论我国城市客车工况循环标准修改的重要性

介绍国内外城市客车工况循环的现状.通过分析指出,我国现有的城市客车四工况循环已不能满足城市客车与电动客车研发的需要,并针对此标准提出修改建议.     

城市客车标准化道路试验循环测试

城市客车标准化道路试验(Standardized On-Road Test,简称SORT)循环是通过对城市客车的运行特点进行分析,综合考虑城市客车运行过程中对燃料消耗量影响较大的关键参数,进而提出的一种标准化试验循环,主要包括SORT1、SORT2及SORT3三种具体工况。文章简单介绍了标准化道路试验循环情况,介绍了两款城市客车按标准化道路试验循环开展测试的车辆、道路、设备及测试结果等情况,并简单分析了测试结果以及测试结果对实际工作的指导意义。     

基于多种循环工况的混合动力客车制动能量回收对燃油经济贡献率的研究

建立再生制动能量回收的数学模型和试验评价方法,并针对某一并联混合动力城市客车,选择四种典型城市循环工况进行试验分析,得到不同行驶工况下混合动力客车的制动能量回收对整车燃油经济性的贡献率,对混合动力汽车的前期开发具有参考作用.     

纯电动城市客车车身有限元分析

根据城市客车实际承载和运行工况,利用有限元分析,获得纯电动城市客车在典型工况下的应力应变状态;阐述其与传统城市客车受力情况的不同,提出纯电动城市客车车身的设计要点。     

天然气串联式混合动力城市客车开发

介绍了天然气发动机选型、带离合器的辅助功率单元的结构设计等开发当中各项性能进行实际道路试验,试验表明天然气混合动力城市客车在城市工况下同时具有低排放和低油耗的特点.     

混合动力客车循环工况下燃料经济性分析

在分析某混合动力客车的多种工作模式和循环工况的统计特性的基础上,给出最大能耗节约率计算方法.通过建立等效燃料消耗率的概念,详细分析各典型工况对该车燃料经济性的贡献率.最后提出混合动力城市客车控制策略制定的若干建议.     

铰接汽车转向器座可靠性分析

针对铰接式城市客车转向器座的受载特点,运用有限元分析方法计算了几种典型工况下某铰接汽车转向器座的疲劳强度,得到了转向器座接近实际工况的应力循环,然后利用其S-N曲线,基于Miner线性累计损伤准则计算其疲劳寿命。通过与成熟的产品疲劳分析结果的比较,获得了新车型的可靠性数据,减少了试验成本。     

城市公交客车采购方法的新探索

应用何种评估方法才能买到既环保、节油又满足城市需要的公交客车,一直是公交客运企业非常关注的问题。本文通过让参与竞标的客车在中国典型城市公交循环工况下行驶,使用车载排放测试仪器对其测试,最后计算出比功率油耗量、比功率排放量等道路实际指标来判定客车在经济性能和排放性能方面的差异。然后根据整车设计、价格等多方面评价指标共同决定哪家竞标成功。     

城市客车车身结构有限元分析

文章对某公司最新开发的低入口城市客车车身结构进行了有限元分析。根据多种工况条件下的计算结果分析，提出了对该型客车车身结构的优化方案。     

城市客车的节油方法

针对城市客车的实际使用工况,采取了如下节油措施:调整化油器并改进其喉管、改装空气滤清器和驾驶技巧。     

武汉市公交车典型行驶工况的构建

利用实测的公交车运行数据,建立符合公交车运营特点的行驶工况.首先将连续行驶数据进行短行程划分并计算各短行程的特征值;之后采用主成分分析将12个特征值降为4个主成分,利用相关系数法建立了武汉市公交车的综合行驶工况;同时采用聚类分析对短行程分类,构建了公交车在拥堵道路、较畅通道路、畅通道路3类交通条件下的行驶工况;各工况同实测数据的相关系数均超过了0.98.研究结果表明,该地区公交车平均运行速度为19.46 km/h,各行驶模式下的时间比例分别为:加速26.39%、减速23.61%、匀速33.33%、怠速16.67%.此外将所建立综合工况与燃油消耗量测试工况C-WTVC比较,发现二者在平均速度和怠速时间比例方面存在较大差别.因此有必要针对公交车专门开发测试工况,从而为交通和环保部门的公交运营管理提供指导.      

