下穿密集居民区地铁隧道施工爆破测试及安全评价

针对深圳地铁2号线站后折返线隧道下穿密集居民区且采用矿山法施工的情况,采用爆破震动仪对施工爆破进行了测试.根据测试结果,对爆破震速在装药量(或爆心距)一定时与爆心距(或装药量)的关系,以及震速时程曲线和频谱进行了分析研究:通过萨道夫斯基经验公式对地震波的衰减规律进行了回归分析,得到了测试条件下的场地系数(K)和地震波衰减指数(α)值,从而反演得到任意质点震速峰值的预测公式及单段最大装药量的控制计算公式;并采用震速-频率安全判据对测试结果进行了安全性评价.结果表明:已实施的施工爆破满足规范要求,不会对各测试建筑物造成破坏.     

公路孔桩爆破振动动力响应规律研究

孔桩爆破开挖施工中,爆破地震波对周边构筑物的影响一直以来是工程上关注的重点问题。文章通过现场测试,同时结合Midas GTS NX有限元分析软件建立数值计算模型,分析了孔桩爆破不同爆源深度、不同岩土厚度及岩性特征对地表岩土体振动特征的影响。结果表明:孔桩爆破过程中,总体规律是孔口位置的振动速度最大,然后迅速衰减,即质点峰值振速与爆源距离成负相关。当爆源深度变化时,爆源深度越小,近区衰减越快。一定范围内(5m),振速同土体厚度成正相关,即土体越厚则振速越大,该范围以外,振速受土体厚度的影响较小;同时,由现场测试及数值计算可知,由于孔桩爆破装药量较小,故随着地震波的传播,距爆源较远质点振动速度衰减较快,且较小,故孔桩爆破施工中应将飞石防护作为重点,若孔桩离建筑物过近的特例,也要重点关注。     

基于爆破振速衰减与控制值的爆破药量计算方法

文章基于爆破振速衰减最慢公式与振速控制值,提出了计算爆破药量的方法,以便将爆破振速控制在控制值范围内。根据萨道夫斯基公式对现场监测的爆破振速进行等效转化与排序,然后按照振速衰减的快慢对监测数据进行分类,并在保证回归效果显著的情况下,对振速衰减最慢0的监测数据进行线性回归,从而获得振速衰减最慢的萨道夫斯基公式,然后根据此公式和振速控制值采用线性回归控制法计算后续施工的爆破药量。通过对新岭隧道扩建工程的监测数据按振速衰减的快慢进行分类分析,并将根据线性回归控制法计算的爆破药量和实际药量进行对比可知:按照爆破振速衰减快慢程度对现场监测数据分类,可将各类数据的萨道夫斯基回归公式的相关系数提高到0.95以上;实际爆破药量小于计算药量时,现场监测爆破振速均不超过控制值,因此按振速衰减最慢的萨道夫斯基公式和控制值并采用线性回归控制法计算的爆破药量可将爆破振速有效地控制在控制值范围内;获得的新岭隧道扩建工程Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级和Ⅴ级围岩爆破振速衰减最慢公式的参数,可为后续类似工程的爆破药量设计提供参考。     

青岛地区地铁隧道爆破施工影响范围研究

文章以青岛地铁隧道爆破施工为背景,结合青岛地区特有的地质状况,依据收集的爆破振动监测数据,对《GB6722-2014爆破安全规程》中的萨道夫斯基经验公式进行了线性回归分析,由此推导出了适宜预测青岛地铁隧道爆破施工振动强度大小的经验公式,并确定了青岛地铁沿线不同建筑物的安全允许振速、爆破单孔装药量以及施工振动影响范围。该研究可为今后青岛地铁爆破施工提供指导。     

频繁爆破下隧道内振动传播的数值研究

为揭示频繁爆破下隧道内振动传播衰减规律,文章以蒙华铁路段家坪隧道为工程背景,利用LS-DY NA建立了三维隧道模型,模拟分析了多次爆破下隧道内近区和中远区的振动传播规律。结果表明,质点垂向峰值振速随距离和爆破次数的增大而减小,少数振速有增大的现象;近区振动衰减较快,中远区振动衰减比近区缓慢;中远区a值比近区至少小12.5%,但整体上二者的a值随爆破作用次数的增加呈缓慢上升趋势;系数K随爆破作用次数的增加而降低,近区K值降低速率普遍大于中远区,且近区K值比中远区至少大29.1%;频繁爆破下,中远区比近区较符合萨道夫斯基经验公式。     

采用三台阶工法开挖的原位扩建隧道现场监测及分析

为研究三台阶法施工对原位扩建隧道结构及邻近既有隧道扰动的影响规律,文章依托福建厦蓉高速公路后祠隧道原位扩建工程,分别对隧道围岩及支护结构应力、松动圈及应力场和邻近既有隧道爆破振动进行了现场监测。结果表明,断面各部位围岩及支护结构应力随时间推移而缓慢增加,最终趋于平稳,且每级台阶开挖均会对其产生扰动,表现为应力的突增;扩建后隧道围岩松动圈拱顶位于6~9 m深处,左右边墙均位于0~6 m深处,拱顶沉降位移大于两帮收敛位移。左边墙围岩应力大于右边墙围岩应力,洞周3 m深处围岩应力小于6 m深处围岩应力,开挖造成的围岩塑性区为3 m左右;施工中实际爆破振速大多小于设防标准,爆破对既有隧道的支护结构体系未造成重大破坏,最大爆破振速出现在监测断面前10 m左右的位置,与掌子面相比振速增长2.9%~4.5%,且围岩质量越好,峰值振速越大,最大峰值振速断面前方振速衰减速度远远小于后方振速衰减速度。     

