新建地铁隧道“零距离”下穿既有车站施工技术分析

新建地铁隧道"零距离"下穿既有运营地铁车站结构的施工将引起既有车站结构的变形,影响既有地铁正常运营。文章以北京地铁7号线下穿既有10号线双井站为工程背景,针对地铁区间隧道"零距离"穿越既有车站全断面开挖、台阶法开挖及CRD法开挖引起的既有车站主体结构、既有10号线轨道及区间隧道支护结构等的变形和受力状态进行了数值模拟,对比分析了不同开挖方案引起的既有车站结构及轨道的变形特性;以既有线轨道的变形量为控制标准,结合施工引起既有车站结构的受力变化,确定了区间隧道"零距离"下穿既有车站的施工开挖方案;同时对采用CRD法施工时的不同加固措施对既有车站及轨道变形的控制效果进行了数值模拟分析,确定了施工中地层加固范围及加固长度等注浆加固参数。现场监测分析结果表明,基于数值模拟分析优化并实施的区间隧道交叉中隔壁法(CRD)开挖方案以及在左右线隧道间的夹土层、隧道掌子面地层及隧道左右外轮廓3 m内地层进行加固的施工技术方案保证了既有线轨道变形速率不大于0.04 mm/d和既有车站主体结构累计变形量小于10 mm的要求。     

地铁下穿既有线和扩大基础桥梁施工方案研究

北京地铁六号线朝阳门—东大桥区间隧道下穿既有地铁二号线朝阳门站和二环主路朝阳门桥施工,工程难度极大,施工安全控制极为重要。为研究新建隧道施工过程对围岩与既有结构的影响,保证施工期间既有结构的安全使用、有效控制地表沉降,针对本工程拟定了不同施工方案并采用有限元计算软件MIDAS-GTS进行三维仿真模拟,分析其对围岩与下穿建筑物的变形控制效果。依据既有结构沉降控制标准,最终提出采用新建隧道与既有车站零距离刚对刚接触、自隧道两侧同时开挖、在既有车站两侧同时施做水平旋喷桩的方案。该方案将为六号线下穿既有车站和扩大基础桥梁的设计与施工提供理论依据。     

深圳地铁盾构隧道近距离上跨既有线引起的结构变形研究

随着城市轨道交通网络的不断加密,新建地铁隧道近距离穿越既有隧道的现象越来越多。盾构近距离上跨施工对既有线隧道的影响问题,比常规地铁隧道施工更为复杂。文章针对深圳地铁新建9号线双线盾构隧道近距离上跨既有1号线隧道,形成双层隧道四线叠交的特殊工况,采用有限元数值模拟和现场自动化监测结合的方法,研究了盾构隧道上跨施工引起的既有线水平和竖向的变形规律,并分析了土压力对既有线变形的影响。研究结果表明:现场自动化监测结果和数值模拟结果基本一致;上跨施工时,先行隧道开挖对既有线的影响大于后行隧道;既有线竖向整体呈现上浮状态,最大累积上浮量为2.2 mm;既有线的水平偏移与盾构推进方向一致,最大水平偏移量约为1.4 mm;土压力对既有左右两线水平位移的影响大致相同,水平位移随土压力的增大而增大;土压力对既有左右两线的竖向位移影响不同,随着土压力的增加,既有线左线的上浮量逐渐减小,而既有线右线的上浮量不断增大。研究成果可为同类型地层条件下盾构隧道近距离穿越既有结构的设计与工程施工控制提供依据,具有一定的理论意义与应用价值。     

暗挖区间隧道近接既有地铁隧道施工变形影响及控制措施研究

针对新建隧道近接既有隧道施工引起的结构及地表沉降变形问题,文章以成都地铁8号线新建暗挖区间隧道近接交叉下穿既有7号线地铁盾构区间隧道施工为背景,提出了既有线注浆加固土体、新建暗挖段施作超前支护、严格控制施工工艺、以监测预警手段反馈施工的综合控制措施,并详细阐述了施工降排水、管棚及小导管注浆施工要点。研究表明,监测数据表现出强烈的施工过程相关性,其中地表沉降量值最大达9～10 mm,而采用综合控制措施区域内的地表最大沉降则小于7 mm,既有地铁隧道结构最大沉降小于6 mm,均符合设计和规范要求。     

