HCNG发动机排放特性分析

对EQD210N—20天然气发动机燃烧HCNG(氢气—天然气混合燃料)时的排放特性进行了试验和分析。试验结果表明,CO的排放浓度受燃空当量比、点火提前角、进气管绝对压力和燃料成分的影响较大;HC排放浓度有随掺氢比的增大呈降低的趋势,提高进气管绝对压力,点火提前角对HC排放浓度的影响减弱;天然气掺氢气后NOx排放升高。     

天然气/氢气混合燃料发动机的稀燃极限和排放特性试验研究

在东风EQD210N-20天然气发动机上进行了天然气与天燃气/氢气混合燃料体积混合比例为10%、30%和50%的稀燃极限和排放特性试验研究.实验结果表明:燃烧混合燃料比燃烧天然气时的稀燃极限大,并且随着掺氢比例的增大,燃烧过程的火焰发展期和快速燃烧期缩短,发动机的指示热效率、平均指示压力和NO2的排放增加;但是当发动机在大于天然气/氢气混合气的稀燃极限工作时,其指示热效率、平均指示压力和NO2的排放迅速下降,平均指示压力变动系数、CH4和CO的浓度迅速上升.     

进气温度和燃料辛烷值对HCCI发动机排放的影响

对不同的进气温度、燃料辛烷值和燃空当量比对均质压燃(HCCI)发动机的排放特性进行了研究。研究结果表明,随着进气温度的提高和燃空当量比的增大,HC和CO排放逐步减少,而NOx排放一直较低;低进气温度下,燃料的辛烷值对HCCI发动机的排放影响较大,辛烷值越大,HC和CO排放量越大,NOx排放值突增拐点的燃空当量比越大;高进气温度下,燃料辛烷值对HC和CO排放的影响很小,燃空当量比对NOx排放值出现拐点的影响作用基本消失。     

燃空当量比对甲醇发动机燃烧及非法规排放的影响北大核心

基于一款经柴油机改装的缸内直喷点燃式甲醇发动机,使用三维流体动力学模拟软件AVL-Fire耦合甲醇氧化反应机理,研究了不同燃空当量比对缸内混合气浓度分布、燃烧特性及未燃甲醇和甲醛排放的影响。结果表明:当燃空当量比增加时,缸内最高燃烧温度、最高燃烧压力及放热率峰值均显著升高,甲醛和未燃甲醇排放均得到改善;当燃空当量比从0.33增加到0.67时,最高燃烧压力、燃烧温度和放热率峰值分别增加65%,72%及51%;燃空比超过0.4时,未燃甲醇及甲醛排放急剧减小,且主要集中在气缸壁附近。     

掺氢天然气HCCI发动机燃烧特性数值模拟研究

为了研究不同运转参数对掺氢天然气均质压燃（HCCI）发动机的燃烧特性影响，基于Chemkin模拟软件，结合GRI-Mech3.0化学反应动力学机理，建立了HCCI 发动机的数值模型。数值模拟了掺氢天然气HCCI发动机在掺氢体积比为5%时不同运转参数下的燃烧特性，主要包括对发动机燃烧过程中缸内压力、温度、燃烧放热率和NO_x排放的影响。结果表明，在掺氢天然气HCCI发动机燃烧过程中，转速变化对缸内温度、压力和燃烧放热率的影响不大，但NO_x排放随转速增大而减小；缸内温度、压力、燃烧放热率及NO_x排放随过量空气系数增大而降低；缸内压力、燃烧放热率及NO_x排放随进气压力增大而提高，进气压力对缸内温度影响较小；缸内温度、压力、燃烧放热率及NO_x排放随进气温度增大而提高。为实际改善掺氢天然气HCCI发动机的燃烧动力性、经济性和减少排放提供了理论依据。     

柴油掺烧甲醇预混合燃烧和排放特性

在一台六缸柴油机上搭建了进气喷射甲醇掺烧系统,对不同替代率下的柴油掺烧甲醇工况燃烧和排放特性进行了试验研究。试验结果表明:掺烧甲醇改变了发动机的燃烧特性。随甲醇替代率的上升,预混合燃烧比例逐渐增大,扩散燃烧比例则减小。掺烧甲醇后,缩短了整体工况的燃烧持续期,使放热更加集中,改善了燃烧等容度。掺烧甲醇还会从散热系统回收一部分热量,共同作用下使热效率得到大幅提高。但大比例掺烧甲醇也会对NOx及CO排放带来恶化,并生成甲醇与甲醛等非常规排放物。同时掺烧甲醇还会延长滞燃期,因此需要调整柴油的主喷正时以保证发动机运转稳定。     

