生物柴油-柴油-乙醇混合燃料的燃烧与排放特性

为了改善发动机燃用高比例生物质混合燃料的性能,在中等比例的生物柴油-柴油混合燃料中分别添加5%、10%和20%体积比的乙醇（分别用BD50E5,BD50E10和BD50E20表示）,在一台6缸增压共轨柴油机上,将发动机的转速稳定在1 600 r·min^-1,选择7个不同的负荷点测定不同掺混比生物柴油-柴油-乙醇混合燃料的燃烧与排放性能,并将其与柴油进行对比。结果表明：在平均有效压力为0.322 MPa的低负荷条件下,发动机为预喷加主喷喷油策略,在预喷的低温反应阶段生物柴油-柴油-乙醇混合燃料产生了大量羟基自由基,因此混合燃料的缸内最大压力和最大瞬时放热率均高于柴油;随着负荷的增大,当平均有效压力为0.805 MPa时,发动机的喷油策略转变为单段喷射,乙醇的热值较低导致生物柴油-柴油-乙醇混合燃料的缸内最大压力和最大瞬时放热率低于柴油;随着乙醇掺混比的增大,受乙醇低十六烷值和高汽化潜热的影响,生物柴油-柴油-乙醇混合燃料的滞燃期明显延长;强烈的预混燃烧和乙醇的高含氧量使混合燃料的燃烧速度明显加快,乙醇的添加有利于燃料集中放热从而缩短燃烧持续期;与纯柴油相比,BD50E5,BD50E10和BD50E20的NO_x排放量分别升高了10.46%、12.59%和17.52%,碳烟排放量分别降低了37.91%、45.85%和49.25%,CO排放量分别降低了20.24%、36.43%和46.43%,HC排放量分别降低了12.53%、4.40%和0.76%。     

ZH1105W柴油机燃用生物柴油-柴油-甲醇的性能研究

为了研究生物柴油-柴油-甲醇微乳化燃料在柴油机上的应用,在一台ZH1105W直喷式柴油机上对微乳化燃料的燃烧特性、排放特性及发动机性能进行试验研究。结果表明:1)转速为1 500r/min时,与M0相比,M5与M10在小负荷下燃烧滞后且峰值参数对应曲轴转角滞后,峰值压力和压力升高率基本不变,但峰值放热率较高;大负荷下燃烧基本同时开始且峰值参数对应曲轴转角相同,峰值压力、压力升高率及峰值放热率较高。2)M5和M10的输出功率和扭矩比M0略低。3)在满负荷速度特性下,与M0相比,M5与M10碳烟排放明显降低,CO排放略有降低,NOx和HC排放基本不变。     

电控高压共轨柴油机燃用生物柴油-柴油混合燃料的燃烧特性

针对1台6缸增压中冷电控高压共轨柴油机,在不改变原柴油机结构和喷油参数的条件下,研究了生物柴油的掺混比例对发动机燃烧特性的影响。结果表明:小负荷时发动机有预喷射,随着生物柴油掺混比的增大,生物柴油-柴油混合燃料的滞燃期缩短、缸内最高燃烧压力下降,预喷阶段压力升高率峰值和瞬时燃烧放热率峰值减小,且对应的相位提前;主喷阶段压力升高率峰值和瞬时燃烧放热率峰值增大,且对应的相位后移。随着负荷的增大,发动机喷油策略改为单次喷射,随着生物柴油掺混比的增大,缸内最高燃烧压力下降,燃烧持续期缩短,压力升高率峰值略有增大,瞬时燃烧放热率峰值逐渐减小且对应的相位前移。两种不同负荷条件下,随着生物柴油掺混比的增大,混合燃料的指示热效率逐渐下降。     