小净距隧道爆破施工对中夹岩影响分析

结合泉厦高速公路扩建工程大坪山隧道振动监测,研究小净距隧道爆破对工作面前后中夹岩的影响规律,得出了爆破地震波质点振动峰值在小净距隧道中夹岩衰减公式及V-p曲线,结果可为类似条件下小净距隧道的爆破控制和现场监测提供参考。     

厦门仙岳山公路隧道爆破振动测试报告

文章论述了小线间距城市公路隧道爆破振动测试过程,分析了隧道纵向振速衰减规律、隧道横断面振速分布规律及隧道掌子面附近振动情况,提出了隧道各类围岩振速允许值和隧道振动安全判据.     

隧道爆破引起路基边坡振动信号的规律研究

为研究精细化延时控制爆破引起的边坡振动信号的规律,文章以黑峪隧道改扩建洞口精细化控制爆破施工为工程背景,引入等效药量、等效距离,采用量纲分析法建立新的振速衰减公式;基于4次实测数据,对其进行拟合验证,并与萨道夫斯基公式进行对比;采用小波包分析法,研究其振动能量的分布规律。结果表明:传统的萨道夫斯基公式对本工程的预测误差较大,高达27.39%,且普遍小于实测振速,不利于指导施工,而改进经验公式预测误差最大为18.41%,说明改进公式具有良好的适用性;爆破振动能量主要集中在0～109.375 Hz范围内,但在0～46.875 Hz范围的能量最为集中,大于109.375 Hz的振动能量只有1%左右;随着距离的增加,振动能量向低频部分集中,高频能量逐渐被岩体吸收。     

隧道爆破水介质轴向不耦合装药振动规律三维数值模拟研究

文章依托郑万铁路七峰山隧道工程,采用现场试验和三维动力数值模拟方法开展了隧道掏槽眼在空气和水两种介质的轴向不耦合装药结构工况下爆破振动传播规律研究,对比分析了掌子面后方不同距离和位置的初期支护结构振动速度的衰减特征。结果表明,爆心距相同时,上台阶爆破引起的拱顶振速峰值最大、拱腰次之、边墙最小;当采用边墙测振方法优化掌子面上台阶掏槽最大段药量时,结果偏于不安全;在掏槽眼总药量相同情况下,水介质轴向不耦合装药爆破引起的振速较明显小于空气介质不耦合装药爆破。研究结果可为类似隧道工程提供借鉴。     

Survey of R&D in PRT systems

A survey of research and development in advanced transit has been made by Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg in cooperation with Trans21 in Boston. Summary findings are reported for fourteen academic research programs and ten development programs for PRT. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the International Conference of PRT and other Emerging Systems held in Minneapolis in 1996.     

管道风险分析指数评分法中分值调整初探

管道风险分析指数评分法中重要步骤之一就是确定影响管道事故因素的权重,各个管道风险因素在整个管道事故中所占的权重是不相同的。针对目前管道风险分析指数评分法基本假设之一（各因素的分值范围都是0～100分）,为了更加客观、准确、合理地反映各个风险因素对于管道事故的影响程度,提出并论述了依据层次分析法的数学逻辑性进行综合计算得出管道风险因素的权重,然后对评分法中各个因素的最高分值,根据其权重不同进行相应调整,从而增强评价者对风险因素的认识和评判能力,提高管道风险评价结果的准确性。     

