Model-based control of an electropneumatic brake system for commercial vehicles

A properly functioning brake system is critical for ensuring the safe operation of any vehicle on roadways. Commercial vehicles such as trucks, tractors-trailers and buses are equipped with an air brake system that uses compressed air as the energy transmitting medium. This paper presents a model-based control scheme for an electropneumatic brake system for use in commercial vehicles. A mathematical model for an electropneumatic brake system was developed and corroborated with experimental data. A control scheme was developed based on this model and was used to regulate the pressure of air inside the brake chamber according to a desired pressure trajectory. This control scheme was implemented on an experimental test bench, and its performance was studied for various values of the controller parameter. The control scheme was tested for various desired pressure trajectories reflecting actual brake operation.     

Model-based analysis of the mechanical subsystem of an air brake system

Most commercial vehicles such as buses and trucks use an air brake system, often equipped with an S-cam drum brake, to reduce their speed and/or to stop. With a drum brake system, the clearance between the brake shoe/pad and the brake drum may increase because of various reasons such as wearing of the brake shoe and/or brake drum and drum expansion caused by high heat generation during the braking process. Hence, to ensure proper functioning of the brake system, it is essential that the clearance between the brake shoe and the brake drum is monitored. In this paper, we present a mathematical model for the mechanical subsystem of the air brake system that can be used to monitor this clearance. This mathematical model correlates the push rod stroke transients and the brake chamber pressure transients. A kinematic analysis and a dynamic analysis of the mechanical subsystem of the air brake system were performed, and the results are corroborated with experimental data.     

Development of an electric booster system using sliding mode control for improved braking performance

Brake systems of the future, including BBW (Brake-by-Wire), are in development in various forms. In one of the proposed hydraulic BBW systems, an electric booster system replaces the pneumatic brake booster with an electric motor and a rotational-to-linear motion mechanism. This system is able to provide improved braking performance by the design of controllers with precise target pressure tracking and control robustness for better system reliability. First, a sliding mode controller is designed using the Lyapunov function approach to secure the robustness of the system against both the model uncertainty and the disturbance caused by the master cylinder and mechanical components. Next, a simulation tool is constructed to validate the electric booster system with the proposed controller. Finally, the electric booster system is implemented into an actual brake ECU and installed in a vehicle for testing under various braking conditions. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed controller produces faster pressure build-up performance than the conventional brake system, and its tracking performance is sufficient to ensure comfortable braking.     

Analysis of a regenerative braking system for Hybrid Electric Vehicles using an Electro-Mechanical Brake

The regenerative braking system of the Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) is a key technology that can improve fuel efficiency by 20∼50%, depending on motor size. In the regenerative braking system, the electronically controlled brake subsystem that directs the braking forces into four wheels independently is indispensable. This technology is currently found in the Electronic Stability Program (ESP) and in Vehicle Dynamic Control (VDC). As braking technologies progress toward brake-by-wire systems, the development of Electro-Mechanical Brake (EMB) systems will be very important in the improvement of both fuel consumption and vehicle safety. This paper investigates the modeling and simulation of EMB systems for HEVs. The HEV powertrain was modeled to include the internal combustion engine, electric motor, battery and transmission. The performance simulation for the regenerative braking system of the HEV was performed using MATLAB/Simulink. The control performance of the EMB system was evaluated via the simulation of the regenerative braking of the HEV during various driving conditions.     

增程/插电式电动商用车制动能量回收分析

以一款增程/插电式电动商用车为研究对象,对制动系统结构进行分析。以并联式气电复合制动为例,在中国典型城市工况下对该电动商用车的制动过程进行了仿真,为制动能量回收的进一步优化提高了参考。     

汽车气压盘式制动器的结构特点与性能分析

介绍了几种国内外重型汽车气压盘式制动器的结构及其特点,从左右轮制动力差异,制动器的效能因数与摩擦系数的关系及迟滞量等方面对盘式制动器与鼓式制动器进行性能对比分析,说明盘式制动器在制动效能、制动效能的稳定性以及制动时汽车的方向稳定性上比鼓式制动器具有明显的优势,理论和试验表明盘式制动器与ABS、ASR、EBS等系统匹配时可简化系统结构、优化系统性能,并对重型汽车装用盘式制动器带来的制动系统的相关问题进行了探讨.     

