压缩比和EGR率对预混压燃柴油机燃烧和排放的影响

利用CONVERGE软件研究不同压缩比和EGR率对预混压燃(PCCI)柴油机燃烧和排放的影响规律。在1 650 r/min转速50%负荷下,采用小喷油锥角和4次多脉冲预喷射喷油策略实现PCCI燃烧。结果表明,降低压缩比能够显著推迟缸内着火时刻,强化油气混合,同时降低NOx和干碳烟的排放,但油耗会提高;随着EGR率的增大,缸内着火延迟时间越长,燃烧爆发压力、缸内平均温度、瞬时放热率峰值和缸内压力升高率则相应降低,同时NOx排放下降,干碳烟排放升高,油耗升高。     

喷油时刻和EGR对Diesel/MF混合燃料燃烧和排放的影响

在一台压燃式发动机上,进行了燃用2-甲基呋喃(MF)及其与柴油混合燃料的发动机燃烧和排放特性的试验研究。结果表明:喷油时刻接近上止点时,缸内压力峰值降低,废气再循环可明显降低缸内峰值压力和放热率;喷油时刻提前CO排放降低;推迟喷油和采用废气再循环(EGR)可明显降低NOx排放;混合燃料可以明显降低碳烟排放;相同的喷油时刻下,废气再循环对小颗粒的影响较小,对大颗粒的影响较大;喷油时刻越靠近上止点,废气再循环对颗粒数量浓度的影响越大;喷油时刻早于上止点前12.5°CA时,在废气再循环的影响下,大颗粒物数量增多,颗粒物质量浓度也随之增大。     

EGR率对柴油机富氢EGR燃烧过程的影响

在一台柴油机可视化实验台上,用高速摄像机拍摄下柴油机富氢EGR燃烧过程的火焰照片,应用三基色法计算了燃烧温度场,结合示功图和放热率曲线分析了EGR率对富氢EGR燃烧过程的影响.结果表明:当掺氢比为2％时,随着EGR率的增加,着火时刻呈现推迟的趋势,燃烧持续时间先延长后缩短;缸内最大爆发压力减小,达到峰值压力的时间推迟;放热率峰值下降,放热率曲线整体推后;缸内最高温度和平均温度随之降低.     

后喷参数对柴油机燃烧与排放特性的影响

本文中研究了某电控高压共轨柴油机,在两种不同工况下,后喷参数对发动机的燃烧、排放和油耗的影响规律。结果表明,引入后喷对缸内压力无明显影响,放热率曲线出现二次尖峰,缸内平均温度降低;随着喷油间隔的增大,二次放热率峰值逐渐后移,Soot排放先降后升,喷油间隔对NOx和油耗无明显影响;随后喷油量增加,主燃烧段放热率峰值下降,二次放热率峰值上升,Soot和NOx排放均降低,油耗稍有上升。     

发动机燃用含水乙醇汽油的排气噪声及排放特性试验研究

在不改变发动机参数的情况下,在电喷汽油机上进行台架试验,对比分析了燃用含水乙醇汽油(E20W)和纯汽油(E0)的排气噪声、排气温度及排放特性。试验结果表明:相较于纯汽油,在低转速下燃用E20W产生的排气噪声要低于纯汽油,最大降低7.4%;在中、高转速时,二者产生的排气噪声相差不大;另外,燃用E20W的排气温度要高于纯汽油,平均增加5.3%;汽油机燃用E20W可以大幅降低HC和CO排放,分别平均降低10.4%和33.6%,但NO_x和CO_2排放升高。综合来看,含水乙醇汽油E20W可以直接应用于试验发动机,并能起到降低排气噪声和减排的作用。     

含水乙醇汽油发动机循环变动研究

通过测取和处理分析汽油机燃用含水乙醇汽油时的缸内压力数据,对比分析平均指示压力、最高燃烧压力和质量燃烧百分率等不同循环变动表征参数,并且通过探讨平均指示压力与燃烧相位间的相关性,深入研究了含水乙醇汽油发动机的燃烧循环变动。结果表明:在低转速中等负荷下,汽油机燃用E10W5含水乙醇汽油相比于纯汽油循环变动增大;燃烧循环变动主要发生在燃烧初期;滞燃期和主燃期循环变动对平均指示压力循环变动影响较大。     

乙醇-柴油-汽油混合燃料的燃烧与排放特性

以汽油为助溶剂配制出均匀稳定的乙醇-柴油-汽油混合燃料,对比分析了单缸四气门135柴油机燃用不同配比混合燃料时的燃烧与排放特性,同时研究了燃用混合燃料时供油提前角变化和使用HL伞喷油嘴对柴油机性能的影响.结果表明:柴油机燃用适当配比的乙醇-柴油-汽油混合燃料,动力性、经济性基本保持不变,碳烟和NO2排放显著降低;着火滞燃期延长,缸内平均温度下降,燃烧速率加快,燃烧持续期缩短;当使用HL伞喷油嘴燃用E20G15燃料时,着火滞燃期进一步延长,油气混合速率和混合气均匀度明显提高,在整个工况范围内,气缸压力和缸内平均温度均较低,碳烟和NO2排放同时降低,其燃烧过程具有明显的热预混合燃烧特征.     