Determinants of modal choice in freight transport

In the next few years, exciting developments in the field of freight transport are likely to occur. The Channel Tunnel will be perceived as giving railways much greater distance of operation, compared to the current train ferry to/from Great Britain. The further development of swap-body technology will allow easier modal transfer and the creation, in 1992, of a single market in Europe will transform the pattern of trade. All of these are likely to have significant impacts on modal choice, and hence modal split, in freight transport. Reappraisal by many firms of the modes of transport used is likely but will it result in a net transfer of freight from road to rail and, if so, to what extent? To answer such questions, an accurate and reliable method of predicting modal split is required. Research in the past has concentrated on the development of modal split models based on generalised costs. These fail to explain adequately the prevalence of road freight in the UK. From surveys of freight managers within industry, it is clear that models to date rely too heavily on the economic cost factor and too little on behavioural factors (Jeffs 1985). This paper derives from a recent study of freight transport modal choice from the standpoint of the transport decision-maker within the firm. It attempts to shed light on the actual parameters which should be incorporated into a modal split model. Many variables appear to exert an influence on modal choice decision-making process. However, it is possible to categorise them into six main groups, namely: customer-requirements; product-characteristics; company structure/organisation; government interventions; available transport facilities; and perceptions of the decision-maker him/herself. It is the interactions and inter-relationships between these which ultimately determine freight modal split. This study has shown that the relationship between the outcome of the transport decision process and the values of particular determinants of modal split is not straight-forward, due to the complexity and variety of interactions involved. Perhaps one of the main reasons for researchers' failure hitherto to develop a successful modal-split model has been the preoccupation with techniques that rely on the development of common metric (e.g. generalised cost), which has led to the exclusion of some important explanatory variables along quite different dimensions. Another important issue concerns the appropriate level of aggregation. In order not to reduce the explanatory power of the key variables, it is important to work at a disaggregate level, although this does make substantial demands on data. The use of factor analysis enables both the aggregation of information without loss of behavioural reality and the specification of variables in terms of a common metric. In conclusion, freight transport has usually been examined within too narrow a framework. It must be placed firmly within the context of the total industrial process. The demand for freight transport is directly influenced by the level, composition and geographical distribution of production and consumption activities. Freight flows are complex and so it is highly unlikely that a universal mode-choice model can ever be developed. Future research should, therefore, be directed towards developing partial models in response to specific needs of those involved in decision-taking in the freight sector.     

A century of evolution of the accessibility concept

The concept of accessibility has acquired numerous meanings along multiple dimensions during the century of its evolution. This essay argues for the salience of two dimensions: application-based and definition-based. In its application, accessibility has incorporated positive and normative dimensions which have varied in prominence over time. In its definition, accessibility has varied between a mode of evaluation incorporating measured mobility and proximity, on the one hand, and a predefined market basket of urbanist improvements to transportation and land use systems, on the other. Advocates of the accessibility shift should emphasize both the measured approach to accessibility and accessibility’s normative side.     

Optimization of bus stop locations for improving transit accessibility

A mathematical model is developed in this paper to improve the accessibility of a bus service. To formulate the optimization model, a segment of a bus route is given, on which a number of demand entry points are distributed realistically. The objective total cost function (i.e. the sum of supplier and user costs) is minimized by optimizing the number and locations of stops, subject to non‐additive users' value of time. A numerical example is designed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method thus developed to optimize the bus stop location problem. The sensitivity of the total cost to various parameters (e.g. value of users' time, access speed, and demand density) and the effect of the parameters on the optimal stop locations are analyzed and discussed.     

Productive efficiency and ownership of urban bus services

The established ownership mix of urban bus operations in Australia provides a unique opportunity to investigate the productivity differences between public and private bus service supply. Using duality theory in economics which links economic indices of factor productivity to the cost structure of a firm, we develop empirical measures of total and partial productivity of inputs, and adjust the differences for the effects of ownership status and operating environment. The evidence supports the notion that private supply of public passenger transport in general has performed more efficiently in the past than public supply, although the differences in productivity need not continue in the future.     

Governing autonomous vehicles: emerging responses for safety,liability, privacy,cybersecurity, and industry risks

ABSTRACT

The benefits of autonomous vehicles (AVs) are widely acknowledged, but there are concerns about the extent of these benefits and AV risks and unintended consequences. In this article, we first examine AVs and different categories of the technological risks associated with them. We then explore strategies that can be adopted to address these risks, and explore emerging responses by governments for addressing AV risks. Our analyses reveal that, thus far, governments have in most instances avoided stringent measures in order to promote AV developments and the majority of responses are non-binding and focus on creating councils or working groups to better explore AV implications. The US has been active in introducing legislations to address issues related to privacy and cybersecurity. The UK and Germany, in particular, have enacted laws to address liability issues; other countries mostly acknowledge these issues, but have yet to implement specific strategies. To address privacy and cybersecurity risks strategies ranging from introduction or amendment of non-AV specific legislation to creating working groups have been adopted. Much less attention has been paid to issues such as environmental and employment risks, although a few governments have begun programmes to retrain workers who might be negatively affected.     

Real-world gaseous and particle emissions of a Bi-fuel gasoline/CNG Euro 6 passenger car

The objective of the present study is the assessment of the environmental impact of a bivalent (bi-fuel) vehicle, running either on gasoline or compressed natural gas (CNG). To that aim, a Euro 6 passenger car was tested under various real-world driving conditions. In order to cover the full range of conventional powertrains currently in the market, the tests were also repeated on a Euro 6 diesel passenger car. Both cars were driven in two routes, the first complying with the regulation limits and the second going beyond them. Carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO_x) and particle number (PN) emissions were recorded using a Portable Emissions Measurement System (PEMS). Apart from the aggregated emission levels, in g/km, the exact emission location along the route was also assessed. Natural gas proved beneficial for CO and PN emissions, the level of which always remained below the respective legislation limits. On the other hand, under the dynamic driving conditions with gasoline, the relevant limits were exceeded. Cold start, occurring at the beginning of the urban part, and motorway driving were identified as major contributors to total emissions, especially in gasoline mode. However, the application of natural gas was associated with a penalty in NO_x emissions, which were significantly increased as compared to gasoline. Local peaks within the urban part were identified in CNG mode. In any case, the diesel vehicle was by far the highest NO_x emitter.