共轨柴油机燃用生物柴油-汽油混合燃料的性能与排放研究

为了研究生物柴油在柴油机上的应用,在一台6缸高压共轨柴油机上进行生物柴油与汽油混合燃料的性能试验。研究结果表明:随着汽油掺混比的增加,生物柴油-汽油混合燃料的黏度、凝点和馏程温度降低,热值有所提高;在部分负荷和中等负荷下,生物柴油-汽油混合燃料的峰值燃烧压力、峰值放热率和燃烧温度都会升高;在大负荷下,3种燃料的缸内压力、瞬时放热率和燃烧温度相差不大。发动机转速为1 400 r/min时,与生物柴油相比,BD90G10和BD83G17的NO_x排放分别增加4.2%和6.7%,而炭烟排放显著降低。对于超细颗粒物(D<220 nm)而言,混合燃料的峰值数浓度对应的直径小于生物柴油;在低负荷和中等负荷下,汽油掺混能够有效降低超细颗粒物排放,但在大负荷下,BD90G10和BD83G17的颗粒数浓度相差不大,表明汽油掺混比的进一步增大对超细颗粒物排放的减少影响较小。     

弱含氧燃料在柴油机上的燃烧过程与排放特性

通过在柴油机上燃用生物柴油(Biodiesel)、微乳化油生物柴油(MB)、乙醇柴油(E20)与纯柴油4种燃料,研究在低含氧量情况下不同含氧结构对柴油机燃烧和排放性能的影响。结果表明,相较于纯柴油,标定点工况下,生物柴油着火时刻约提前2°CA,放热率峰值和最大爆发压力略有降低,而MB和E20放热始点相对滞后,但放热过程更集中。大负荷时,发动机燃用3种含氧燃料总体表现为NOx排放增加,而HC、CO和烟度等均有不同程度的下降;但中低负荷时,E20的HC和CO排放明显较高。对于酯基或醇基不同结构来源的含氧燃料,携带氧的碳链长短及其附属燃料特性造成其燃烧和排放性能的显著差异,需根据各自属性优化在柴油中的添加比例,协调含氧燃料在发动机上的应用。     

碳质纳米燃料添加剂对柴油机性能影响的试验研究北大核心

在一台ZS1100柴油机上,以碳质纳米颗粒氧化石墨烯(GO)、多壁碳纳米管(MWCNT)和石墨烯(GR)作为燃料添加剂(25×10^(-6)和100×10^(-6))分别加入生物柴油-柴油掺混燃料中,研究了柴油机的燃烧特性、经济性能和炭烟排放特性。结果表明,柴油中掺混20%体积比的生物柴油改善了燃烧过程,各负荷下滞燃期缩短,CA50提前,炭烟排放降低,但燃油消耗率最大增加了4.2%,热效率降低了2.1%。3种碳质纳米燃料添加剂的加入都优化了掺混燃料的燃烧,缩短了滞燃期,改善了燃油经济性,对比发现,添加100×10^(-6)的MWCNT后,缸压峰值最大提高了0.334 MPa,放热率峰值提高了17.9%,同时燃油消耗率最大降低5.0%,热效率提高4.4%。3种碳质纳米燃料添加剂的加入都降低了炭烟排放,且MWCNT和GR在高浓度时效果更加明显,其中100×10^(-6)的MWCNT效果最显著,炭烟排放最大降低了17.2%。     

HCCI发动机燃用MTBE/正庚烷混合燃料的燃烧和排放特性的研究

对正庚烷及其与不同比例甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE)的混合燃料在高速4缸柴油机上进行单缸HCC I燃烧排放试验。试验结果表明,随着MTBE比例的增加,混合燃料的HCC I燃烧低温反应弱化并延迟,进而导致整个HCC I高温阶段燃烧被抑制,燃烧相位延迟,因而MTBE添加具有拓展正庚烷HCC I燃烧负荷的潜力。     

电控高压共轨柴油机燃用生物柴油的燃烧特性

针对1台大排量电控高压共轨柴油机,在发动机结构和参数不作变动和调整的条件下,研究了5种不同生物柴油含量的混合燃料(B0,B10,B15,B20和B30)对发动机燃烧特性的影响。结果表明,随着燃料中生物柴油含量的增加,燃烧始点、燃烧终点、放热重心逐渐提前,滞燃期和燃烧持续期有所缩短,发动机的缸内最高燃烧压力和放热率峰值逐渐降低,所对应的相位逐渐提前。生物柴油含量对缸内最高燃烧压力影响较小,而对放热率峰值影响较大,在大负荷工况下对放热率的影响更加明显。     

