过氧化物添加剂改善HCCI发动机低负荷失火的研究

为了改善汽油HCCI发动机在低负荷的失火,通过在90号汽油中添加不同种类和不同质量的过氧化物,在一台改造过的4缸柴油机的第4缸进行HCCI燃烧试验,研究了添加剂对HCCI燃烧过程的影响。试验结果表明,在发动机转速为1 400 r/min时,使用90号汽油的HCCI发动机只能在高负荷下运行;加入过氧化物添加剂后,着火时刻提前、缸压和放热率峰值升高,燃烧向低负荷区域大幅度拓展;添加相同质量分数的不同种类过氧化物,二叔丁基过氧化物(DTBP)作用最明显。相同当量比的稳态工况下,随二叔丁基过氧化物质量分数增加,着火和燃烧放热提前、燃烧持续期缩短,失火得到有效改善,负荷范围得到拓宽。但过高的添加剂质量分数会使发动机高负荷爆震可能性增加,发动机转速为1 400 r/min下,二叔丁基过氧化物的质量分数2%左右为最佳值。     

汽油机均质充量压燃控制系统的开发——火花点燃与均质充量压燃的切换控制方法

在设计未来的汽油机时，均质充量压燃（HCCI）堪称为理想的燃烧方式。但目前HCCI燃烧方式仅限于低转速、中低负荷区域，并有待拓展其运行范围。目前，大部分汽油机仍在采用火花点燃（SI）燃烧方式。介绍了一种构想，鉴于HCCI燃烧还不能在所有发动机运行条件下实现，在高负荷及高转速条件下仍要采用SI燃烧方式，因此建议应用SI燃...     

HCCI——一种大有前途的清洁汽车技术(二)

(接上期) 4国外HCCI的研究及应用现状 柴油HCCI燃烧过程的研究始于上世纪90年代中期. 1992年,美国西南研究院(SWRI, SouthwestResearch Institute)研究者首次在1.6L VW发动机上研究了HCCI,使发动机的工作负荷范围从14％拓宽到34％.1996年,研究者又采用缸外预混的方法在柴油燃料HCCI燃烧过程的研究方面取得了突破性的进展,研究发现,HCCI运行工况对EGR率、压缩比和空燃比依赖很大,可接受的、不发生爆震的HCCI工况被限制在了很小的参数范围内.     

二茂铁和乙醇对HCCI爆震影响的试验研究

为了抑制HCCI发动机在高负荷时的爆震,通过在基础燃料(PRF90)中分别添加少量二茂铁和乙醇,在一台改造过的4缸柴油机的第4缸进行HCCI燃烧试验,研究其对HCCI发动机爆震的影响。试验结果表明,在发动机转速为1 400 r/min、相同当量比的稳态工况下,随着二茂铁质量分数和乙醇体积分数的增加,HCCI发动机缸压和放热率峰值降低,燃烧持续期增加,爆震得到有效抑制,负荷范围得到拓宽。在较小的质量分数下,二茂铁作用不明显,而过多的二茂铁、乙醇导致发动机失火可能性增加,二茂铁的质量分数应为0.035%左右,乙醇体积分数应为1%左右。     

乙醇SI/HCCI燃烧模式平稳转换控制策略研究

如何将均质压燃(HCCI)应用到实际发动机上是当前HCCI研究的热点之一,采用HCCI/SI复合燃烧模式是潜力巨大的出路之一。当发动机采用这种复合燃烧模式时,HCCI只能在一定范围内运行的特点决定了发动机在HCCI和SI两种燃烧模式边界工况发生负荷变化时,需要进行两种燃烧模式的相互转换。实现两种燃烧模式的平稳转换需要对转换过程中影响转换平顺性的因素进行分析,综合控制。通过分析试验所得数据,本研究基于主节气门运动规律、点火提前角和供油规律3个主要影响因素提出了主动、协同的控制策略,实现了两种燃烧模式的平稳转换。     

火花辅助点火均质充气压缩着火的瞬态控制技术

近几年,随着人们对减少CO_2和其他温室气体排放的技术需求逐渐增加,汽油均质充气压缩着火(HCCI)燃烧方式已获得认可,该技术依靠稀薄燃烧实现低氮氧化物排放和高热效率。然而,汽油机HCCI对缸内温度变化的耐受度很低,因此,在瞬态工况下运行时易发生爆燃和失火。用1台四冲程自然吸气汽油直喷发动机验证了HCCI的瞬态控制,该发动采用可变气门正时和升程的电子控制系统,来优化HCCI的进排气。介绍了引入外部废气再循环的化学计量火花点燃与HCCI着火的切换控制,以及在HCCI运行范围内发动机负荷和转速的变化。     