北京市公共汽车平均车速统计分析

通过对北京市多条公共交通路线公共汽车行驶车速的实测和统计，分析了公共汽车平均车速的影响因素，研究了平均车速的三种统计计算方法，确立加权平均车速法为最佳统计计算方法。对北京市公共汽车平均车速的在不同类型道路上分布的情况和统计分布规律进行了总结，提出北京市公共汽车平均车速分布遵循对数正态概率分布规律。为公共汽车及今后电动公共汽车车辆选型，运营方式确定及运营成本分析提供了科学依据。     

基于比功率参数的北京市柴油公交车行驶和排放特征研究

利用车载尾气检测设备和GPS系统收集了北京市重型柴油公交车实际行驶和排放数据,引入汽车比功率(VSP)参数,建立柴油公交车排放预测方法,并对柴油公交车的实际运行和排放特征进行了分析.行驶特征分析表明,公交车在北京市五环内的平均速度为17.17km/h,其80%以上行驶处于VSP区间[-1,3]kW/t;排放特征分析表明,柴油公交车瞬时高排放集中在VSP≥lOkW/t区间,表明高加速或快速行驶是引起瞬时高排放的主要原因.     

Bus travel time modelling using GPS probe and smart card data: A probabilistic approach considering link travel time and station dwell time

Abstract

Path travel time estimation for buses is critical to public transit operation and passenger information system. State-of-the-art methods for estimating path travel time are usually focused on single vehicle with a limited number of road segments, thereby neglecting the interaction among multiple buses, boarding behavior, and traffic flow. This study models path travel time for buses considering link travel time and station dwell time. First, we fit link travel time to shifted lognormal distributions as in previous studies. Then, we propose a probabilistic model to capture interactions among buses in the bus bay as a first-in-first-out queue, with every bus sharing the same set of behaviors: queuing to enter the bus bay, loading/unloading passengers, and merging into traffic flow on the main road. Finally, path travel time distribution is estimated by statistically summarizing link travel time distributions and station dwell time distributions. The path travel time of a bus line in Hangzhou is analyzed to validate the effectiveness of the proposed model. Results show that the model-based estimated path travel time distribution resembles the observed distribution well. Based on the calculation of path travel time, link travel time reliability is identified as the main factor affecting path travel time reliability.     

基于拉格朗日松弛算法的自动驾驶公交调度优化研究

为了解决公交实际运营出现的调度方式单一、车辆配合度较差、串车等问题，降低公交运行中人为因素的影响，提高公交系统的运营效率，提出一种考虑乘客动态需求的调度模型，采用自动驾驶环境下的公交运营方式，结合站点实际乘客需求调配车辆，实现了公交车辆利用程度最大和乘客总体等待时间最小的多目标优化。提出的自动驾驶公交调度方法，获取了乘客个体的实时出行需求，同时实现了对车头时距的调控。在模型求解方面，选取拉格朗日松弛算法，最终获得了多目标优化问题的精确解。以北京公交300路快车作为实际案例进行分析，从公交实际运营数据中提取多项参数作为模型的输入，通过拉格朗日松弛算法的求解，得到自动驾驶条件下公交运行时刻表、乘客等待时间、公交承载量、站点上车乘客人数等多项运营指标。通过与公交实际运营状态的对比，论证了采用自动驾驶公交对于改善公交运营现状的可行性。最后将优化结果与公交实际数据进行了对比分析。结果表明：自动驾驶车辆投入公交运营，能够缓解串车问题，同一线路上公交车的载客量分布更为均衡，在同一断面的客流与车头时距的不均衡程度均有所降低；同时高峰时段发车数量减少了20%，公交车的平均承载量提高了21.7%，车辆平均间隔缩短了29.9%。     

Parametric optimization of EQ6110HEV hybrid electric bus based on orthogonal experiment design

Parametric optimization is an important step for any mechanical system design, including the development and design of a hybrid electric bus. To obtain an optimized parameter grouping of the EQ6110HEV hybrid electric bus for best fuel economy, an orthogonal experiment design method is applied to the parameter optimization process of the EQ6110HEV hybrid prolusion system. This paper proposes two orthogonal experiment methods; the basically orthogonal experiment method and the synthetically orthogonal experiment method. By this means, the development time and the testing costs are reduced, and the impact of factors and their optimal levels are obtained by a range analysis of the experiment results. The results show that the fuel economy of the optimized parameter grouping is improved by 4.1 percent for the four-stage urban driving cycle in China and by 8.7 percent for the Wuhan urban driving cycle of public buses in China, in comparison with that of the parameter grouping of the current configuration.     