氨-生物燃料双燃料发动机的燃烧与排放特性

针对双碳目标,应用低碳/零碳燃料是实现内燃机高效清洁燃烧的有效途径。本研究基于一个双燃料柴油机台架开展,缸内直喷燃料分别选用柴油、生物柴油/汽油混合燃料(BG70)和生物柴油/汽油/乙醇混合燃料(BG50E20);氨为进气道喷射,能量替代率为0～28%。试验工况为1 200 r/min、0.8 MPa指示平均有效压力(IMEP)。对比分析了不同燃料的一氧化碳(CO)、总碳氢(THC)、氮氧化物(NO_x)排放以及颗粒物粒径分布。结果表明：单燃料模式下,BG70和BG50E20的指示热效率高于柴油。BG70的CO排放相比柴油降低30%,但THC和NO_x排放在3种燃料中最高。BG70和BG50E20的总颗粒物数量(TPN)排放低于柴油。相比各燃料单燃料模式的燃烧与排放性能,添加氨后的3种燃料的指示热效率降低1%～2%;CO排放增加约1倍;柴油和BG70的NO_x排放减少接近50%,BG50E20的NO_x排放减少约30%。另外,氨的加入对BG70和BG50E20的TPN有显著影响,当氨能量替代率从0增长至28...     

煤基醇类混合燃料柴油机的燃烧及排放特性

利用煤基费托(Fischer Tropsch,F-T)燃料的高十六烷值特性和醇类燃料的含氧特性,提出了F-T柴油掺烧醇类燃料的煤基混合燃料的思路。在F-T柴油中添加10%体积比的甲醇﹑乙醇与丁醇燃料,通过与0#柴油比较来研究不同的醇燃料对发动机性能的影响规律。结果表明:相对于0#柴油,该混合燃料的燃烧始点提前,燃烧放热中心累计放热量达50%时对应的曲轴转角CA50向后推迟,燃烧放热率第一峰值点降低,预混合燃烧放热量降低;第二峰值点升高,扩散燃烧所占比重增加。在外特性下,混合燃料的NO_x﹑碳烟与HCHO排放都大幅降低,并且相同体积甲醇燃料对于柴油机排放的优化效果更加明显。     

Knock in dual-fuel diesel combustion with an E85 ethanol/gasoline blend by multi-dimensional simulation

In this paper, knocking combustion in dual-fuel diesel engine is modeled and investigated using the CFD code coupled with detailed chemical kinetics. The ethanol/gasoline blend E85 is used as the primary fuel in a dual-fuel combustion concept based on a light-duty diesel engine equipped with a common-rail injection system. The E85 blend is injected and well mixed with intake air in the intake manifold and is ignited by the direct injection diesel fuel. A 46-species, 187-reaction Multicomponent mechanism is adopted to model the auto-ignition process of the E85/air/diesel mixture ahead of the flame front. Based on the model validation, knocking combustion under boost and full load operating condition for 0 %, 20 %, 50 %, as well as 70 % E85 substitute energy is simulated. The effects of E85 substitute rate and two stage injection strategies on knock intensity, power output, as well as location of the auto-ignition initiation is clearly reproduced by the model. The calculation result shows that, for a high E85 rate of 50 % and 70 % with single injection strategies, the most serious knock and the origin of auto-ignition always occurs far away from where the flame of diesel spray is first generated, at the center of combustion chamber, due to higher pressure wave, relatively richer E85 mixture and longer distances of flame propagation. The two stage injection strategies with a small amount of diesel pilot injection ahead of the main injection primarily influence the ignition behavior of the directly injected fuel, leads to a lower pressure rise rate and a reduced propagation distance, both of which contribute to the attenuation of knock intensity for a higher E85 rate.     