混合气分层对HCCI汽油机极限负荷和燃烧特性的影响

对比研究HCCI汽油机在不同空燃比下采用混合气分层策略时的极限负荷、NOx排放量和燃油经济性,考察了在此策略下过量空气系数λ和EGR率对HCCI发动机燃烧特性的影响。结果表明,混合气分层压缩燃烧模式能有效降低HCCI燃烧的压力升高率,具有拓展负荷范围的潜力,但同时也使NOx排放增加;适当的过量空气系数能在一定程度上改善HCCI发动机的燃烧特性,采用9%的EGR率时发动机油耗率最低,具有明显节油效果。     

基于2阶段喷射的缸内直喷汽油机HCCI燃烧的研究

在缸内直喷汽油机（GDI）上采用2阶段燃油喷射技术来控制缸内混合气形成和燃烧，在GDI发动机上实现了均质混合气压燃（HCCI）燃烧方式，研究了缸内2阶段汽油喷射对HCCI燃烧特性的影响。结果表明，压缩行程中的第2次喷油时间可以有效地控制燃烧始点，二次喷油持续期可以控制燃烧速率、燃烧相位和拓宽发动机负荷。     

均质压燃发动机研究开发新进展

介绍了HCCI燃烧节能和降排放的潜力及其产业化关键技术问题;阐述了HCCI发动机稳态工况下的着火燃烧控制方法、瞬态运行控制方法和数值模拟等方面的最新研究进展。可以看出,目前国际上HCCI产业化研究主要集中在汽油机和柴油机HCCI燃烧控制方面,包括燃烧诊断、燃烧模式切换和瞬态工况过渡。缸内直喷多段喷射是HCCI燃烧在车用发动机上应用更有前途和更具可行性的方式。HCCI发动机产业化进程将取决于快速可变配气系统和高质量燃油喷射系统等技术的进一步成熟和产业化成本。     

基于电控喷油定时与EGR率实现柴油机HCCI/常规燃烧双模式的试验研究

针对HCCI燃烧在大负荷时的局限性,开发了基于电控燃油喷射定时和EGR率的车用柴油机双燃烧模式,即在小、中负荷工作时,采用均质压燃预混合燃烧,在大负荷时,采用传统的扩散燃烧模式,克服了均质预混合燃烧模式大负荷性能差的缺点。试验研究了在HCCI区域喷油提前角与EGR率对柴油机性能的影响及二者在HCCI区域的协同作用。分析了HCCI燃烧的缸压和放热率。通过油量MAP与喷油定时MAP的优化和爆震扭矩值确定了双燃烧模式工作下的HCCI扭矩范围及过渡区域扭矩线。试验结果表明:采用电控VP37泵与电控废气再循环系统相结合,通过增大喷油提前角的方式,在一定的负荷范围内实现了准HCCI燃烧,NOx与炭烟排放同时降低;在大负荷范围内采用常规燃烧方式,使CA4D32TC柴油机实现了双燃烧模式工作,具有较好的性能指标。     

CO2和H2对HCCI二甲醚发动机燃烧影响的数值模拟

模拟了燃用DME的HCC I发动机的燃烧过程,研究了进气添加剂CO2和H2对其着火时刻和指示功的影响。结果表明:CO2能延迟着火时刻,降低缸内压力和温度,从而扩大HCC I燃烧运行范围;H2也可推迟着火,并能有效提高发动机的指示功。为了既控制着火始点,又提高发动机指示功,提出进气中同时添加适量CO2和H2,并就此进行了计算。     

Effects of the fuel injection ratio on the emission and combustion performances of the partially premixed charge compression ignition combustion engine applied with the split injection method

Currently, due to the severity of world-wide air pollution by substances emitted from vehicles, emission control is being enforced more strictly, and it is expected that the regulation requirements for emission will become even more severe. A new concept combustion technology that can reduce the Nitrogen oxides (NOx) and PM in relation to combustion is urgently required. As a core combustion technology among new combustion technologies for the next generation engine, the homogenous charge compression ignition (HCCI) is expanding its application range by adopting a multiple combustion mode, a catalyst, direct fuel injection and partially premixed charge compression ignition combustion using the split injection method. This paper used a split injection method in order to apply the partially premixed charge compression ignition combustion method without significantly altering engine specifications of the multiple combustion mode and practicality by referring to the results of studies on the HCCI engine. Furthermore, the effects of the ratio of the fuel injection amount on split injection are investigated. From the test results, the adequate combination of the ratio of the fuel injection amount for the split injection method has some benefit on exhaust and fuel economy performance in a naturally aspirated single cylinder diesel engine.     

