节理倾角对公路隧道围岩塌落拱影响分析

文章主要通过室内石膏块模型试验对节理间距为0.5 m的隧道围岩在节理倾角分别为0°,30°,45°,60°和90°时无支护开挖情况下围岩的塌落拱跨度、高度和塌落面积的探讨,得出了在不同节理倾角下得到的结果 ,并与普氏理论值进行了对比分析,发现塌落高度、塌落宽度以及塌落面积均与节理倾角呈非线性变化关系,其极小值介于45°~60°之间;同时利用离散元软件UEDC对上述工况进行二维数值分析,室内试验结果与数值分析结果一致;依据数值计算和室内试验综合分析,得到了在不同节理倾角下塌落拱高度的计算方法。     

不同节理位置及倾角对隧道围岩稳定性的影响分析

文章以黄土含节理地区隧道开挖为例,采用有限元软件Midas建立模型,并考虑不同节理位置和节理倾角两种工况,对隧道围岩变形以及应力变化规律进行了分析。结果表明:(1)考虑不同节理位置时,对于水平位移,节理的存在会略减小靠近节理一侧拱腰的最大水平位移;对于竖向位移,节理的存在使得最大竖向位移向节理处靠近。节理在拱腰、拱肩和拱顶时,其最大竖向位移比无节理时分别大8.8%、10.3%和0.3%,节理在拱肩处应力比拱腰和拱顶时围岩应力分别大3.2%和4.0%。(2)节理倾角为30°、45°、60°和90°时的最大竖向位移值比无节理时分别大23.0%、14.8%、9.3%和7.4%,随着节理倾角的增大,最大竖向位移值逐渐减小;节理倾角为45°、60°和90°时的最大应力比节理倾角为30°时分别小0.4%、1.1%和2.0%,随着节理倾角的增大,最大围岩应力逐渐减小,但整体变化趋势不大。     

不同围压下节理岩体中TBM滚刀破岩效率研究

为提高TBM掘进效率,降低TBM施工成本,有必要研究节理岩体中的滚刀破岩效率。为此,文章采用二维离散元软件UDEC研究在不同围压下,节理间距、节理倾角、滚刀间距及贯入度对破岩效率的影响规律。研究表明:(1)节理倾角以30°附近为界向上增加或向下减小,比能耗随围压增加而减小的趋势变缓,并且在接近90°和0°时,围压的增加对滚刀破岩呈现不利影响;(2)节理岩体节理间距越小,比能耗受围压影响越明显。随着节理间距的增加,围压对比能耗的影响逐渐弱化,直至消失;(3)节理倾角0°附近,在满足安装要求的情况下滚刀间距宜取小值;节理倾角30°附近,刀间距100 mm左右时比能耗最小;节理倾角60°时,刀间距120 mm左右比能耗最小;(4)在滚刀之间裂隙贯通的前提下,节理岩体取较小贯入度时破岩效率较高。     

冻结裂隙砂岩的力学特性研究

为得出围压、裂隙倾角、冻结温度等因素对砂岩力学性能的影响规律,采用三轴压缩试验方法和理论分析方法,研究了不同围压下,无裂隙0°,15°,30°和45°倾角裂隙砂岩在-5℃,-10℃和-15℃冻结时的强度、内摩擦角和粘聚力变化特征。结果表明:无裂隙和有裂隙砂岩的强度,随冻结温度的降低而非线性增强,随围压的降低而近线性降低,随裂隙倾角的增大而减小;粘聚力随冻结温度的升高而减小,内摩擦角和粘聚力均有随裂隙倾角的增加而先减小后增大的变化趋势;无裂隙,0°,15°倾角裂隙砂岩的内摩擦角均随冻结温度的升高而减小,30°倾角裂隙砂岩的内摩擦角随冻结温度的降低先增大后减小,45°倾角裂隙砂岩的内摩擦角则随冻结温度的降低先减小后增大。     

三轴压缩条件下千枚岩力学及扩容特征分析

岩石在变形破坏中具有扩容特征。文章以千枚岩为研究对象,通过室内岩石常规三轴压缩试验,揭示了节理夹角为5°～45°影响下小角度节理千枚岩的强度与扩容特征。结果表明:(1)岩石的特征点应力随围压的增大而增大,其扩容特征随之减弱;(2)岩石的峰值应力随节理面与最大主应力夹角的增大而减小;在节理夹角为5°～45°范围内,闭合应力、起裂应力、损伤应力在θ=5°时最大,在θ=25°时出现最小值,之后随着角度增大而增大;(3)采用扩容指标Id量化描述扩容特性,扩容指标具有围压效应,即扩容指标与围压呈良好的负指数型分布;小角度时,各围压下岩石扩容率差异性更大;(4)在节理夹角为5°～45°范围内,md系数与角度呈线性关系,可以描述扩容指标随围压分布的分形特征,体现了角度对岩石扩容随围压差异性的弱化。     