基于视觉识别的线控制动压力滑模控制

制动安全是车辆主动安全的关键技术之一。制动决策和执行器控制是影响线控制动系统性能的两个主要因素。路面自适应性和控制器鲁棒性分别对制动决策和执行器控制有着重要影响,制约着线控制动系统的发展。本文中以一种液压调控的线控制动系统为基础,针对路面自适应性和控制器鲁棒性问题,提出一种双层结构的制动系统控制器,上层采用计算机视觉的方法对路面类型进行识别,根据识别结果制定当前路面的最佳滑移率;下层针对制动系统参数不确定性问题,引入滑模控制理论对制动过程中的最佳滑移率进行跟踪控制。通过仿真与实验验证,结果表明,双层结构的制动系统控制器相比传统控制器,路面的自适应性好,制动距离更短,控制器鲁棒性好。     

Modeling and control of an anti-lock brake and steering system for cooperative control on split-mu surfaces

The brake and steering systems in vehicles are the most effective actuators that directly affect the vehicle dynamics. In general, the brake system affects the longitudinal dynamics and the steering system affects the lateral dynamics; however, their effects are coupled when the vehicle is braking on a non-homogenous surface, such as a split-mu road. The yaw moment compensation of the steering control on a split-mu road is one of the basic functions of integrated or coordinated chassis control systems and has been demonstrated by several chassis suppliers. However, the disturbance yaw moment is generally compensated for using the yaw rate feedback or using wheel brake pressure measurement. Access to the wheel brake pressure through physical sensors is not cost effective; therefore, we modeled the hydraulic brake system to avoid using physical sensors and to estimate the brake pressure. The steering angle controller was designed to mitigate the non-symmetric braking force effect and to stabilize the yaw rate dynamics of the vehicle. An H-infinity design synthesis was used to take the system model and the estimation errors into account, and the designed controller was evaluated using vehicle tests.     

Design of a hydraulic anti-lock braking modulator and an intelligent brake pressure controller for a light motorcycle

The object of this paper is to design a new hydraulic modulator and an intelligent sliding mode pulse width modulation (PWM) brake pressure controller for an anti-lock braking system, for application to light motorcycles. The paper presents a design principle and a mathematical analysis of the hydraulic anti-lock braking modulator. The intelligent sliding mode PWM brake pressure controller based on vehicle acceleration is designed and tested. A three-phase pavement experiment and a rear brake influence test are undertaken to verify the performance of the controller and the modulator. A light motorcycle is built for the real vehicle anti-lock braking experiments. The experimental results show that both the intelligent controller and the hydraulic modulator designed in the study perform well in the anti-lock braking operation.     

基于集成式电液制动系统的主动制动压力精确控制方法

智能电动汽车的发展对制动系统的主动制动和再生制动能力提出了更高的要求。配备真空助力器的传统制动系统难以满足智能电动汽车的需求，因此逐渐被线控制动系统所取代。为提高线控制动系统的集成度与解耦能力，提出了一种新型集成式电液制动系统（Integrated Braking Control System，IBC），能够实现主动制动、再生制动、失效备份等功能。作为机-电-液耦合的高集成度系统，IBC具有复杂的非线性特性和动态摩擦特性，对制动系统压力的精确控制提出了挑战。为了提高IBC制动压力动态控制精度，提出了一种基于集成式电液制动系统的主动制动压力精确控制方法。首先，介绍了IBC的结构原理和控制架构。随后针对液压系统的迟滞特性和传动机构的摩擦特性进行建模与测试。然后基于系统的强非线性特性，提出了主动制动三层闭环级联控制器，其中压力控制层采用液压特性前馈与变增益反馈结合的控制策略，伺服层控制器设计考虑了机构惯性补偿与摩擦补偿，电机控制层采用矢量控制并进行了电压前馈解耦。最后，基于dSPACE设备搭建了硬件在环（Hardware-in-the-loop，HiL）试验台对主动压力控制方法进行验证。结果表明：所提出的压力控制方法能控制制动系统压力快速精确跟随期望压力，使动态压力跟随误差控制在0.4 MPa之内，稳态压力误差控制在0.1 MPa之内。     

气压制动系统储能装置容量特性研究

建立了气压制动系统的简化模型，研究了和储能装置容量特性相关的制动器促动刚度、气室推力和容积以及制动过程中气体的热力学特性，介绍了计算储能装置容量特性的方法。最后讨论了储能装置容量的法规适应性检验、制动系统设计参数协调性、制动问隙对制动力影响和变型车制动系统设计等问题。     

排气设计对制动性能的影响分析

评价整车制动性能的指标包括制动距离、制动减速度、制动抗热衰退性和制动稳定性等.制动系统中的每一项参数达标与否都会对上述指标产生影响,如制动卡钳的排气设计不佳,管路空气未排尽,由于空气的压缩率较大,在实施制动时空气被压缩,制动液传递压力的效果降低,导致制动疲软等问题.本文以制动系统的排气设计为例,分析出制动机构中的卡钳导...     