电控高压共轨柴油机燃用生物柴油-柴油混合燃料的燃烧特性

针对1台6缸增压中冷电控高压共轨柴油机,在不改变原柴油机结构和喷油参数的条件下,研究了生物柴油的掺混比例对发动机燃烧特性的影响。结果表明:小负荷时发动机有预喷射,随着生物柴油掺混比的增大,生物柴油-柴油混合燃料的滞燃期缩短、缸内最高燃烧压力下降,预喷阶段压力升高率峰值和瞬时燃烧放热率峰值减小,且对应的相位提前;主喷阶段压力升高率峰值和瞬时燃烧放热率峰值增大,且对应的相位后移。随着负荷的增大,发动机喷油策略改为单次喷射,随着生物柴油掺混比的增大,缸内最高燃烧压力下降,燃烧持续期缩短,压力升高率峰值略有增大,瞬时燃烧放热率峰值逐渐减小且对应的相位前移。两种不同负荷条件下,随着生物柴油掺混比的增大,混合燃料的指示热效率逐渐下降。     

丁醇-柴油双燃料发动机的燃烧和排放特性试验研究

为了深入研究丁醇同分异构体在双燃料发动机上燃烧和排放的差异,基于1台重型6缸涡轮增压柴油机,在转速1 500 r/min、缸内循环总能量1 280 J/cycle工况下,针对正丁醇-柴油和异丁醇-柴油双燃料的燃烧和排放特性进行了试验研究。研究结果表明:随着柴油喷射定时的提前,正丁醇-柴油和异丁醇-柴油双燃料燃烧的最大缸内压力相位、放热率峰值相位和θ_(CA10)提前,最大缸内压力、缸内最高平均温度和燃烧持续期增加,放热率峰值和最大压力升高率先增大后减小,HC,CO和颗粒物排放降低,而NO_x排放先增加后减少。在相同的柴油喷射定时和丁醇替代比条件下,相比于正丁醇-柴油双燃料燃烧,异丁醇-柴油双燃料燃烧的θ_(CA10),θ_(CA50)和θ_(CA90)均提前,滞燃期和燃烧持续期变短,最大缸内压力、放热率峰值和最大压力升高率降低,HC和NO_x排放较高,而CO和颗粒物排放较低。     

电控高压共轨柴油机燃用生物柴油的燃烧特性

针对1台大排量电控高压共轨柴油机,在发动机结构和参数不作变动和调整的条件下,研究了5种不同生物柴油含量的混合燃料(B0,B10,B15,B20和B30)对发动机燃烧特性的影响。结果表明,随着燃料中生物柴油含量的增加,燃烧始点、燃烧终点、放热重心逐渐提前,滞燃期和燃烧持续期有所缩短,发动机的缸内最高燃烧压力和放热率峰值逐渐降低,所对应的相位逐渐提前。生物柴油含量对缸内最高燃烧压力影响较小,而对放热率峰值影响较大,在大负荷工况下对放热率的影响更加明显。     

含水乙醇汽油对发动机NO_x排放的影响

通过发动机台架试验,研究了燃用不同掺比的含水乙醇汽油对发动机NO_x排放及三元催化剂催化转化效率的影响。试验结果表明:发动机燃用含水乙醇汽油后怠速工况下催化器前NO_x排放下降,相比汽油E10,E20,E30的NO_x排放量分别降低64%,68%,69.5%;随着含水乙醇掺比的增加,NO_x的催化转化率降低,E10,E20,E30的NO_x催化转化率分别降低19%,24%,34%。含水乙醇汽油在低负荷时催化器前NO_x排放低于93号汽油,负荷加大后,燃用含水乙醇汽油的NO_x排放高于燃用汽油,NO_x排放由大到小依次为E20,E30,E10,93号汽油;E20的NO_x排放在中高负荷比93号汽油上升6%。在中高负荷工况,燃用含水乙醇汽油时催化器后的NO_x排放量要高于93号汽油,大负荷工况下,E10,E20,E30催化器后的NO_x排放量分别比93号汽油高15%,6%,29%;NO_x催化转化效率随着含水乙醇掺比的增大而降低,大负荷工况下E30的催化转化率约为93号汽油的92%。     

掺烧比对P50/甲醇双燃料发动机燃烧与排放的影响

燃料富氧重整和双燃料燃烧模式是改善燃烧过程和降低颗粒物排放的重要方法.在一台四缸增压中冷的高压共轨柴油机上,采用进气道喷射甲醇、缸内喷射P50(50％体积比例柴油与50％体积比例PODE)的双燃料模式,研究掺混比对P50/甲醇双燃料发动机燃烧与排放特性的影响.研究结果表明:相比于纯柴油模式,P50及P50/甲醇双燃料燃...     

