高速铁路轨道精调若干技术问题探讨

轨道几何平顺性是指导高速铁路轨道精调作业的重要依据,是高速铁路建设过程中关键控制指标,也是列车安全运行的重要指标。对高速铁路轨道几何平顺性的计算方法进行了改进,根据平顺性精度需求提出了适用于高速铁路轨道精调全站仪等级,确定了轨道精调有效测量距离和轨道几何平顺性施工控制指标。     

基于列车运行时间偏差惩罚的高速列车节能优化方法

合理的安排列车在区间的运行方式能够有效的降低列车运行能耗。采用基于区间限速的列车工况确定策略确定列车区间运行工况, 以列车运行能耗为优化目标, 以列车运行距离、时间和列车限速等为约束条件, 在目标函数中加入列车运行时间偏差惩罚项, 建立基于列车运行时间偏差惩罚的高速铁路列车运行节能优化数学模型, 采用基于高斯变异和混沌扰动的改进人工蜂群算法对优化模型进行求解。以CRH3-350型动车组数据为例对模型与算法进行验证, 求解结果显示: 考虑列车运行时间偏差惩罚比不考虑列车运行时间偏差惩罚能耗可节省2.5%, 改进人工蜂群算法与基本人工蜂群算法、粒子群算法相比, 在目标值方面分别提高了4.2%和4.1%。采用基于区间限速的列车运行工况确定策略结合能耗优化模型能够满足不同限速和不同区间运行时分要求下的列车运行情况。表明所建模型和设计的算法有良好的求解效率和优化质量。      

考虑驾驶策略的高速列车运行图节能优化方法

为了降低高速列车从始发站至终到站运行的牵引能耗, 研究了针对多列车区间运行时分同步分配的列车运行图节能优化方法。基于高速列车在站间采用的“四阶段”操纵策略构建最优驾驶策略集, 以牵引距离和巡航距离为变化因子, 以牵引能耗和区间运行时分为计算目标, 求解出最优驾驶策略集里牵引能耗与区间运行时分的线性关系。在此基础上构建多列车区间运行时分最优分配的节能运行图模型。模型以牵引能耗最低为目标, 考虑了列车总运行时间约束、变量取值范围约束以及安全间隔时分约束。在模型求解方面, 选取拉格朗日松弛算法, 将复杂约束松弛至目标函数当中, 从而把原问题分解为各区间可独立求解的子问题, 利用次梯度优化的方法得出精确解, 实现了多列车区间运行时分同步分配的目标。以宝兰高速铁路为背景进行算例验证, 结果表明: 通过重新分配区间运行时分, 10列车总共节约了595.958 kW·h牵引能耗, 平均节能率达到了1.2%;从运行图的层面分析, 该算例下通过调整区间运行时分的节能方法对其影响幅度较小, 具有较强的现实意义; 所提出的模型及算法的计算时间为10 s, 针对列车开行对数较多的高速铁路, 可有效提高求解效率。      

大倾角斜井长曲线提升机运输施工技术

在重庆石忠高速公路B12合同段控制工程-方斗山隧道的通风斜井半径小、曲线长、倾角大,若采用已有的分段运输法或刮板式输送带运输法,其安全性和效率均较低。通过在轨道曲线段安设五花立辊、给矿车安装绳卡器等一系列新技术,实现了约束牵引钢丝绳,从而使矿车按曲线方向行驶的目的,以及“提升机+轨道+矿车”的有轨运输系统在小半径、长曲线斜井中的使用。其运输安全性能高、施工速度快、成本低。主要介绍该技术的研发、设计、试验、安装及应用过程,并分析了其经济、社会效益。     

厦深铁路对汕尾市公路客运的影响研究及发展策略探讨

为研究铁路对公路客运的影响,从出行者偏好和运输方式特性出发,选取安全性、经济性等7项指标确定运输产品的效用值,对传统的Logit模型特征函数求解进行了改进,基于旅客出行行为和意向调查数据,结合层次分析法和可能满意度法对分担率模型进行求解.与典型方法和调查结果进行对比分析表明,改进后的Logit模型在样本量较小的情况下比较简便有效.利用二次曲线时间序列法和改进的分担率模型,计算出未来2年内公路客运量将同比减少56%,铁路和公路的客流分担率分别为56%和44%.可见,厦深铁路的开通将对汕尾公路客运产生较严重的冲击.最后通过SWOT战略分析对公路客运的发展提出几点建议.      

