道流动安全性之间的关系,采用流动安全性评价的方法对加热炉进行评价。分析加热炉内部参数间的影响关系后,给出加热炉的流动安全性评价步骤。采用该评价方法对秦京线管道加热炉的流动安全性进行评价,给出了评价结果并提出改进措施。     

管道压力试验装水时间计算

在管道安装等工程中,准确地估算试压装水时间对工程很重要。文中利用流体力学理论对压力管道的装水过程进行模型化,从而选取适当的理论计算公式,并根据流动状态选取适当的计算参数,对沿程阻力损失等还需要采取迭代的方法进行计算,从而得到了较准确的结果。通过计算发现,计算结果的准确性取决于建立适当的水力学模型以及合理边界条件的设置。     

管道结垢因素机理分析及计算

油气管道投产后,管道内存在气、液、固三相输送介质,且介质流动状态复杂。介质中一般含有大量的气体和盐离子,由于管道内温度、压力、流速、p H值等因素不断变化,极易造成油气管道结垢。垢的出现容易导致管道垢下腐蚀、细菌腐蚀等,有必要对管道结垢的原因和机理进行分析。基于分析结果,结合某管道水样的实验测试数据,通过饱和指数法、稳定指数法等数学方法计算,进一步对油气管道结垢趋势进行预测,有助于管道除垢工作的开展。     

主蒸汽管道动力时程响应分析

管道的动力时程计算通常采用通用软件ANSYS进行分析。由于ANSYS软件不具备按照规范分析对管道计算结果进行评定的功能,因此使用该程序进行后处理的工作比较烦琐。PIPESTRESS程序是用于管道分析评定的专用程序。文中介绍了管道动力学时程分析的理论方法,然后对PIPESTRESS程序和ANSYS程序的计算结果进行了比较,验证了PIPESTRESS用于管道时程力分析的有效性和可靠性,最后采用PIPESTRESS程序分析和评定主蒸汽管在流体时程力作用下的响应。对管道应力分析者采用PIPESTRESS软件进行管道动力学时程分析具有一定的借鉴意义。     

天然气管道清通压力模拟

为了能够合理分析和处理清管过程中的实际问题,提高清管能力,基于质量守恒定律和牛顿第二定律,将管道内气体流动与清管器运动耦合起来,得到天然气管道清通压力计算方程。以四阶龙格-库塔算法对方程进行离散计算,结果表明:模拟计算结果与清通压力实验结果十分吻合,清管器在经过弯管、三通等阻力件时,均会使清通压力发生急变,通过分析清通压力的变化特点,可预测清管器的运动位置及到达管道出口的时间。     

火灾对埋地管道中油品温度影响的数值研究

地面发生火灾时,土壤中原有的热平衡被破坏,土壤温度、地下管道温度将产生变化,从而进一步影响管内输送介质的温度,使其不断升高,当油品温度升高到一定值时,管道安全将受到影响.针对此情况建立非稳态传热模型,给出了微分方程;运用有限差分法对模型进行了数值模拟计算,其中对管道采取分段传热计算,并对结果进行分析.通过该研究,得出发生火灾后,埋地管道内输送油品的沿程温度变化规律,从而为火灾后的埋地输油管道性能安全评估提供了科学依据.     

低雷诺数下突扩管流的CFD数值计算

边界突然扩大的流动是管道输运工程中一种常见的流动现象.应用计算流体力学(CFD)中PHOENICS软件的VR编辑环境,在柱坐标系下建立了突扩管在低雷诺数条件下物理模型,采用正交网格划分,对牛顿流体层流下管路突扩情况进行了数值模拟,通过Origin后处理软件对计算结果进行了数据处理,分析了管路突扩回流时速度和压力的流场的分布情况.结果可以很好地反映突扩管流的基本特征,对石油生产中常见的此类问题的研究提供理论依据.     

方形弯管内部流动与阻力系数的数值计算

弯管是化工流程系统中的重要管件,其水力损失对整个管道设计有重要影响。用FLUENT软件对弯管不同截面上速度的计算值与实验值进行对比,对弯管内部主流速度分布进行对比对不同雷诺数条件阻力系数进行计算,结果表明数值计算结果与实验值有一定的一致性。弯头进口管道的长度对流动形态有重要影响,沿程阻力系数和局部阻力系数都与雷诺数有关,并随着雷诺数的减小而增加。     

绥中36-1CEP至终端上岸管道总传热系数分析

首先分别用理论分析法和管道实际运行数据反算的方法计算出了绥中36-1CEP至终端上岸管道的总传热系数,对计算结果进行了比较和分析,建议采用管道实际运行数据反算确定总传热系数.然后,进一步计算分析了总传热系数对管道温降及起输压力的影响,结果表明总传热系数对管道的起输压力和终点温度影响很大,总传热系数越小,管道的终点温度越...     

