基于AVL数据的公交到达率阈值估计方法

公交进站排队是影响公交服务可靠性的主要原因之一。为提高公交运营可靠性，提出以不同排队长度的互补累积概率作为公交站点的服务水平指标，基于大量公交AVL数据，探究公交到达率与互补累积排队概率之间的函数关系，计算不同服务水平下站点的到达率阈值。研究发现到达率与不同排队长度下的互补累积概率的散点图均呈“S”型分布，针对该特点提出以Logistic模型来描述两者之间的函数关系，并以成都市5条公交走廊沿线的19个站点为例对其拟合结果进行分析。结果表明，模型在19个站点均有较好的拟合优度，因此认为公交到达率与互补累积排队概率符合Logistic函数关系。该研究结果为不同公交站点合理到达率阈值的选取提供了基于数据驱动的分析方法。     

公交停保场选址评价研究

为了给公交停保场选址规划提供准确的反馈信息,克服现行选址过程中人为决策的主观性和随意性,保证规划选址的科学性、合理性。从停保场选址功能性、协调性、经济性、社会性四个方面出发,共选取9项指标,构建公交停保场指标评价体系,并对各项指标提出详细的量化公式。然后引入熵权法对各项评价指标进行客观赋权,构建停保场选址综合评价模型,实现对公交停保场的选址评价计算。文章最后以四川省成都市金堂县的三处公交停保场为例进行试算,评价结果与实际情况相符合,证明评价模型可行。     

深圳首创品质交通

2010年11月11日，交通运输部和深圳市政府在深圳签署共建国家“公交都市”示范城市合作《框架协议》，商定共同推动深圳公交都市建设。这是目前为止全国最早也是唯一一个已经签订部市共建协议的“公交都市”试点示范城市。深圳市交委公布的“深圳市打造国际水准公交都市五年实施方案”中，“深圳将研究设置高载客率车专用车道（HOV车道）”、“实施商务快巴服务计划”、“建立公交引导的土地开发模式”、“探索实施公交服务质量为导向的公交服务购买模式”等众多创新举措及设想均为全国首创。根据此方案，深圳将新增和调整公交线路300条以上，新增投放公交运力3000台，到2015年全市公交站点500米覆盖率基本达到全覆盖。将围绕建设现代化、国际化先进城市的战略目标，以“保畅通、惠民生、促转型”为核心价值，加快全球性物流枢纽城市、国际水准公交都市和国际化现代化一体化综合交通运输体系建设。     

多目标优化的公交被动优先信号配时模型

从公交信号优先的原则出发,考虑公交到达率的不确定性对周期长度、绿灯时间等合理调整,针对多路公交车共用同一公交专用道情况,提出以人均总延误最小为目标,分别以绿灯时间差模型和Webster最佳周期模型为信号配时计算模型计算交叉口信号配时参数,选取两者中造成人均延误最小的结果作为最终信号配时方案的计算方法。另外,除采用原有Webster最佳周期计算模型进行信号配时计算,还结合随机机会约束规划方法提出了以各相位绿灯时间与所需绿灯时间差绝对值之和最小为目标的绿灯时间差模型,通过随机模拟与微粒群算法的结合,给出了求解随机机会约束规划的新算法。以设有公交专用道的两相位信号交叉口为例设计算例,结果证明,公交车到达率的随机变化特性对于其所在交叉口信号配时参数的设置有明显影响,验证了公交被动优先对交叉口信号配时参数动态调整的有效性。本文模型根据被动优先中调整了周期时长及绿信比策略确定更优信号配时方案,相较仅以Webster最佳周期模型为依据计算人均延误的传统模型,最小人均延误模型平均降低了8. 12%的人均延误,证明了最小人均延误模型的有效性。说明最小人均延误模型可更好描述公交车到达率的波动性,降低对社会车辆负面影响,达到减少人均延误,提高交叉口通行效率的目的。     

地域文脉引导下的现代化公交枢纽设计——以杭州未来科技城良睦路公交枢纽综合体为例

城镇化背景下,交通引导城市发展,站点与线路的重要性与复杂性犹如人体之经络,其地域位置不同,规模、功能、开发经营模式也就不尽相同。通过对杭州地铁5号线沿线各站点周边的用地布局和开发模式进行对比分析,借鉴国内外相关公交枢纽综合体的开发经验,提出良睦路公交枢纽综合体的开发模式,分析和论证公交枢纽综合体的合理开发规模、用地开发业态,可为相关设计人员提供一定的参考与借鉴。     

构建我国港口联动型应急物流体系

我国港口物流发展已步入快速的发展轨道,然而在针对突发事件的应急管理尚处于初步的探索阶段。港口作为国家对外经济交往的主要通道和枢纽,必须构筑港口物流应急管理体系,以确保港口经济运行中,一方面将损失降低至最小程度;另一方面建立快捷的应急物流反应体系。     