复合式衬砌隧道总安全系数设计法修正与应用研究

为评价复合式衬砌这一整体结构的安全性，对以往所建立的复合式衬砌隧道总安全系数设计法的不合理之处进行修正，并再次分析不同铁路隧道的安全性，同时与挪威Q法支护参数进行对比，最后结合案例说明该方法在断面形式比选方面的应用。结果表明： 1）所建立的总安全系数设计法可以为初期支护和复合式衬砌的支护构件选择、量化设计和整体优化设计提供一定的理论基础。2）采用总安全系数设计法对不同铁路隧道安全系数计算的结果与现场实际施工情况、既有隧道病害情况基本相符。3）挪威Q法提出的支护参数如果用于我国时速350 km的高速铁路双线隧道，Ⅲ、Ⅳ级围岩总安全系数满足要求且较为经济，但Ⅴ级围岩安全系数偏低；采用耐久性锚杆有利于充分发挥锚杆-围岩承载拱的支护作用，从而可以减少喷层和二次衬砌的强度，提高经济性。4）总安全系数设计法可以用于隧道断面形式与支护参数的精细比选。     

An analytical design approach for self-powered active lateral secondary suspensions for railway vehicles

In this paper, an analytical design approach for the development of self-powered active suspensions is investigated and is applied to optimise the control system design for an active lateral secondary suspension for railway vehicles. The conditions for energy balance are analysed and the relationship between the ride quality improvement and energy consumption is discussed in detail. The modal skyhook control is applied to analyse the energy consumption of this suspension by separating its dynamics into the lateral and yaw modes, and based on a simplified model, the average power consumption of actuators is computed in frequency domain by using the power spectral density of lateral alignment of track irregularities. Then the impact of control gains and actuators’ key parameters on the performance for both vibration suppressing and energy recovery/storage is analysed. Computer simulation is used to verify the obtained energy balance condition and to demonstrate that the improved ride comfort is achieved by this self-powered active suspension without any external power supply.     

大净高跨线桥快速拆除技术

针对既有大净高跨线桥拆除时存在的效率低、能耗高、安全性差和污染重等问题,以武汉四环线跨青郑高速K7+700高架桥[(16+2×22+16)m钢筋混凝土连续刚构桥,梁下净高9.8m]为背景,提出车载移动支撑式分段提吊下放快速移除方法,并进行了施工设备的研制。研制的设备主要由移动运输机构、提吊支架和提吊下放机构组成。首先在路外场地将提吊支架拼装在移动运输机构上,形成车载移动支撑;然后移动运输机构自动驾驶至待拆梁体两侧,与提吊下放机构拼接,完成设备组拼;随后预提吊梁段,将其自重转移至该设备;最后依次切割梁体、分段提吊下放、移运,实现快速拆除。实践表明,在桥下既有高速半封闭条件下,该方法可实现大净高跨线桥安全快速拆除,缩短工期,降低能耗和污染,经济效益显著。     

有轨运输在钻爆法小断面特长隧道安革连-琶布铁路安全隧道施工中的技术运用

为了解决小断面特长隧道施工时经常遇到的以下施工难题：隧道断面小,洞内施工组织难;独头掘进长,洞内通风差;合同工期短,要求进度指标高等,以正在修建的乌兹别克斯坦安革连-琶布铁路隧道安全隧道有轨运输技术应用为例,从有轨运输设备选型、洞内外场地布置、轨线设置和资源配置方面进行了详细介绍,总结出有轨运输方案在小断面特长隧道施工中可实现出碴运输高效、无废气排放利于改善洞内空气质量、解决因断面小施工组织困难等难题。     