基于AVL BOOST的氢燃料内燃机稀燃过程研究

应用AVL BOOST软件建立了氢燃料内燃机在稀燃状况下的计算模型,并在不同燃空当量比和点火时刻下,对氢内燃机燃烧过程进行了数值模拟,模拟结果和试验结果吻合较好。在此基础上,进行了点火提前角和燃空当量比对氢内燃机燃烧过程的影响研究,为合理组织氢内燃机的燃烧过程研究提供了依据。     

甲醇汽油机怠速稀燃特性的试验研究

为改善传统汽油机怠速稀燃的燃烧与排放特性,在1台加装了电控甲醇喷射系统的汽油机上对燃用汽油(M0)、50%质量比例甲醇汽油(M50)和纯甲醇(M100)3种燃料的发动机的怠速稀燃特性进行了试验研究。试验先后在过量空气系数a=1.1和a=1.3两组稀燃工况下进行,怠速转速稳定在800r/min左右。试验结果表明:添加甲醇后,两组稀燃工况下指示热效率均有所提升;发动机的火焰发展期、快速燃烧期和平均指示压力的循环变动系数随着甲醇比例的增加而降低;甲醇能够显著降低发动机怠速稀燃工况下的HC和NOx排放,CO2排放随着甲醇含量的增加也略有降低。     

HCNG发动机掺氢比选择试验研究

在东风EQD210—20天然气发动机上改变ECU中的空燃比和点火提前角等控制参数进行了HCNG燃烧试验。选择不同的掺氢比,进行排放和空燃比特性试验,比较发动机排放和动力性的变化,并采用四工况试验来综合评价发动机燃烧15%,20%,25%和30%4种体积掺氢比HCNG燃料的排放性和动力性。发动机燃烧20%体积掺氢比的HCNG燃料具有较好的综合性能,在保持动力性变化不大的情况下,有着较好的排放性能。     

进气掺氢与富氧燃烧对汽油机性能影响的试验研究

在JL3G10汽油机的基础上,搭建了发动机台架以进行掺氢富氧条件下的台架试验。利用该台架分别对不同进气含氧量(体积比),不同进气掺氢比以及富氧掺氢时汽油机的动力性与排放进行了试验研究。研究表明:相比原机,进气含氧量为25%时汽油机功率与扭矩提高了20.7%,HC排放减少36%,CO排放减少10.6%,但NOx排放增加了149.6%;2%进气掺氢比下的HC排放相比原机降低31.2%,CO排放降低46.1%,NOx排放则增加12.6%;富氧掺氢(氢氧体积比为2∶1)时,掺混比例为5.06%的汽油机较原机在动力性与排放上均有提升。     

Effects of mixture stratification on HCCI combustion of DME in a rapid compression and expansion machine

Compression ignition of homogeneous charges in internal combustion (IC) engines is expected to offer high efficiency of DI diesel engines without high levels of NOx and particulate emissions. This study is intended to find ways of extending the rich limit of HCCI operation, one of the problems yet to be overcome. Exhaust emissions characteristics are also explored through analyses of the combustion products. DME fuel, either mixed with air before induction or directly injected into the combustion chamber of a rapid compression and expansion machine, is compressed to ignite under various conditions of compression ratio, equivalence ratio, and injection timing. The characteristics of the resulting combustion and exhaust emissions are discussed in terms of the rate of heat release computed from the measured pressure, and the concentrations of THC, CO, and NOx are measured by FT-IR and CLD. The experimental data to date show that operation without knock is possible with mixtures of higher equivalence ratio when DME is directly injected rather than when it is inducted in the form of a perfectly homogeneous fuel-air mixture. Although fuel injected early in the compression stroke promotes homogeneity of the DME-air mixture in the cylinder, it causes the mixture to ignite too early to secure good thermal efficiency and knock-free operation at high loads. Low temperature reactions occur at about 660K regardless of the fueling methods, fuel injection timing and equivalence ratio. The main components of hydrocarbon emissions turned out to be unburned fuel (DME), formaldehyde and methane.     

Effects of the throttle opening ratio and the injection timing of CNG on the combustion characteristics of a DI engine

We investigated the effects of the fuel injection timing — both for early and late injection — in conjunction with the throttle opening ratio on the fuel-air mixing characteristics, engine power, combustion stability and emission characteristics of a DI CNG spark engine and control system that had been modified and designed according to the author’s original idea. We verified that the combustion characteristics were affected by the fuel injection timing and that the engine conditions were affected by the throttle opening ratios and the rpm. The combustion characteristics were greatly improved for a complete open throttle ratio with an early injection timing and for a partial throttle ratio with a late injection timing. The combustion duration was governed by the duration of flame propagation in late injection timing scenarios and by the duration of early flame development in cases of early injection timing. As the result, the combustion duration is shortened, the lean limit is improved, the air-fuel mixing conditions are controlled, and the emissions are reduced through control of the fuel injection timing and vary according to ratio of the throttle opening.     