考虑驾驶风格的电动公交车能耗灰色关联投影-随机森林预测模型

为探索驾驶员驾驶行为与电动公交车能耗之间的关系，采用随机森林算法建立电动公交车能耗预测模型。为克服驾驶行为特征参数和样本数据的随机性对电动公交车能耗预测模型的负面影响，运用灰色关联投影法计算各驾驶行为特征参数的灰色关联度以及各样本数据的投影值，筛选出与能耗具有高关联性的驾驶行为特征参数作为模型的输入变量，以及相似度较高的样本数据作为训练集和测试集。同时，引入了与能耗具有显著相关性的驾驶风格变量以进一步提升模型的预测能力，运用K-means聚类方法将驾驶风格分类并得到驾驶风格标签。将驾驶风格标签和筛选后驾驶行为特征参数作为输入变量，单位里程能耗作为输出变量，基于筛选后的数据集建立了考虑驾驶风格的电动公交车能耗灰色关联投影-随机森林（GRP-RF）预测模型。基于广州市某线路电动公交车运营数据对模型进行检验，并运用该模型分析加速、制动和运行3种典型场景下相应驾驶行为特征参数对电动公交车能耗的影响。结果表明:该模型预测能耗的均方根误差（RMSE）和平均绝对百分比误差（MAPE）分别为0.001 8 kW·h/km和3.42%。相比于不考虑驾驶风格的GRP-RF模型和随机森林模型，该模型的RMSE分别降低了35.71%和48.57%，MAPE分别降低了38.82%和46.81%。研究结果表明:加速、制动和运行阶段的平均能耗分别为1.066，0.903 7，0.955 2 kW·h/km；为使各阶段能耗在相应均值以下，加速阶段应控制加速踏板开度在55%以内；制动阶段应控制制动踏板开度在25%以内；运行阶段应控制车速在40 km/h以内。      

中国城市乘用车实际行驶工况的研究

分析了中国3个典型城市(北京、上海和广州)车辆行驶的速度、怠速、最大速度、加速度以及行程等特征及其分布特征;结合交通特性研究了车辆行驶运动学水平。研究表明,现行采用ECE15工况与实际行驶工况相比,车辆燃油消耗被低估约10%;覆盖的车辆工况范围远远小于实际行驶工况,不适用于车辆设计开发要求。     

Development of a driving cycle for the measurement of fuel consumption and exhaust emissions of automobiles in Bangkok during peak periods

The exhaust emissions and fuel consumption rates of newly registered automobiles in Thailand are currently assessed using the standard driving cycle of the Economic Commission of Europe (ECE). Because of the highly different driving conditions, the assessment results may not reflect realistic amounts of emissions and fuel consumption for vehicles in Bangkok traffic, which is well known for its congestion. The objective of this study is therefore to develop a new driving cycle for vehicles traveling on Bangkok’s main roads during peak traffic hours. This paper first presents the development of a method for selecting representative road routes with traffic conditions that are representative of traffic in Bangkok for conducting real-world driving speed data collection. These real-world data are obtained by driving a car equipped with a speed-time data logger along those selected road routes. Several driving characteristics, including various profiles of microtrips, are analyzed from the collected speed-time data, and a number of target driving parameters are then defined for use as a set of criteria to justify the best driving cycle. A procedure for generating driving cycles from the analyzed real-driving data is also developed, and the method to select the cycle that is most representative of Bangkok traffic is described. Comparisons found in the study show that the target driving parameters of the newly developed driving cycle are much closer to those obtained from the real-world measured data than those calculated from the presently used European drive cycle. This would imply that the obtained driving cycle will produce more realistic results of the emissions and fuel consumption assessment tests for vehicles traveling in Bangkok. The methods developed in this study for route selection and driving cycle construction can easily be adopted by other big cities to develop their own vehicle driving cycles. Furthermore, although the developed methods are for passenger cars, similar approaches can be applied to develop driving cycles for other types of vehicle, such as city buses and pick-up trucks.     

关于公交车驾驶员安全驾驶视觉特性的分析

随着我国现代化的不断发展,城镇居民的生活水平不断提高,对各种交通工具的需求也在不断加大。同时,由于环境的逐渐恶化和人们环保意识的提高,越来越多人在出行时选择公交或者地铁等公共交通工具出行,因此,公交车驾驶的安全问题受到大家广泛关注。相关数据表明,驾驶员的违规驾驶是引起交通事故的重要原因,应从驾驶员的角度出发,分析公交车驾驶员安全与驾驶视觉特性的关系,有效保障公交车行驶的安全性。公交车驾驶员是驾驶行为的参与者,行驶过程中结合视觉信息操作驾驶行为。本文简要概述了驾驶员的视觉基本特性与疲劳驾驶、分心驾驶及驾驶经验对视觉特性的影响等方面,基于驾驶员的视觉特性影响因素进行研究和提出几点建议。