公交都市的进阶之道

正"绿色、服务、多元、共治,未来的公交都市建设将从这些方面持续聚力。"上海,公共交通平均拥挤程度小于85%,轨道交通及地面公交的满意度达到85-90分,公共交通出行分担率(不含步行)达到50.2%,地面公交站点500米半径覆盖率92%……通过聚焦"管为本,重体系、补短板",构建以轨道交通为骨干、公共汽电车为基础、水上轮渡为补充、慢行交通为延伸的公共交通综合体系,上海"公交     

综合客运枢纽发展研究

以人为本,是发展综合客运交通网络的重要指导思想。综合客运枢纽作为综合客运交通网络中最重要的节点之一,更要从全生命周期的角度贯彻该思想,从前期的选址设计到后期的运营策略分析等,都必须面向乘客服务,体现以人为本这一服务宗旨。本文从全生命周期的角度出发,分别对综合客运枢纽的规划选址、空间布局设计、运营管理等环节的研究进行分析,并对综合客运枢纽的发展提出建议。     

中小城市客运枢纽体系综合布局方法研究

为了满足日益增长的公共交通需求,解决我国中小城市交通系统不成体系、结构紊乱等问题,以分层设施选址问题(HFLP)理论为核心,对中小城市客运枢纽体系规划进行适用化分析和模型分类。同时引入反映交通场站吸引力的效用函数,在考虑容量限制和基本需求全覆盖等约束条件下,以最大化交通系统效用与建设成本比值作为规划目标,建立了中小城市客运枢纽体系综合布局的分层规划模型及其模拟退火算法。最后,以南充市中心城区为例,对该分层规划模型进行求解,验证了该模型的可行性。     

提升公共交通服务的若干思考

随着公交优先理念不断深入人心，不少市民对公共交通服务提出了新的需求和建议．主要集中在以下几个方面：对公交站点服务半径提出要求：对直达线路的设置提出了要求。对城乡公交和学生接送车的班次密度、学生接送车辆的安全性和舒适性提出了要求。     

Modeling transit technology selection in a linear transportation corridor

This paper proposes an analytical model for investigating transit technology selection problem from a perspective of transit authority. Given a transit technology alternative (e.g., metro, light rail transit, or bus rapid transit), the proposed model aims to maximize the social welfare of the transit system by determining the optimal combination of transit line length, number of stations, station location (or spacing), headway, and fare. In the proposed model, the effects of passenger demand elasticity and capacity constraint are explicitly considered. The properties of the model are examined analytically, and a heuristic solution procedure for determining the model solution is presented. By comparing the optimized social welfare for different transit technology alternatives, the optimal transit technology solution can be obtained together with critical population density. On the basis of a simple population growth rate formula, optimal investment timing of a new transit technology can be estimated. The proposed methodology is illustrated in several Chinese cities. Insightful findings are reported on the interrelation among transit technology selection, population density, transit investment cost, and transit line parameter design as well as the comparison between social welfare maximization and profit maximization regimes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Joint optimization of a rail transit line and its feeder bus system

A model is developed for jointly optimizing the characteristics of a rail transit route and its associated feeder bus routes in an urban corridor. The corridor demand characteristics are specified with irregular discrete distributions which can realistically represent geographic variations. The total cost (supplier plus user cost) of the integrated bus and rail network is minimized with an efficient iterative method that successively substitutes variable values obtained through classical analytic optimization. The optimized variables include rail line length, rail station spacings, bus headways, bus stop spacings, and bus route spacing. Computer programs are designed for optimization and sensitivity analysis. The sensitivity of the transit service characteristics to various travel time and cost parameters is discussed. Numerical examples are presented for integrated transit systems in which the rail and bus schedules may be coordinated.     

Rail line length in a crosstown corridor with many-to-many demand

An analytical model that determines the optimal location and length of rail line along a crosstown transportation corridor with the objective of minimizing the total transportation cost is presented. A general, many-to-many passenger demand pattern is considered. The objective function, which includes the rail and bus riding costs, rail and bus operating costs, rail fleet costs and rail line costs, is minimized by using the classical optimization method with the aid of a computer program developed for the model. The model is applied to the Northwest-South transportation corridor in Calgary, Alberta, and the sensitivity of the optimal rail line location and length to the unit cost and demand parameters at their reasonable ranges is tested. It is found that although the total passenger demand, unit rail line cost, and unit bus operating cost have greater influence than the unit bus and rail riding costs, and unit rail fleet and operating costs, the optimal line length is generally insensitive to all these parameters. It is also found that the length of the existing LRT line in the corridor is comparable to the optimal line length obtained from the model, but the existing line should be extended further south in order to meet the heavier demand in that direction optimally.     

Introducing change to transportation and energy systems: the case of alcohol fuels

This paper describes the application of optimization techniques to the problems of garage location and bus routing. The technique employed involves the decomposition of a garage location and bus routing model into two submodels. Solutions for the garage location and bus routing submodels are combined iteratively to find an optimal solution for the overall optimization model. Significant cost savings realizable for the Transit Authority of River City (Louisville, Kentucky) were calculated by implementing the results.     