乙醇汽油对车辆颗粒物排放的影响

在符合国Ⅰ、国Ⅲ、国Ⅴ标准的3辆试验车上,分别燃用国Ⅴ汽油、低芳烃E10、低烯烃E10 3种燃料,进行了NEDC和WLTC工况下的常温冷起动排放试验,重点对颗粒物(PM)排放量和粒子数量(PN)进行分析。结果表明:在两种工况下,燃用乙醇汽油相比普通汽油能大幅降低车辆的PM排放,低芳烃E10对国Ⅰ和国Ⅲ车辆PM降低效果最明显,分别下降19%和35%,低烯烃E10对国Ⅴ车辆PM降低效果最好,下降46%;在WLTC工况下燃用乙醇汽油能大幅降低车辆PN排放,其中低芳烃E10平均降低43%,低烯烃E10平均降低32%。     

生物柴油-柴油-乙醇混合燃料的燃烧与排放特性

为了改善发动机燃用高比例生物质混合燃料的性能,在中等比例的生物柴油-柴油混合燃料中分别添加5%、10%和20%体积比的乙醇（分别用BD50E5,BD50E10和BD50E20表示）,在一台6缸增压共轨柴油机上,将发动机的转速稳定在1 600 r·min^-1,选择7个不同的负荷点测定不同掺混比生物柴油-柴油-乙醇混合燃料的燃烧与排放性能,并将其与柴油进行对比。结果表明：在平均有效压力为0.322 MPa的低负荷条件下,发动机为预喷加主喷喷油策略,在预喷的低温反应阶段生物柴油-柴油-乙醇混合燃料产生了大量羟基自由基,因此混合燃料的缸内最大压力和最大瞬时放热率均高于柴油;随着负荷的增大,当平均有效压力为0.805 MPa时,发动机的喷油策略转变为单段喷射,乙醇的热值较低导致生物柴油-柴油-乙醇混合燃料的缸内最大压力和最大瞬时放热率低于柴油;随着乙醇掺混比的增大,受乙醇低十六烷值和高汽化潜热的影响,生物柴油-柴油-乙醇混合燃料的滞燃期明显延长;强烈的预混燃烧和乙醇的高含氧量使混合燃料的燃烧速度明显加快,乙醇的添加有利于燃料集中放热从而缩短燃烧持续期;与纯柴油相比,BD50E5,BD50E10和BD50E20的NO_x排放量分别升高了10.46%、12.59%和17.52%,碳烟排放量分别降低了37.91%、45.85%和49.25%,CO排放量分别降低了20.24%、36.43%和46.43%,HC排放量分别降低了12.53%、4.40%和0.76%。     

Experimental Investigation of Impacts of Injection Timing and Pressure on Combustion and Particulate Matter Emission in a Spray-Guided GDI Engine

A detailed investigation of the impact of injection timing and injection pressure on combustion and particles of a spray-guided GDI engine was conducted, under different engine operating conditions. The results indicated that, more proportion of large particles were emitted when increasing engine load, and the peak of accumulation mode particles moved toward smaller size when rising engine speed. With retarding the injection timing, the in-cylinder pressure and heat release rate rose first and then dropped at 2000 rpm, but they continuously rose at lower or higher speed conditions. The total particles concentration curves at all cases showed a trend of U-shape, and the corresponding timing of the lowest particles concentration advanced as the engine speed or load increased. The minimum value of emitted particles first rose and then fell when increasing load at 2000 rpm conditions, and it continuously rose when increasing speed at 40 Nm conditions. Generally, injection pressure did no sensitively affect combustion process except that it showed a relatively strong impact at low load conditions. However, particulate matter could be effectively inhibited by elevating fuel pressure from 5.5 to 11.5 MPa at all cases. In detail, the total particles concentration continuously fell at low speed and mid speed-high load cases, but it showed a rose trend when further increase fuel injection pressure at mid speed-low load and high-speed conditions.     