综合客运枢纽疏散流线设计优化方法

综合客运枢纽内部人员密集、通道网络复杂，且进出口数量较多，客流疏散效率不易提高。针对这个问题，不同于现有研究大多考虑改造物理设施，本文提出了通过控制通道开闭状态及通行流向，充分发挥既有设施通行能力的疏散流线设计优化方法。设计了由系统输入、疏散仿真及疏散流线优化模块组成的疏散流线设计仿真优化框架。其中，系统输入模块包含疏散需求、疏散网络、疏散行为参数；疏散仿真模块用于给定疏散流线方案下疏散效率的模拟测算；疏散流线优化模块则基于疏散仿真模拟结果迭代优化疏散流线方案。疏散仿真方面，考虑到行人在疏散途中可能动态修改疏散路线的特点，基于Logit模型构建了行人疏散择路行为模型。疏散流线优化方面，为提高疏散效率，避免局部通道过于拥挤，设计了以整体疏散时长、所有个体总疏散时间和通道最大饱和度最低为目标的疏散流线优化模型，并应用基于NSGA-Ⅲ的疏散流线多目标优化算法进行求解。以虹桥火车站到达层疏散场景为例开展模型验证，结果表明:相比于常规情况无特殊流线设计的疏散方案，优化方案的整体疏散时长、所有个体总疏散时间和通道最大饱和度分别降低36.2%、16.6%、51.6%。该方法对建设安全高效的综合客运枢纽内部行人疏散系统具有较好的参考及应用价值。      

Plug-in HEV with CVT: configuration,control, and its concurrent multi-objective optimization by evolutionary algorithm

Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (Plug-in HEV) has dramatic improvements in fuel economy and emission reduction. It is most important to decide its optimal configuration, energy management strategy, powertrain sizes, and control logic parameters. For multi-objective optimization, we present a concurrent optimization methodology based on an optimal Plug-in HEV powertrain configuration with continuous variable transmission (CVT). The novelty is using evolutionary algorithm in conjunction with an instantaneous optimal energy management strategy. Simulation results indicate the proposed method can significantly reduce fuel consumption and emissions by simultaneously optimizing the propulsion system parameters as well as the energy control parameters.     

网联自动驾驶车辆通过信号交叉口的速度轨迹优化

以网联自动驾驶汽车(Connected Autonomous Vehicle, CAV)为研究对象, 研究了CAV车队通过城市信号交叉口的速度轨迹优化控制策略。基于最优控制理论, 采用CAV的自动驾驶模型描述车间相互作用, 以所有CAV车辆在行驶过程中的总油耗为优化目标, 根据信号灯的配时信息建立模型约束, 通过优化CAV头车的速度轨迹, 保证整个CAV车队在绿灯相位下快速通过交叉口并实现油耗最小。为了对该优化控制进行高效求解, 采用离散Pontryagin极小值原理建立最优解的必要条件, 利用基于神经网络训练的弹性反向传播(Resilient backpropagation, RPROP)算法设计了数值求解算法。多个典型场景的仿真结果显示: 整个CAV车队均能在不停车的情形下通过信号交叉口, 避免因在红灯时间窗到达停车线造成的停车、启动等过程, 总油耗量最高可减少69.74%。该控制方法利用网联自动驾驶技术的优势, 显著改善了城市交通通行效率和燃油经济性。      

A semi-active control suspension system for railway vehicles with magnetorheological fluid dampers