Location of bus garages

The location of bus garages is a complex issue that has received recent attention in the literature. Given a bus system, the number of bus garages and their locations depend on garage cost, deadheading cost and environmental impacts. An approximate analytical model is used to determine the number of bus garages that minimizes the above costs. The concept of a slowly varying density of bus-route origins (hence deadheads) per unit area is used to model deadheading costs. The increased deadheading caused by breakdowns and accidents is also considered. The garage cost is modeled as a function of the number of buses stored. A closed-form solution is obtained for the optimal density of garages, when the garage cost function is linear. The actual locations of garages and the allocations of buses to the garages are found using a discrete space location-allocation model formulated so as to consider the environmental impact associated with buses deadheading through populated neighborhoods.     

Planning guidelines for metro–bus interchanges by means of a pedestrian microsimulation model

The big paradigm for cities nowadays is to study the movement of pedestrians at the interface between metro and bus systems – metro–bus interchanges. When these interchanges are not well designed, walking is inefficient and can be unsafe for pedestrians. This paper analyses, by means of a pedestrian microsimulation model, metro–bus interchange spaces in order to propose planning guidelines for the city of Santiago de Chile. Specific objectives are (1) to identify the variables that provide efficiency and safety in those spaces; (2) to simulate different scenarios using the pedestrian simulation model LEGION; (3) to propose planning and design guidelines for pedestrian spaces at metro–bus interchanges; and (4) to contrast the recommendations in the recently opened terminal station on Line 1 of Metro de Santiago: Los Dominicos Station.     

Optimal feeder bus routes on irregular street networks

The methodology presented here seeks to optimize bus routes feeding a major intermodal transit transfer station while considering intersection delays and realistic street networks. A model is developed for finding the optimal bus route location and its operating headway in a heterogeneous service area. The criterion for optimality is the minimum total cost, including supplier and user costs. Irregular and discrete demand distributions, which realistically represent geographic variations in demand, are considered in the proposed model. The optimal headway is derived analytically for an irregularly shaped service area without demand elasticity, with non‐uniformly distributed demand density, and with a many‐to‐one travel pattern. Computer programs are designed to analyze numerical examples, which show that the combinatory type routing problem can be globally optimized. The improved computational efficiency of the near‐optimal algorithm is demonstrated through numerical comparisons to an optimal solution obtained by the exhaustive search (ES) algorithm. The CPU time spent by each algorithm is also compared to demonstrate that the near‐optimal algorithm converges to an acceptable solution significantly faster than the ES algorithm.     

公交站点生态化建设方案及可行性研究

结合生态城市和生态交通的理念,文章提出公交站点生态化发展策略及建设方案;从技术可行性、经济可行性和节能减排与社会效益评估三方面,对建设方案进行可行性研究。研究显示:建设方案技术上可行;建造费用为现有公交站的2~2.3倍,年运营维护费为现有公交站的1.3~1.4倍;但一个生态化站点一年内能提供电量700度左右,减少CO2排放量570~610 kg,局部降噪0.42~1.97 dB、降尘5~23 g、降温0.88~1.36℃,社会效益突出。     

A multi-period optimization model for the deployment of public electric vehicle charging stations on network

A multi-period multipath refueling location model is developed to expand public electric vehicle (EV) charging network to dynamically satisfy origin–destination (O–D) trips with the growth of EV market. The model captures the dynamics in the topological structure of network and determines the cost-effective station rollout scheme on both spatial and temporal dimensions. The multi-period location problem is formulated as a mixed integer linear program and solved by a heuristic based on genetic algorithm. The model and heuristic are justified using the benchmark Sioux Falls road network and implemented in a case study of South Carolina. The results indicate that the charging station rollout scheme is subject to a number of major factors, including geographic distributions of cities, vehicle range, and deviation choice, and is sensitive to the types of charging station sites.     

Study on some bus transport networks in China with considering spatial characteristics

Many real-world networks are embedded in spaces. Recent studies have found that spatial characteristics are closely related to network features. Bus transport networks (BTNs) are typical spatially embedded networks, but their spatial characteristics are commonly disregarded in previous researches. In this paper, we propose a new spatial representation model for BTNs with information on the geographical location of bus stations and routes, for which we named as the ES model. The new model aids in the study of real-world BTNs. By performing a statistical study with the new representation model on three typical BTNs in China, namely the Beijing, Shanghai and Hangzhou BTNs, we identify some network features that are consistent with those revealed by previous studies, as well as some new features such as high clustering of short-distance station pairs (SSPs) and small average number of bus routes in a path. The result shows that the existence of SSPs can significantly influence the characteristics of BTNs. Besides, with the help of the ES model, we designed a new transfer algorithm for BTNs.