外部热EGR对基于优化动力技术的汽油HCCI燃烧的影响

考察了外部热EGR对基于优化动力技术的汽油HCCI发动机燃烧的影响。试验结果表明:外部热EGR可以推迟HCCI燃烧的着火时刻,减缓放热速率,但对于高辛烷值燃料的HCCI燃烧,它对更高EGR率的兼容能力不强,需要提高进气温度来提高燃烧的稳定性;随着EGR率的增加,燃烧持续期延长,缸内温度和压力峰值均减小,指示热效率也随着减小;NOx排放随着EGR率的增加在经过一个"拐点"后始终维持在一个较低的水平,而CO和HC的排放随着EGR率的增加显著增加,燃烧恶化。     

可变气门升程与正时对直喷汽油机缸内流动特性的影响

利用CFD三维数值模拟软件模拟了1台缸内直喷汽油机的进气及压缩过程,分析比较了不同最大气门升程及进气正时下缸内流场的变化规律。结果表明:减小最大气门升程可以使进气行程中缸内气体的速度及湍动能显著增加,但在压缩末期的滚流比要略小;在小气门升程下,进气门早开或者晚开都会使得进气过程的湍动能显著增加,在距上止点5mm,10 mm,15 mm的3个横截面上,早开和晚开进气门会使最大平均湍动能分别增加28.29%和43.47%,20.7%和40.81%,23.07%和49.58%,但在压缩后期间,进气门早开或者晚开时对缸内的平均湍动能影响不大;在小气门升程下,进气门的开启时间对压缩末期湍动能的分布有较大的影响,早开或者晚开进气门会使缸内的湍动能趋于一致。     

Exhaust emissions and its control methods in compression ignition engines: A review

Extensive usage of automobiles has certain disadvantages and one of them is its negative effect on environment. Carbon dioxide (CO₂), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), oxides of nitrogen (NO_x), sulphur dioxide (SO₂) and particulate matter (PM) come out as harmful products during incomplete combustion from internal combustion (IC) engines. As these substances affect human health, regulatory bodies impose increasingly stringent restrictions on the level of emissions coming out from IC engines. This trend suggests the urgent need for the investigation of all aspects relevant to emissions. It is required to modify existing engine technologies and to develop a better after-treatment system to achieve the upcoming emission norms. Diesel engines are generally preferred over gasoline engines due to their undisputed benefit of fuel economy and higher torque output. However, diesel engines produce higher emissions, particularly NO_x and PM. Aftertreatment systems are costly and occupy more space, hence, in-cylinder solutions are preferred in reducing emissions. Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) technology has been utilized previously to reduce NO_x. Though it is quite successful for small engines, problem persists with large bore engines and with high rate of EGR. EGR helps in reducing NO_x, but increases particulate emissions and fuel consumption. Many in-cylinder solutions such as lower compression ratios, modified injection characteristics, improved air intake system etc. are required along with EGR to accomplish the future emission norms. Modern combustion techniques such as low temperature combustion (LTC), homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI), premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) etc. would be helpful for reducing the exhaust emissions and improving the engine performance. However, controlling of autoignition timing and achieving wider operating range are the major challenges with these techniques. A comprehensive review of diesel engine performance and emission characteristics is given in this paper.     

不同喷射策略下CRDI柴油机燃用柴油-桐油-乙醇混合燃料的燃烧与排放特性

在1台共轨直喷(CRDI)柴油机上开展了不同喷射策略下桐油、乙醇与柴油混合燃料的燃烧和排放特性研究。试验结果表明:与0号柴油相比,混合燃料的着火延迟期稍长,缸内压力峰值和放热率较高,但燃烧持续期稍短;随着桐油和乙醇体积分数的增加,有效热效率(BTE)也随之增大。在低负荷时,混合燃料的CO和HC排放较高,且随着桐油和乙醇所占体积分数的增大而增加;混合燃料的NO_x排放在低负荷时较低,在高负荷时略高;在高负荷时,混合燃料的炭烟排放大大减少。总体而言,混合燃料中乙醇对发动机性能的影响比桐油大。     

Optimize combustion of compressed natural gas engine by improving in-cylinder flows

In order to solve the problem of slow flame propagation in a spark-ignition engine fueled with compressed natural gas (CNG), the influence of in-cylinder flows on combustion process was investigated in CA6SE3-21E4N CNG-engine by means of numerical simulation and experiment. The status of in-cylinder flows from intake to expansion stroke was described by computational fluid dynamic tool, which revealed that the in-cylinder flows were one of the main reasons of slow burning rate. Therefore, a special-shaped combustion chamber called Cross was used to improve the in-cylinder flows. The results showed that peak turbulent kinetic energy of Cross was 43.9% higher than that of original combustion chamber called Cylinder during the late compression period at 1450 rpm 100% load. The combustion parameters, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and regulated emissions were obtained by means of experiment. At 1450rpm 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% load conditions, the ignition delay of Cross was longer than that of Cylinder, moreover, the Cross produced averagely 5.75°CA shorter combustion duration. The BSFC of Cross was on an average of 4.3% reduction at 1450 rpm as well as the HC and CO emissions were reduced whereas the NOx emissions were significantly increased.