The high-speed train has achieved great progress in the last decades. It is one of the most important modes of transportation between cities. With the rapid development of the high-speed train, its safety issue is paid much more attention than ever before. To improve the stability of the vehicle with high speed, extra dampers (i.e. anti-hunting damper) are used in the traditional bogies with passive suspension system. However, the curving performance of the vehicle is undermined due to the extra lateral force generated by the dampers. The active suspension systems proposed in the last decades attempt to solve the vehicle steering issue. However, the active suspension systems need extra actuators driven by electrical power or hydraulic power. There are some implementation and even safety issues which are not easy to be overcome. In this paper, an innovative semi-active controlled lateral suspension system for railway vehicles is proposed. Four magnetorheological fluid dampers are fixed to the primary suspension system of each bogie. They are controlled by online controllers for enhancing the running stability on the straight track line on the one hand and further improving the curving performance by controlling the damper force on the other hand. Two control strategies are proposed in the light of the pure rolling concept. The effectiveness of the proposed strategies is demonstrated by SIMPACK and Matlab co-simulation for a full railway vehicle with two conventional bogies.     

临港新片区中运量 T2 线工程总体设计

作为国内首条应用氢能源动力的中运量公共交通线路,需要从客流、道路、运营、线网和车辆五方面综合考量确保其成功实施。首先,通过对公交客流的梳理,确定临港中运量的线路走向及车站布置。其次,经过对现状道路条件的分析,提出车道断面布置方案和交叉口节点优化方案;根据建设进度及运营要求,提出切实可行的运营组织方案。再次,对常规公交线网进行优化,进一步提升专用道的使用效率。最后,使用新型数字轨道胶轮电车,构建了临港多模式公共交通准点出行网络。     

Multi-objective optimal predictive control of signals in urban traffic network

Traffic congestion in urban network has been a serious problem for decades. In this paper, a novel dynamic multi-objective optimization method for designing predictive controls of network signals is proposed. The popular cell transmission model (CTM) is used for traffic prediction. Two network models are considered, i.e., simple network which captures basic macroscopic traffic characteristics and advanced network that further considers vehicle turning and different traveling routes between origins and destinations. A network signal predictive control algorithm is developed for online multi-objective optimization. A variety of objectives are considered such as system throughput, vehicle delay, intersection crossing volume, and spillbacks. The genetic algorithm (GA) is applied to solve the optimization problem. Three example networks with different complexities are studied. It is observed that the optimal traffic performance can be achieved by the dynamic control in different situations. The influence of the objective selection on short-term and long-term network benefits is studied. With the help of parallel computing, the proposed method can be implemented in real time and is promising to improve the performance of real traffic network.     

电气化公路技术研究

交通是能源消纳的重要领域，其对社会能源结构的调整和节能减排具有重要的影响和带动作用。在陆路交通方面，轨道交通和小型客运车辆的电气化发展方向相对清晰，而公路货运尚无明确的技术路线。为充分利用清洁能源，减少化石能源在交通领域中的使用，发展并推广电气化公路技术，对重载卡车的蓄电池、燃料电池、混合动力3种电气化方案进行对比分析，结合卡车负载的特点，对不同电气化方案进行评估。研究融合新能源发电及并网、混合动力技术、智能驾驶技术的电气化公路技术，从车辆动力技术、供电线路、受电弓与计费、新能源并网、编组智能驾驶运行5个方面对电气化公路方案进行介绍，可以实现公路货运系统的绿色、安全、高效运行。以10公里线路电气化为例，进行规划和成本估算，构建单车和区域（或路段）电气化的运营成本计算模型，基于燃油消耗和阻力分析2种方法进行计算。对车辆购置及改装、基础设施建设、可再生能源发电、系统环保效益等4个方面进行技术分析与成本测算。从供能技术变革、商业模式和推广路线3个角度对电气化公路技术的未来推广进行论证展望。研究结果表明：电气化公路技术的应用与规模化能够带来巨大的经济与环境收益，其中的混合动力方案与架空线输电方案为面对未来可能的储能技术变革与无线输电普及打下重要的基础，提供了拓展空间，也是重载货车实现智能驾驶的重要步骤；与燃油驱动相比，电驱动百公里成本减少96元，单一重卡年运营成本减少18.8万元，百公里污染物（如：碳氧化物、氮氧化物等）均减少50%以上。     