跨越既有线段隧道动态施工数值模拟

文章以重庆市地铁1号线大坪车站跨越既有线段施工为研究对象,介绍采用FLAC3D对近距离叠交情况下新建隧道施工引起既有隧道衬砌的应力和位移进行了模拟和分析,同时分析了新建隧道以桩＋承台的方法跨越隧道施工后桩轴力和承台梁弯矩的分布情况,研究成果为今后类似地铁工程建设提供参考依据。     

动态增量位移正算反演分析及其在隧道工程中的应用

为了优化隧道围岩物理力学参数的反演方法并提高运算速度,文章提出了隧道工程动态增量位移正算反演分析法,并将该方法应用于青岛胶州湾海底隧道工程;建立了弹塑性动态增量位移反演预测模型,改进了传统的弹塑性正演优化反分析方法,衍生了作简化分析的基于施工过程的线弹性动态增量位移反演正算反分析方法;对青岛胶州湾海底隧道三个施工段计算位移和实测位移进行了比较。研究结果表明,动态增量位移反演正算反分析方法可反映动态施工过程中任意施工阶段间的增量量测信息,为变形控制技术的实施提供有力的保证;与传统的弹塑性正演优化反分析方法相比,可以提高效率,保证计算精度。     

崇文门地铁车站管幕预支护施工效应模拟分析

北京地铁五号线崇文门站下穿既有地铁一号线区间隧道,车站顶板与区间隧道底板间距2.858 m,施工中为了严格控制既有环线区间隧道的沉降,确保环线地铁运营安全,首次采用了管幕预支护技术。文章采用3D-S igm a三维有限元软件对施工效应进行模拟分析,预测车站施工引起的既有隧道的沉降量,以确定合理的管幕预支护参数及其作用效果。     

新建地铁隧道近距离下穿运营地铁线路施工及安全管控北大核心CSCD

新建青岛地铁8号线青岛北站—沧口站区间近距离下穿既有运营地铁3号线,初期支护距3号线底板结构仅0.4 m,在不影响既有地铁3号线正常运营的前提下,施工难度极大。通过构建三维有限元模型,模拟新建线路下穿施工全过程,制定针对性措施:采用非爆破机械开挖减小震动;加强超前支护和及时支护封闭成环,控制沉降;自动化监测快速反馈3号线结构变形信息以指导现场施工。通过现场技术手段和安全管控手段,下穿施工期间3号线隧道结构最大沉降仅2.11 mm,道床最大沉降仅1.55 mm,满足沉降控制要求,施工期间未对地铁3号线的安全运营产生影响。相关工程经验可为今后小净距、小角度、长距离下穿既有运营地铁工程的设计、施工提供借鉴。     

滨海软土层新建地铁盾构隧道近距离上跨既有地铁隧道修建技术

深圳地铁5号线南延工程前湾站—桂湾站盾构区间隧道上跨既有地铁11号线隧道,隧道重叠区域位于滨海淤泥软土地区,附近众多工程群坑关系复杂且相互影响极大。为确保上跨施工时既有地铁11号线隧道不发生超量变形或者破坏,在前桂区间隧道施工前采取了地质补勘、区间土体加固、补充加固、袖阀管注浆加固等施工准备措施,盾构推进过程中综合采用分段施工和参数调整、严格控制盾构推进和管片拼装质量、改良土体、同步注浆和补浆等措施,确保了盾构隧道施工安全可靠。施工监测结果表明,前桂区间盾构施工引起的既有地铁11号线隧道最大位移为5.0 mm,满足地铁保护的安全要求。     