Reduction of emissions with propane addition to a diesel engine

Recent studies on dual-fuel combustion in compression-ignition (CI) engines, also known as diesel engines, fall into two categories. In the first category are studies focused on the addition of small amounts of gaseous fuel to CI engines. In these studies, gaseous fuel is regarded as a secondary fuel and diesel fuel is regarded as the main fuel for combustion. The objectives of these studies typically involve reducing particulate matter (PM) emissions by using gaseous fuel as a partial substitution for diesel fuel. However, the addition of gaseous fuel raises the combustion temperature, which increases emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO_x). In the second category are studies focused on reactivity-controlled compression-ignition (RCCI) combustion. RCCI combustion can be implemented by early diesel injection with a large amount of low-reactivity fuel such as gasoline or gaseous fuel. Although RCCI combustion promises lower NO_x and PM emissions and higher thermal efficiency than conventional diesel combustion, it requires a higher intake pressure (usually more than 1.7 bars) to maintain a lean fuel mixture. Therefore, in this study, practical applications of dual-fuel combustion with a low air-fuel ratio (AFR), which implies a low intake pressure, were systemically evaluated using propane in a diesel engine. The characteristics of dualfuel combustion for high and low AFRs were first evaluated. The proportion of propane used for four different operating conditions was then increased to decrease emissions and to identify the optimal condition for dual-fuel combustion. Although the four operating conditions differ, the AFR was maintained at 20 (? approximately equal to 0.72) and the 50% mass fraction burned (MFB 50) was also fixed. The results show that dual-fuel combustion can reduce NO_x and PM emissions in comparison to conventional diesel combustion.     

重型柴油机燃用不同柴油替代燃料的性能研究

对乖型柴油机燃用纯柴油、体积混合比例为1:9的天然气合成油(GTL柴油)与柴油混合燃料(G10)、体积混合比例为1:9的生物柴油与柴油混合燃料(BD10)、纯GTL柴油(G100)及纯牛物柴油(BD100)5种燃料的动力性、经济性及燃烧特性进行了研究.结果表明,BD10、G10与纯柴油有相似的燃烧特性,额定转速F G100的缸内工作压力增大,BD100的缸内工作压力显著降低;G10油耗较之BD10降低2.43%,功率较之BD10平均高2.78%;与燃用纯柴油的油耗相比,G100平均降低2.62%,BD100平均高出13%;除NOx排放外,生物柴油在降低CO、HC、PM的排放上均有所改善.     

Reaction characteristics of the diesel oxidation catalyst of particulate matters from the diffusion flame of a oiler burner

The objective of this experimental study is to investigate the characteristics of the size distribution and the number concentration of PM (particulate matters) emitted from the diffusion flame of a boiler burner, which has the same type of combustion as a diesel engine. This study is performed to investigate the emission characteristics of nanoparticles generated from diffusion combustion in diesel fuel, and it considered fuel factors and the reaction characteristics of the nanoparticles on the DOC (Diesel oxidation catalyst). The factors examined in this experiment included the sulfur content in the fuel, the blend of the diesel fuel containing biodiesel and bio-ethanol, and the concentration of engine oil (0.1% and 1.0%) blended with diesel fuel. The particle size distribution of the nanoparticles exhausted from the boiler burner was measured by an SMPS (scanning mobility particle sizer). The number concentration of PM that were smaller than 70 nm in diameter greatly increased in the rear of the DOC when fuel containing 250 ppm of sulfur was used. The experiment also suggested that the particle number concentration in both the front and rear of the DOC was lower when ULSD (ultra low sulfur diesel) fuel blended with biodiesel and bio-ethanol, which are oxygenated fuels, was used than when only ULSD fuel was used. The higher the content of engine oil in the fuel, the higher the particle number concentration was in the front and rear of the catalyst. When the first dilution air temperature is increased from 30°C to 180°C, the nanoparticle number concentration dramatically dropped in the rear of the catalyst when fuel containing 250 ppm of sulfur was used, while the particle size distribution remained almost the same when the fuel with engine oil was used.     

缸内直喷醇类燃料发动机的燃烧与排放特性

根据所测的示功图和排放,分析了一台采用火花点火、缸内直喷周向分层燃烧系统的发动机在燃用甲醇和乙醇时的性能和燃烧特性。研究表明,醇类燃料发动机的燃烧由预混燃烧与扩散燃烧组成,具有非常快的燃烧速率,而且非常稳定,ATDC(3°CA～6°CA)就燃烧完50%燃料,循环变动小于6%。与燃用乙醇相比,燃用甲醇时滞燃期较短,燃烧速率较快。由于采用分层燃烧,醇类燃料发动机具有与直喷柴油机相当的热效率,在负荷特性上,燃用醇类燃料时的NOx排放仅为柴油机的10%～40%,且能实现无烟燃烧,CO排放的增加低于1%,HC排放高于柴油机。     