成品油管输水力计算

将成品油管流摩阻因数计算公式分为适用于设计计算和适用于工况分析两类，提出立足于应用计算机，在整个紊流区用科尔布鲁克混合摩擦管公式计算的思想，并用它构建单油品输送和多油品顺序输送新型压能平衡方程，以提高计算精度和避免分区计算。     

原油管道停输再启动实验研究

在实验室内建立了管流实验装置,测定大庆原油流变特性以及进行停输再启动的实验研究。对原油流变特性的测定大多是在旋转黏度计中进行的,而原油在旋转黏度计中是拖动流,在管路中为压力流。管流实验装置测量的原油流变特性曲线更符合实际管道原油的流变特性。分析了停输前流量、启输流量、原油出站温度、环境温度对启输过程的影响。由试验结果以及模拟结果分析可知,对停输过程温度的计算偏低,再启动压力值偏大。对解决东北管网的低输量问题具有指导意义和实际的应用价值。     

BINGHAM流体环空管流流动及传热规律研究

结合BINGHAM流体的本构方程、管流运动方程及能量方程 ,推导了BINGHAM流体环空管流速度分布及温度分布。由于BINGHAM流体具有屈服值 ,环空管流流动中会形成流核。流核的宽度与屈服应力成正比 ,与广义压力梯度呈反比。流核中心线偏离环空中心线 ,且偏向环空内侧。环空内外径之比越小 ,相对偏离越远。在其他条件不变的情况下 ,当屈服应力增大时 ,速度分布剖面变得愈扁平。当其他条件不变时 ,流核速度随环空内外径之比减小而增大。流核内温度变化比环空内外侧明显小 ,随屈服应力的增大 ,温度分布剖面愈扁平。     

利用Fluent软件进行列管式换热器表面传热影响研究

目前对换热器强度分析多利用经验值或厂方提供的技术参数作为边界条件,这样会与换热器的实际工作情况存在较大差异,分析结果也会存在较大误差。文中利用计算流体力学(CFD)软件Fluent对换热器进行了稳定工作状态时的流动和传热数值模拟,比较模型在有无插件时换热性能的区别。可通过增加空气的通流面积来降低风速或者用短插件代替长插件进行改进。要求插件管内空气流速控制在20 m/s内。     

Intelligent cruise control systems and traffic flow stability

There are two kinds of stability associated with traffic flow problems – string stability (or car-following stability) and traffic flow stability. We provide a clear distinction between traffic flow stability and string stability, and such a distinction has not been recognized in the literature, thus far. String stability is stability with respect to intervehicular spacing; intuitively, it ensures the knowledge of the position and velocity of every vehicle in the traffic, within reasonable bounds of error, from the knowledge of the position and velocity of a vehicle in the traffic. String stability is analyzed without adding vehicles to or removing vehicles from the traffic. On the other hand, traffic flow stability deals with the evolution of traffic velocity and density in response to the addition and/or removal of vehicles from the flow. Traffic flow stability can be guaranteed only if the velocity and density solutions of the coupled set of equations is stable, i.e., only if stability with respect to automatic vehicle following and stability with respect to density evolution is guaranteed. Therefore, the flow stability and critical capacity of any section of a highway is dependent not only on the vehicle following control laws and the information used in their synthesis, but also on the spacing policy employed by the control system. Such a dependence has practical consequences in the choice of a spacing policy for adaptive cruise control laws and on the stability of the traffic flow consisting of vehicles equipped with adaptive cruise control features on the existing and future highways. This critical dependence is the subject of investigation here.     

Sensitivity analysis on stochastic equilibrium transportation networks using genetic algorithm

This study deals with the sensitivity analysis of an equilibrium transportation networks using genetic algorithm approach and uses the bi‐level iterative sensitivity algorithm. Therefore, integrated Genetic Algorithm‐TRANSYT and Path Flow Estimator (GATPFE) is developed for signalized road networks for various level of perceived travel time in order to test the sensitivity of perceived travel time error in an urban stochastic road networks. Level of information provided to drivers correspondingly affects the signal timing parameters and hence the Stochastic User Equilibrium (SUE) link flows. When the information on road system is increased, the road users try to avoid conflicting links. Therefore, the stochastic equilibrium assignment concept tends to be user equilibrium. The GATPFE is used to solve the bi‐level problem, where the Area Traffic Control (ATC) is the upper‐level and the SUE assignment is the lower‐level. The GATPFE is tested for six‐junction network taken from literature. The results show that the integrated GATPFE can be applied to carry out sensitivity analysis at the equilibrium network design problems for various level of information and it simultaneously optimize the signal timings (i.e. network common cycle time, signal stage and offsets between junctions).     