不同节理倾角对红层地区偏压隧道围岩稳定性的影响

以达州至万州高速公路沙坝湾隧道靠近洞口偏压段为研究对象,采用数值模拟的方法,研究了红层地层不同节理倾角下隧道围岩力学响应、变形特性。研究表明:红层地层中节理倾角对围岩应力和变形有较大的影响;当节理倾角与偏压坡面垂直时,隧道周边围岩水平方向应力与变形最大;当节理倾角与偏压坡面平行时,隧道周边围岩竖直方向应力最大。     

浅埋黄土隧道土石分界高度对初期支护结构安全性的影响分析

为获得浅埋黄土隧道土石分界高度对初期支护结构安全性的影响,文章以临县隧道为工程背景,采用数值模拟的方法研究了浅埋土石分界高度及土石分界面位置对隧道初期支护结构安全性的影响。结果表明:土石分界致使隧道初期支护结构安全系数发生突变,分界面倾斜时安全系数分布不对称。同一种埋深条件下,随着土石分界面位置的下移,土石分界面以上部分偏压减弱,分界面以下的部分偏压增强。同一界面深度条件下,隧道初期支护结构左右断面偏压情况随着埋深增加而增大。当土石分界面分别位于隧道上导坑和中下导坑、分界面倾角为10°时,可通过增加20%隧道左侧荷载或减小20%右侧抗力系数来进行荷载计算。     

不同因素对立体交叉隧道施工的影响规律分析

针对围岩级别、交叉角度和岩柱高度3个影响因素,设计100个试验工况进行数值建模计算,分别从新建隧道施工引起的既有隧道拱顶沉降和初期支护内力变化两方面探讨了该3种因素对立体交叉隧道施工的影响规律。研究结果表明:受新建隧道下穿施工的影响,既有隧道拱顶沉降和喷混凝土轴力均有增大的趋势,且随交叉角度的增大,增幅更为显著;当立体交叉隧道岩柱高度增加、围岩变差时,引起的既有隧道拱顶沉降变化加大,而喷混凝土轴力的增大比率反而逐渐减小。可见对于立体交叉隧道而言,既有隧道结构变形为较敏感的物理量,可作为施工设计的重点考察指标。     

水平、垂直节理发育条件下的隧道稳定性分析

文章依托内蒙古呼和浩特市窑沟隧道工程实例,对典型断面所在区段的节理特征参数进行了采集,得到了实际地层中存在的近水平、垂直发育节理的详细参数;通过综合运用现场监测、室内模型试验、数值模拟手段,分析了隧道开挖后的上覆岩层运动行为与结构受力特征,研究了该类地层中围岩的变形特征与失稳模式,为后续的支护设计及其优化提供了参考。研究结果表明,在窑沟隧道所处的典型地层,即近水平、垂直节理发育工况下:(1)无支护开挖时,地层稳定性极差,塌落区与松动区集中分布于拱顶上方,最大塌落高度为0.48倍洞宽,塌落面积为0.51倍断面面积,拱顶等效荷载为0.084 MPa,松动区延伸至地表,近似呈三角形分布;(2)按设计方案施作初期支护后,地层松动范围明显缩减,高度降为1.1倍洞宽,拱顶最大沉降为7.7 mm,边墙收敛为3.4 mm,结构安全储备足够。     

基于遍布节理模型的超大断面隧道开挖优化研究

为优化节理发育岩体条件下超大断面隧道开挖方法,文章以天峨至北海公路(巴马至平果段)山贡隧道为工程依托,通过引入遍布节理模型开展隧道开挖过程数值分析,并建立0.5 m、1.0 m、1.5 m、2.0 m、2.5 m、3.0 m共6种中隔壁法循环开挖进尺数值模拟工况,从围岩变形及塑性区分布的角度分析循环开挖进尺对围岩稳定性...     