不同喷射策略下CRDI柴油机燃用柴油-桐油-乙醇混合燃料的燃烧与排放特性

在1台共轨直喷(CRDI)柴油机上开展了不同喷射策略下桐油、乙醇与柴油混合燃料的燃烧和排放特性研究。试验结果表明:与0号柴油相比,混合燃料的着火延迟期稍长,缸内压力峰值和放热率较高,但燃烧持续期稍短;随着桐油和乙醇体积分数的增加,有效热效率(BTE)也随之增大。在低负荷时,混合燃料的CO和HC排放较高,且随着桐油和乙醇所占体积分数的增大而增加;混合燃料的NO_x排放在低负荷时较低,在高负荷时略高;在高负荷时,混合燃料的炭烟排放大大减少。总体而言,混合燃料中乙醇对发动机性能的影响比桐油大。     

柴油喷雾与LPG/柴油混合喷雾的对比研究

以ZH1105W柴油机为模型,采用Jaynes等人提出的雾化液滴尺寸和速度联合数目分布函数,对柴油喷雾和LPG/柴油混合喷雾的燃料液滴尺寸和速度数目分布进行了对比研究;采用液滴蒸发和碰撞模型对液滴尺寸理论数目分布与试验结果进行了对比研究。液滴尺寸和速度联合数目分布的研究结果表明,随着液体喷射速度的增大,液滴尺寸数目分布曲线向小颗粒偏移。随着液滴尺寸的增大,较大颗粒的液滴速度数目分布曲线的峰值先明显增大,到达中等尺寸后又明显减小。由于LPG/柴油混合燃料的闪急沸腾喷雾对燃料液滴具有突爆的加速作用,L30速度分布曲线的峰值速度比柴油的明显增大。累积的液滴尺寸分布和速度数目分布研究表明,由于混合燃料的闪急沸腾喷雾,L30尺寸数目分布曲线峰值相对于柴油向小颗粒方向偏移,L30的峰值大于柴油的峰值。说明L30喷雾所产生的小颗粒液滴多于柴油,雾化质量提高,碳烟排放得以大幅度降低。L30速度分布曲线的峰值比柴油略小一些,且略微向大速度方向偏移。说明与柴油相比,L30燃料较大速度液滴的数目略有增加。液滴蒸发和碰撞模型对于石油液体燃料的研究是可行的,对于液化气体燃料与石油液体燃料的混合燃料的研究,模型还有待于进一步改进。     

Comprehensive experimental study on the effect of biodiesel/diesel blended fuel on common-rail di diesel engine technology

This research work aims to study the aspects of using biodiesel or FAME as a component blended in diesel fuel for common-rail DI engine technology. The specific engine experiments were designed for LD commercial engine [Toyota 2KD-FTV] to understand engine combustion process, engine performance and thermal efficiency when applying FAME blended fuel. In addition, the exhaust emission in HD diesel engine [HINO J08E] was evaluated by standard HD engine emission ESC and ELR test cycles. Furthermore, the severe 400-hour of HD engine durability tests for determining the limitation on using FAME blended fuel, have been conducted with B0, B10, B20 and B50. The result shows that using of FAME blended fuel in the HD common-rail DI engine, can be applied with some guidelines experimentally discovered by this research such as filter plugging that may occur when the content of biodiesel is up to 20 % or higher, and the critical fuel injector surface polishing wear, can be observed from B50 sample. In general, the higher biodiesel content will contribute to lower power output as well, thus too high biodiesel content will cause low engine power output.     

废食用油代用燃料在柴油机上的试验研究

食用植物油是一种很有前途的代用燃料,它是利用植物的光合作用不断更新生产的一种能源。通过用废食用油制得的柴油机代用燃料,在小型高速柴油机上与0号柴油做了性能对比试验。试验结果表明,与燃用柴油相比,用废食用油作为代用燃料输出功率几乎相同(仅低2%),燃油消耗增加了6%~12%,排气温度降低了20℃,所排出的CO2降低了10%~15%,CO降低了10%~18%,HC降低了47%。