盾构隧道下穿高速铁路路基沉降控制标准研究

为了合理制定隧道下穿高速铁路的变形控制标准，采用现场调研和统计分析等方法，对高速铁路轨道、扣件及路基的相互作用关系开展研究，提出高速铁路路基沉降控制标准的制定方法。研究结果表明： 1）轨道最大可允许变形由下穿点轨道扣件的最大可调整量、当前已用调整量和当前平顺度等数据确定； 2）轨道变形控制标准根据下穿点周边环境及列车实际运行速度选取合适的安全系数，在最大可允许变形量的基础上进行折减； 3）路基变形控制标准根据路基与轨道变形的相互关系确定。提出的轨道变形控制标准适用于高速铁路无砟轨道，路基变形控制标准适用于土质地层盾构隧道引起的路基变形。     

基于正交试验设计的车站基坑开挖对邻近既有铁路的影响分析

以既有线的轨道水平作为控制标准,依托大庆西站基坑工程,在已有的相关测试数据的基础上,研究了选取不同基坑支护参数时,基坑开挖对基坑旁既有线轨道水平的影响。运用有限元软件对基坑支护形式等影响因素进行正交优化分析,根据极差和方差分析方法,确定了临近既有线轨道水平的影响因素的重要性顺序。分析结果表明:临近既有线轨道水平的影响因素的重要性顺序依次为桩长、锚固段长、锚索刚度、预应力大小、桩直径、锚杆倾角,桩间距。     

路基沉降预测的非等间隔Asaoka法

路基沉降预测对于确保高速铁路无砟轨道结构铺设质量非常重要。《客运专线铁路无砟轨道铺设条件评估技术指南》中推荐的沉降预测方法对沉降观测数据时间间隔的要求并不一样。其中，Asaoka公式是根据一维固结问题推导得出，具有明确的物理意义，但需要沉降观测数据为等时间间隔数据。根据微分变差分原理，采用前向差分和后向差分推导出了非等间隔Asaoka法。工程实例应用结果显示非等间隔Asaoka法具有较好的预测效果，可以直接应用于非等间隔沉降数据，避免了Asaoka方法在应用中存在的问题。     

Railway vehicle performance optimisation using virtual homologation

Unlike regular automotive vehicles, which are designed to travel in different types of roads, railway vehicles travel mostly in the same route during their life cycle. To accept the operation of a railway vehicle in a particular network, a homologation process is required according to local standard regulations. In Europe, the standards EN 14363 and UIC 518, which are used for railway vehicle acceptance, require on-track tests and/or numerical simulations. An important advantage of using virtual homologation is the reduction of the high costs associated with on-track tests by studying the railway vehicle performance in different operation conditions. This work proposes a methodology for the improvement of railway vehicle design with the objective of its operation in selected railway tracks by using optimisation. The analyses required for the vehicle improvement are performed under control of the optimisation method global and local optimisation using direct search. To quantify the performance of the vehicle, a new objective function is proposed, which includes: a Dynamic Performance Index, defined as a weighted sum of the indices obtained from the virtual homologation process; the non-compensated acceleration, which is related to the operational velocity; and a penalty associated with cases where the vehicle presents an unacceptable dynamic behaviour according to the standards. Thus, the optimisation process intends not only to improve the quality of the vehicle in terms of running safety and ride quality, but also to increase the vehicle availability via the reduction of the time for a journey while ensuring its operational acceptance under the standards. The design variables include the suspension characteristics and the operational velocity of the vehicle, which are allowed to vary in an acceptable range of variation. The results of the optimisation lead to a global minimum of the objective function in which the suspensions characteristics of the vehicle are optimal for the track, the maximum operational velocity is increased while the safety and ride quality measures of the vehicle, as defined by homologation standards, are either maintained in acceptable values or improved.