Calibrating a social-force-based pedestrian walking model based on maximum likelihood estimation

Although various theories have been adopted to develop reliable pedestrian walking models, a limited effort has been made to calibrate them rigorously based on individual trajectories. Most researchers have validated their models by comparing observed and estimated traffic flow parameters such as speed, density, and flow rate, or replaced the validation by visual confirmation of some well-known phenomena such as channelization and platooning. The present study adopted maximum likelihood estimation to calibrate a social-force model based on the observed walking trajectories of pedestrians. The model was assumed to be made up of five components (i.e., inertia, desired direction, leader–follower relationship, collision avoidance, and random error), and their corresponding coefficients represented relative sensitivity. The model also included coefficients for individual-specific characteristics and for a distance-decay relationship between a pedestrian and his/her leaders or colliders. The calibration results varied with the two density levels adopted in the present study. In the case of high density, significant coefficient estimates were found with respect to both the leader–follower relationship and collision avoidance. Collision avoidance did not affect the pedestrian’s walking behavior for the low-density case due to channelization. The distance limit was confirmed, within which a pedestrian is affected by neighbors. At the low-density level, by comparison with women, men were found to more actively follow leaders, and pedestrians walking in a party were found to be less sensitive to the motion of leaders at the high-density level.     

A trade-off analysis between penetration rate and sampling frequency of mobile sensors in traffic state estimation

The rapid-growth of smartphones with embedded navigation systems such as GPS modules provides new ways of monitoring traffic. These devices can register and send a great amount of traffic related data, which can be used for traffic state estimation. In such a case, the amount of data collected depends on two variables: the penetration rate of devices in traffic flow (P) and their data sampling frequency (z). Referring to data composition as the way certain number of observations is collected, in terms of P and z, we need to understand the relation between the amount and composition of data collected, and the accuracy achieved in traffic state estimation. This was accomplished through an in-depth analysis of two datasets of vehicle trajectories on freeways. The first dataset consists of trajectories over a real freeway, while the second dataset is obtained through microsimulation. Hypothetical scenarios of data sent by equipped vehicles were created, based on the composition of data collected. Different values of P and z were used, and each unique combination defined a specific scenario. Traffic states were estimated through two simple methods, and a more advanced one that incorporates traffic flow theory. A measure to quantify data to be collected was proposed, based on travel time, number of vehicles, penetration rate and sampling frequency. The error was below 6% for every scenario in each dataset. Also, increasing data reduced variability in data count estimation. The performance of the different estimation methods varied through each dataset and scenario. Since the same number of observations can be gathered with different combinations of P and z, the effect of data composition was analyzed (a trade-off between penetration rate and sampling frequency). Different situations were found. In some, an increase in penetration rate is more effective to reduce estimation error than an increase in sampling frequency, considering an equal increase in observations. In other areas, the opposite relationship was found. Between these areas, an indifference curve was found. In fact, this curve is the solution to the optimization problem of minimizing the error given any fixed number of observations. As a general result, increasing sampling frequency (penetration rate) is more beneficial when the current sampling frequency (penetration rate) is low, independent of the penetration rate (sampling frequency).     

Specification and calibration of a microscopic model for pedestrian dynamic simulation at signalized intersections: A hybrid approach

Macroscopic pedestrian models for bidirectional flow analysis encounter limitations in describing microscopic dynamics at crosswalks. Pedestrian behavior at crosswalks is typically characterized by the evasive effect with conflicting pedestrians and vehicles and the following effect with leading pedestrians. This study proposes a hybrid approach (i.e., route search and social force-based approach) for modeling of pedestrian movement at signalized crosswalks. The key influential factors, i.e., leading pedestrians, conflict with opposite pedestrians, collision avoidance with vehicles, and compromise with traffic lights, are considered. Aerial video data collected at one intersection in Beijing, China were recorded and extracted. A new calibration approach based on a genetic algorithm is proposed that enables optimization of the relative error of pedestrian trajectory in two dimensions, i.e., moving distance and angle. Model validation is conducted by comparison with the observed trajectories in five typical cases of pedestrian crossing with or without conflict between pedestrians and vehicles. The characteristics of pedestrian flow, speed, acceleration, pedestrian-vehicle conflict, and the lane formation phenomenon were compared with those from two competitive models, thus demonstrating the advantage of the proposed model.     

屈服假塑性流体管流流动及传热规律研究

结合屈服假塑性流体的本构方程、管流力平衡关系式以及非牛顿流体的能量方程，得出了屈服假塑性流体管流速度分布及温度分布。研究结果表明：由于屈服应力的作用，管中心存在柱塞流动，柱塞的半径与屈服应力成正比，与压力梯度成反比；管流流量随屈服应力的增大而减小；柱塞内温度一致，从柱塞边界到管壁，温度逐渐减小，而且越靠近管壁，温降梯度越大。