Determinants of modal choice in freight transport

In the next few years, exciting developments in the field of freight transport are likely to occur. The Channel Tunnel will be perceived as giving railways much greater distance of operation, compared to the current train ferry to/from Great Britain. The further development of swap-body technology will allow easier modal transfer and the creation, in 1992, of a single market in Europe will transform the pattern of trade. All of these are likely to have significant impacts on modal choice, and hence modal split, in freight transport. Reappraisal by many firms of the modes of transport used is likely but will it result in a net transfer of freight from road to rail and, if so, to what extent? To answer such questions, an accurate and reliable method of predicting modal split is required. Research in the past has concentrated on the development of modal split models based on generalised costs. These fail to explain adequately the prevalence of road freight in the UK. From surveys of freight managers within industry, it is clear that models to date rely too heavily on the economic cost factor and too little on behavioural factors (Jeffs 1985). This paper derives from a recent study of freight transport modal choice from the standpoint of the transport decision-maker within the firm. It attempts to shed light on the actual parameters which should be incorporated into a modal split model. Many variables appear to exert an influence on modal choice decision-making process. However, it is possible to categorise them into six main groups, namely: customer-requirements; product-characteristics; company structure/organisation; government interventions; available transport facilities; and perceptions of the decision-maker him/herself. It is the interactions and inter-relationships between these which ultimately determine freight modal split. This study has shown that the relationship between the outcome of the transport decision process and the values of particular determinants of modal split is not straight-forward, due to the complexity and variety of interactions involved. Perhaps one of the main reasons for researchers' failure hitherto to develop a successful modal-split model has been the preoccupation with techniques that rely on the development of common metric (e.g. generalised cost), which has led to the exclusion of some important explanatory variables along quite different dimensions. Another important issue concerns the appropriate level of aggregation. In order not to reduce the explanatory power of the key variables, it is important to work at a disaggregate level, although this does make substantial demands on data. The use of factor analysis enables both the aggregation of information without loss of behavioural reality and the specification of variables in terms of a common metric. In conclusion, freight transport has usually been examined within too narrow a framework. It must be placed firmly within the context of the total industrial process. The demand for freight transport is directly influenced by the level, composition and geographical distribution of production and consumption activities. Freight flows are complex and so it is highly unlikely that a universal mode-choice model can ever be developed. Future research should, therefore, be directed towards developing partial models in response to specific needs of those involved in decision-taking in the freight sector.     

站场完整性管理技术研究

管道完整性管理技术已经基本实现了工业化应用,然而站场完整性管理作为管道系统完整性管理的一部分还没有引起足够的重视,但是站场完整性管理很重要。介绍了基于资产完整性管理（AIM）的站场完整性管理技术概念及特点;接着对比了国内外的发展差距,重点介绍了站场完整性技术核心方法;最后指出了国内开展站场完整性管理发展的方向。     

Crash analysis at intersections in the CBD: A survival analysis model

Enhancing the safety level of urban roads especially in CBDs is paramount. Due to a large number of intersections in what is usually a grid road system in the CBDs, we investigate crashes occurring in and around an intersection. The question of interest in this study is: does the nature of crashes at intersections differ from those of the roads at midblock? Stated more precisely, considering the intersection as a reference point, does the distance to the reference point (i.e. midblock locations on the roads) correlate with different types of crashes compared to that of the intersection? A right answer can lead traffic engineers and safety auditors to propose different safety measures at intersections and the midblock locations. As a pilot study, we collected the last 9 years crash data of the CBD of Melbourne, Australia. For the first time, we employ Survival Analysis models -including Exponential, Weibull, and Log-logistic- to investigate a space-dependent phenomenon (i.e. accidents at proximity to the intersection). Of the outcome, highlights are: (i) police presence at busy intersections during busy night outs and weekends highly improves the pedestrian safety (ii) raised crossings at midblock locations lower likelihood of crashes of pedestrians as well as cars, (iii) lighting conditions at intersections must be watched and kept at a high level. (iv) Severity, likelihood, and location have no known association with the level of congestion. In other words, safety is first, always and everywhere. The results can be of interest to traffic authorities and policy makers in reinforcing traffic calming measures in the cities. The codes developed in this study are made available to the research community to be used in further studies.     

Optimization of bus stop locations for improving transit accessibility

A mathematical model is developed in this paper to improve the accessibility of a bus service. To formulate the optimization model, a segment of a bus route is given, on which a number of demand entry points are distributed realistically. The objective total cost function (i.e. the sum of supplier and user costs) is minimized by optimizing the number and locations of stops, subject to non‐additive users' value of time. A numerical example is designed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method thus developed to optimize the bus stop location problem. The sensitivity of the total cost to various parameters (e.g. value of users' time, access speed, and demand density) and the effect of the parameters on the optimal stop locations are analyzed and discussed.     