柴油机HCCI压缩过程缸内工质状态的模拟研究

分析了均质充量压燃(HCCI)的一个技术难点,即燃烧始点的控制,指出其燃烧两阶段性对应着放热的两阶段性。建立了HCCI柴油机早期缸内燃油喷射的压缩模型,通过对R4102柴油机的模拟计算,获得了压缩过程缸内工质T-p变化历程;从低温放热和高温放热分析了进气温度T0、过量空气系数a以及压缩比cε等因素对HCCI燃烧始点的影响。     

Numerical analysis of the effect of inhomogeneous pre-mixture on the pressure rise rate in an HCCI engine using multi-zone chemical kinetics

The HCCI (Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition) engine is an internal combustion engine under development, which is capable of providing both high diesel-like efficiency and very low NO_x and particulate emissions. However, several technical issues must be resolved before the HCCI engine is ready for widespread application. One issue is that its operating range is limited by an excessive pressure rise rate which is caused by the excessive heat release from its selfaccelerated combustion reaction and the resulting engine knock in high-load conditions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential of thermal and fuel stratification for reducing the pressure rise rate in HCCI engines. The NO_x and CO concentrations in the exhaust gas were also evaluated to confirm combustion completeness and NO_x emissions. The computational work was conducted using a multi-zone code with detailed chemical kinetics, including the effects of thermal and fuel stratification on the onset of ignition and the rate of combustion. The engine was fueled with dimethyl ether (DME) which has a unique two-stage heat release, and methane which has a one-stage heat release.     

二甲醚均质充量压燃发动机燃烧特性试验研究

通过改造一台压缩比为16．5的2-135柴油机，在其上实现DME的HCCI燃烧方式。试验结果表明，DME HCCI发动机不但可以实现无烟燃烧，而且可以有效控制发动机NOx排放，使其接近0排放。在试验负荷范围内，CO排放随负荷增加而降低；HC的排放随负荷变化不大。     

Experimental study of performance and emission characteristics of DEE-assisted minimally processed ethanol fuelled HCCI engine

The homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) is an alternative combustion concept for reciprocating engines. This study investigates an HCCI engine fuelled with Diethyl ether (DEE) ignition assisted wet ethanol (ethanol with 20% water content). The direct use of wet ethanol could reduce the associated energy required for distillation and dehydration of ethanol. The HCCI engine offers significant benefits in terms of its high efficiency and ultra low emissions. The experiment is conducted with various DEE flow rates and at different air-fuel ratios, for which stable HCCI combustion is achieved. Incylinder pressure, heat release analysis and exhaust emissions were observed. In this study, the effect of DEE on combustion parameters, thermal efficiency and emissions is analysed and discussed in detail. The experimental results indicate that the DEE flow rates have a significant effect on the maximum in-cylinder pressure and its position, thermal efficiency, maximum rate of pressure rise and the heat release rate. Results show that for all stable operating points, brake thermal efficiency is higher than reference mode at lower loads and almost same at higher loads. The emission parameters such as NO, HC and CO are lower than the dual fuel mode which is considered as a reference model for this experiment.     

Cooling effect of methanol on an n-heptane HCCI engine using a dual fuel system

Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines have the potential to raise the efficiency of reciprocating engines during partial load operation. However, the performance of the HCCI engine at high loads is restricted by severe knocking, which can be observed by the excessive pressure rise rate. This is due to the rapid combustion process occurring inside the cylinder, which does not follow the flame propagation that is seen in conventional engines. In this study, a low compression ratio of 9.5:1 for a gasoline engine was converted to operate in HCCI mode with the goal being to expand the stable operating region at high loads. Initially, pure n-heptane was used as the fuel at equivalence ratios of 0.30 to 0.58 with elevated intake charge temperatures of 180 and 90 °C, respectively. The n-heptane HCCI engine could reach a maximum performance at an indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) of 0.38 MPa, which was larger than the performance found in the literature. To reach an even higher performance, a dual-fuel system was exploited. Methanol, as an anti-detonant additive, was introduced into the intake stream with various amounts of n-heptane at fixed equivalence ratios in the range of 0.42 to 0.52. It was found that the methanol addition cooled the mixture down prior to combustion and resulted in an increased coefficient of variation (COV). In order to maintain stable combustion and keep the pressure rise rate below the limit, the intake charge temperature should be increased. Introduction of 90% and 95% (vol/vol) hydrous methanol showed a similar trend but a lower thermal conversion efficiency and IMEP value. Therefore, a dual fuel HCCI engine could maintain a high thermal conversion efficiency across a wide load and enhance a 5% larger load compared to a pure n-heptane-fuelled HCCI engine. The hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions were lower than 800 ppm and 0.10%, respectively. They were less at higher loads. The nitrogen oxides (NO _x ) emissions were below 12 ppm and were found to increase sharply at higher loads to a maximum of 23 ppm.