地铁车站暗挖隧道穿越既有线的施工技术研究

广州地铁6号线海珠广场站共有3条隧道穿越地铁2号线车站及区间隧道,两者之间的垂直距离非常小,施工难度极大。文章结合海珠广场站暗挖隧道与既有2号线的位置关系和工程水文地质条件,提出总体施工原则及总体施工方案;详细介绍了左线站台隧道下穿既有2号线和西端左、右线区间隧道下穿既有2号线的施工技术和监测技术。暗挖隧道施工安全顺利穿越了既有2号线,保证了周边建筑物的安全及地铁2号线的正常运营。     

Survey of R&D in PRT systems

A survey of research and development in advanced transit has been made by Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg in cooperation with Trans21 in Boston. Summary findings are reported for fourteen academic research programs and ten development programs for PRT. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the International Conference of PRT and other Emerging Systems held in Minneapolis in 1996.     

The Impact of Container Type Diversification on Regional British Port Development Strategies

Abstract

Despite a concentration of container traffic in the southeast of the UK over the last few decades, regional ports are attempting new development strategies to capture or retain specific traffic segments. These include intra-European short-sea traffic and a potentially increasing feeder market. These trends are reflected in the movement of different container types, which result in a number of planning challenges related to changing infrastructural and operational requirements. This paper uses highly disaggregated data on container type movements to address three issues that can inform these planning challenges. First, the imbalance of trade resulting in empty container repositioning; second, the requirement for gauge-cleared rail routes to cater for the increasing proportion of high-cube containers; and third, the specialisation of European short-sea traffic at secondary UK ports. The results reveal the disproportionate repositioning of empty containers at Scottish ports and the importance of 45?ft, high-cube and pallet-wide containers at regional ports, highlighting their focus on intra-European short-sea traffic and raising difficulties relating to their lower quality of landside infrastructure (particularly rail) in comparison to the large south-eastern ports. The potential repercussions on hinterland infrastructure development raise questions about both public and private sector responses to regional port development.     

Modular route bus design – A method of meeting transport operation and vehicle manufacturing requirements

This research examines the problem of route bus specification and vehicle manufacturability. In order for bus operators to provide transport services, a range of vehicle configurations must be available from bus manufacturers, generating variety which has a negative impact on the manufacturing process. Larger part inventories, uncontrolled labour tasks and more troublesome maintenance are known impacts of this variety. This research identifies the functional necessities in route bus interior design and reduces the problems in bus manufacture and operation caused by specification diversity by proposing a modularised system of bus design. In particular, it makes recommendations as to how bus configuration should be carried out, ensuring an optimum mix of operational and manufacturing needs:

• 1.Determine user needs before the bus specification process.
• 2.Designs to be developed by the manufacturer in response to user needs.
• 3.This design should be standardised where possible, as suggested by the user needs.
• 4.Where user needs dictate product variations, apply a mass customisation approach to accommodate these needs.

The recommendations are communicated in design proposals for a modular bus interior, demonstrated by four cases designed to meet the present status quo of bus interior design and predictions for the future of the field.     

Optimization of bus stop locations for improving transit accessibility

A mathematical model is developed in this paper to improve the accessibility of a bus service. To formulate the optimization model, a segment of a bus route is given, on which a number of demand entry points are distributed realistically. The objective total cost function (i.e. the sum of supplier and user costs) is minimized by optimizing the number and locations of stops, subject to non‐additive users' value of time. A numerical example is designed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method thus developed to optimize the bus stop location problem. The sensitivity of the total cost to various parameters (e.g. value of users' time, access speed, and demand density) and the effect of the parameters on the optimal stop locations are analyzed and discussed.     