Productive efficiency and ownership of urban bus services

The established ownership mix of urban bus operations in Australia provides a unique opportunity to investigate the productivity differences between public and private bus service supply. Using duality theory in economics which links economic indices of factor productivity to the cost structure of a firm, we develop empirical measures of total and partial productivity of inputs, and adjust the differences for the effects of ownership status and operating environment. The evidence supports the notion that private supply of public passenger transport in general has performed more efficiently in the past than public supply, although the differences in productivity need not continue in the future.     

Governing autonomous vehicles: emerging responses for safety,liability, privacy,cybersecurity, and industry risks

ABSTRACT

The benefits of autonomous vehicles (AVs) are widely acknowledged, but there are concerns about the extent of these benefits and AV risks and unintended consequences. In this article, we first examine AVs and different categories of the technological risks associated with them. We then explore strategies that can be adopted to address these risks, and explore emerging responses by governments for addressing AV risks. Our analyses reveal that, thus far, governments have in most instances avoided stringent measures in order to promote AV developments and the majority of responses are non-binding and focus on creating councils or working groups to better explore AV implications. The US has been active in introducing legislations to address issues related to privacy and cybersecurity. The UK and Germany, in particular, have enacted laws to address liability issues; other countries mostly acknowledge these issues, but have yet to implement specific strategies. To address privacy and cybersecurity risks strategies ranging from introduction or amendment of non-AV specific legislation to creating working groups have been adopted. Much less attention has been paid to issues such as environmental and employment risks, although a few governments have begun programmes to retrain workers who might be negatively affected.     

Quality indicators and capacity calculation for RoRo terminals

Abstract

Road freight transportation has increased dramatically over recent years along with its impacts such as congestion, noise, and pollution. As a result, European and US governments have started policies to promote alternatives to road transportation, such as logistic chains containing a Short Sea Shipping (SSS) link. Road is, by definition, a more flexible means of transportation than shipping, which is usually cheaper. Therefore, to move traffic to SSS chains, it is necessary to provide fast, frequent, and reliable maritime transportation. In this sense, roll-on/roll-off (RoRo) vessels are the most convenient ships to be used, since they have smaller dwell times in port and, therefore, this is a kind of traffic likely to increase dramatically. The foreseeable increase of this kind of traffic must meet with an increase in the actual capacity by means of either improvement in performance and possible enlargements of existing terminals or the construction of new terminals. In that sense, this paper proposes a simple methodology to calculate the capacity of a RoRo terminal, whether already in operation or during its design process, and relate it to some quality standards by means of quality indicators, which should lead to the definition of Levels of Service similar to those already used in roads and airports. The paper ends by applying the methodology to a real terminal in Barcelona, Spain.     

Use of a novel dataset to explore spatial and social variations in car type,size, usage and emissions

The ’MOT’ vehicle inspection test record dataset recently released by the UK Department for Transport (DfT) provides the ability to estimate annual mileage figures for every individual light duty vehicle greater than 3 years old within Great Britain. Vehicle age, engine size and fuel type are also provided in the dataset and these allow further estimates to be made of fuel consumption, energy use, and per vehicle emissions of both air pollutants and greenhouse gases. The use of this data permits the adoption of a new vehicle-centred approach to assessing emissions and energy use in comparison to previous road-flow and national fuel consumption based approaches. The dataset also allows a spatial attribution of each vehicle to a postcode area, through the reported location of relevant vehicle testing stations. Consequently, this new vehicle data can be linked with socio-demographic data in order to determine the potential characteristics of vehicle owners.This paper provides a broad overview of the types of analyses that are made possible by these data, with a particular focus on distance driven and pollutant emissions. The intention is to demonstrate the very broad potential for this data, and to highlight where more focused analysis could be useful. The findings from the work have important implications for understanding the distributional impacts of transport related policies and targeting messaging and interventions for the reduction of car use.     

Patchwork in an interconnected world: the challenges of transport networks in Sub-Saharan Africa*

Sub-Saharan Africa has recently undergone, or still do in many countries, a period of transport infrastructure expansion. Current policies are centred on the development of international links, which require large capital-intensive projects and are sometimes economically dubious. This paper reviews the past policies and transport functions since colonial times by placing them in their economic and political context. We find that present strategies have similarities to the ones prevailing in previous periods, where expansion phases dominated by transport-led economic growth theories were followed by a stagnation of Africa’s infrastructure development. In view of the challenges in translating findings from empirical research into right policies, we identify the potential of more balanced and sustainable strategic investments, notably by reinforcing the existing secondary transport networks converging into urban centres.