多轴分布式电驱动车辆电液复合制动控制研究

针对多轴分布式电机驱动车辆电液复合制动中易出现的车辆制动抖动问题,提出了一种建压阶段电机制动力修正策略和一种基于前馈-反馈的协调控制策略,分别在建压阶段和其他阶段通过协调复合制动力来解决制动抖动的问题。针对防抱死控制系统与电机制动系统共同作用时的制动矛盾,提出了一种基于PID 控制的ABS控制策略,主要通过改变电机制动力来解决制动矛盾的问题。通过TruckSim、Matlab/Simulink及AMESim联合仿真验证,制动冲击度在建压阶段下降了 20.66%,在电机退出阶段下降了 92.59%,驾驶感觉得到明显改善。而 ABS控制策略也可在保证理想滑移率的同时完成制动能量回收;结合整车制动试验,表明协调控制策略在保证制动效果良好的同时实现了制动能量回收,效果显著。     

一种用于货车的坡度提示系统

针对大型货车驾驶员对道路坡度把握不准确而容易导致长大下坡路段出现制动器失效的问题,提出一种用于货车的坡度提示系统。该系统采用陀螺仪实时探测货车所处道路的坡度,并实时显示,当检测到货车连续下坡超过一定长度且没有采取制动时,系统提示驾驶员适当制动,以避免后期车速加大而频繁制动导致制动器失效。经实际验证本系统能有效给驾驶员提示,对减少交通事故有一定实际应用价值。     

三轴大客车气压制动系统布置

介绍三轴大客车气压制动系统。通过优化储气筒、制动阀以及制动管路的选择与布置,获得更合理的制动协调时间,以提高制动安全性。     

重型载货汽车气压制动系统危险状态识别

针对重型载货汽车因气压制动系统发生管路破裂、机械故障或热衰退导致制动效能下降且不易察觉从而引发严重交通事故的问题，提出基于主成分分析降维（PCA降维）和马尔可夫模型的气压制动系统危险状态识别方法。考虑到三轴载货汽车双回路制动系统的结构复杂性以及制动过程制动踏板动作、系统压力建立和实现车辆减速具有明显的时序性特点，首先采用PCA降维的方法对系统状态进行辨识；然后运用驾驶人制动意图与制动系统响应的双层隐形马尔可夫模型对系统状态进行识别。受驾驶人习惯影响制动踏板作用瞬间辨识度低，采用混合高斯聚类法提取不同制动意图时制动保持阶段数据建立制动意图识别模型和系统响应识别模型，通过二者匹配程度判定系统状态。最后，分别依据实车试验数据对模型进行离线训练和在线辨识验证。试验结果表明：系统正常状态下，基于PCA降维和马尔可夫模型相结合的识别方法能够准确、有效地识别制动系统状态；制动管路断开压力降低状态下，PCA降维方法能够及时有效识别其危险状态。     

某型制动器底板有限元分析

气压鼓式制动器制动底板的设计对汽车行驶安全性是非常重要的,这里应用有限元分析方法对某制动器底板的应力进行分析,为该制动器底板的设计提供可靠的理论依据.     

Fault detection and diagnosis of the electromechanical brake based on observer and parity space

In the future, the conventional hydraulic brake system in automobiles will be removed and replaced by an electrically operated brake system called brake-by-wire. The brake-by-wire units, such as the EMB (Electro-Mechanical Brake), provide better braking performance by directly controlling the brake motor and are environmentally friendly because they do not use hydraulic fluid. For implementation of the EMB systems, reliable and robust fault detection and diagnosis methods become increasingly important. In this study, a sensor fault diagnosis method is proposed with parity space and observer approaches to detect faults in the motor current sensor, speed (or position) sensor and clamping force sensor. The proposed method is verified through a closed-loop simulation using Matlab/Simulink, and the simulation result is compared with the HILS bench test results.     

Vibration path analysis and optimal design of the suspension for brake judder reduction

Brake judder is abnormal vibration, which is mainly generated by uneven contact between the brake disc and pad. The abnormal vibration from BTV (Brake Torque Variation) is transferred to the suspension and the steering system during braking. In this paper, judder simulation is carried out using a multi-body dynamic analysis program to analyze the relationship between judder and the transfer mechanism, which consists of the suspension and the steering system. In order to verify the analytical model, test results are compared with the simulation results. A sensitivity analysis is also carried out. In addition, an optimization method is presented for judder reduction, using the design of experiments.     

乘用车制动踏板感觉的综合评价

通过对车辆制动踏板的整车道路试验、分析及踏板感觉的主观评价,提出了对车辆制动踏板感觉综合评价的方法——制动感觉指数。通过该指数全面地分析车辆在制动过程中驾驶员脚下的感受,包括踏板力、踏板行程和制动减速度等,以量化参数的方法来描述制动感觉所涉及的各项指标,给工程设计和用户实际感受之间提供了转换的桥梁。