Productive efficiency and ownership of urban bus services

The established ownership mix of urban bus operations in Australia provides a unique opportunity to investigate the productivity differences between public and private bus service supply. Using duality theory in economics which links economic indices of factor productivity to the cost structure of a firm, we develop empirical measures of total and partial productivity of inputs, and adjust the differences for the effects of ownership status and operating environment. The evidence supports the notion that private supply of public passenger transport in general has performed more efficiently in the past than public supply, although the differences in productivity need not continue in the future.     

管道风险分析指数评分法中分值调整初探

管道风险分析指数评分法中重要步骤之一就是确定影响管道事故因素的权重,各个管道风险因素在整个管道事故中所占的权重是不相同的。针对目前管道风险分析指数评分法基本假设之一（各因素的分值范围都是0～100分）,为了更加客观、准确、合理地反映各个风险因素对于管道事故的影响程度,提出并论述了依据层次分析法的数学逻辑性进行综合计算得出管道风险因素的权重,然后对评分法中各个因素的最高分值,根据其权重不同进行相应调整,从而增强评价者对风险因素的认识和评判能力,提高管道风险评价结果的准确性。     

Determinants of modal choice in freight transport

In the next few years, exciting developments in the field of freight transport are likely to occur. The Channel Tunnel will be perceived as giving railways much greater distance of operation, compared to the current train ferry to/from Great Britain. The further development of swap-body technology will allow easier modal transfer and the creation, in 1992, of a single market in Europe will transform the pattern of trade. All of these are likely to have significant impacts on modal choice, and hence modal split, in freight transport. Reappraisal by many firms of the modes of transport used is likely but will it result in a net transfer of freight from road to rail and, if so, to what extent? To answer such questions, an accurate and reliable method of predicting modal split is required. Research in the past has concentrated on the development of modal split models based on generalised costs. These fail to explain adequately the prevalence of road freight in the UK. From surveys of freight managers within industry, it is clear that models to date rely too heavily on the economic cost factor and too little on behavioural factors (Jeffs 1985). This paper derives from a recent study of freight transport modal choice from the standpoint of the transport decision-maker within the firm. It attempts to shed light on the actual parameters which should be incorporated into a modal split model. Many variables appear to exert an influence on modal choice decision-making process. However, it is possible to categorise them into six main groups, namely: customer-requirements; product-characteristics; company structure/organisation; government interventions; available transport facilities; and perceptions of the decision-maker him/herself. It is the interactions and inter-relationships between these which ultimately determine freight modal split. This study has shown that the relationship between the outcome of the transport decision process and the values of particular determinants of modal split is not straight-forward, due to the complexity and variety of interactions involved. Perhaps one of the main reasons for researchers' failure hitherto to develop a successful modal-split model has been the preoccupation with techniques that rely on the development of common metric (e.g. generalised cost), which has led to the exclusion of some important explanatory variables along quite different dimensions. Another important issue concerns the appropriate level of aggregation. In order not to reduce the explanatory power of the key variables, it is important to work at a disaggregate level, although this does make substantial demands on data. The use of factor analysis enables both the aggregation of information without loss of behavioural reality and the specification of variables in terms of a common metric. In conclusion, freight transport has usually been examined within too narrow a framework. It must be placed firmly within the context of the total industrial process. The demand for freight transport is directly influenced by the level, composition and geographical distribution of production and consumption activities. Freight flows are complex and so it is highly unlikely that a universal mode-choice model can ever be developed. Future research should, therefore, be directed towards developing partial models in response to specific needs of those involved in decision-taking in the freight sector.     

A century of evolution of the accessibility concept

The concept of accessibility has acquired numerous meanings along multiple dimensions during the century of its evolution. This essay argues for the salience of two dimensions: application-based and definition-based. In its application, accessibility has incorporated positive and normative dimensions which have varied in prominence over time. In its definition, accessibility has varied between a mode of evaluation incorporating measured mobility and proximity, on the one hand, and a predefined market basket of urbanist improvements to transportation and land use systems, on the other. Advocates of the accessibility shift should emphasize both the measured approach to accessibility and accessibility’s normative side.