冷却液温度为边界条件的柴油机起动试验研究

为了研究冷却液温度对柴油机起动过程初期燃烧不稳定性及排放的影响规律,在一台单缸直喷式柴油机上,利用缸压和单循环采样测试系统对柴油机起动初期单个工作循环的燃烧和排放进行了试验研究。结果表明:冷却液温度是影响柴油机起动过程不稳定的重要因素之一。较低的冷却液温度导致柴油机起动初期燃烧不稳定性增加,失火和不完全燃烧循环较多,从而导致HC排放升高,而且冷却液温度低造成的滞后燃烧会产生较高的CO排放。冷却液温度升高后,失火循环消除,同时着火延迟期明显缩短,最高燃烧压力升高,HC和CO排放显著降低,NOx排放升高,表明燃烧状况改善。     

Effect of the fuel injection strategy on first-cycle firing and combustion characteristics during cold start in a TSDI gasoline engine

The first firing cycle is very important during cold-start for all types of spark ignition engines. In addition, the combustion characteristics of the first firing cycle affect combustion and emissions in the following cycles. However, the first-cycle fuel-air mixing, combustion and emissions generation within the cylinder of a two-stage direct-injection (TSDI) engine during cold start is not completely understood. Based on the total stoichiometric air-fuel ratio and local richer mixture startup strategy, the first-cycle firing and combustion characteristic at cold start were investigated in a two-stage direct injection (TSDI) gasoline engine. In addition, the effects of the first injection timing, second injection timing, 1st and 2nd fuel injection proportion and total excess air ratio on the in-cylinder pressure, heat release rate and accumulated heat release were analyzed on the basis of a cycle-by-cycle analysis. It is shown that a larger 2nd fuel injection amount and later 2nd injection timing are more beneficial to the firing of the first cycle in the case of a total excess air ratio of 1.0. The optimum 1st and 2nd injection timing fuel injection proportions are 120°CA ATDC during the intake stroke, 60°CA BTDC during the compression stroke and 1:1. In addition, the firing boundary is a 2nd injection timing later than 90°CA BTDC during the compression stroke in the case of the 1st injection timing from 60°CA to 180°CA ATDC during an intake stroke and involves a 1st and 2nd fuel injection proportion of 1:1 and an excess air ratio of 1.0. The study provides a detailed understanding of cold-start combustion characteristics and a guide for optimizing the reliable first-cycle firing at cold start.     

Effect of a 2-stage injection strategy on the combustion and flame characteristics in a PCCI engine

Recently, to reduce environmental pollution and the waste of limited energy resources, there is an increasing requirement for higher engine efficiency and lower levels of harmful emissions. A premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) engine, which uses a 2-stage type injection, has drawn attention because this combustion system can simultaneously reduce the amount of NOx and PM exhausted from diesel engines. It is well known that the fuel injection timing and the spray angle in a PCCI engine affect the mixture formation and the combustion. To acquire two optimal injection timings, the combustion and emission characteristics of the PCCI engine were analyzed with various injection conditions. The flame visualization was performed to validate the result obtained from the engine test. This study reveals that the optimum injection timings are BTDC 60° for the first injection and ATDC 5° for the second injection. In addition, the injection ratio of 3 to 7 showed the best NOx and PM emission results.     

掺烧LPG对直喷式柴油机性能的影响

提出一种柴油机混合燃用LPG的新方式,即LPG/柴油混合喷射方式。分析了不同LPG质量掺混比对发动机热效率、排放特性和燃烧特性的影响。试验结果表明,LPG掺混比较小时,可以改善发动机的热效率;掺混比较大时,烟度和NO_x排放大幅降低,平均有效压力较高时CO排放也有所降低,HC略有升高;LPG混入柴油中对发动机燃烧特性也有显著影响。     

单缸EGR发动机压缩比优化及涡轮增压器匹配研究

在1台气道喷射单缸EGR发动机上,独立控制EGR缸喷油及点火,实现燃料改质,研究了不同压缩比对发动机性能的影响,此外还匹配了不同涡轮增压器,用于改善外特性扭矩。试验结果表明:单缸EGR能有效改善发动机的燃油经济性,NOx和CO排放性能均所改善,但THC排放恶化,动力性能下降;提高压缩比能有效提高发动机的热效率,降低燃油消耗,但过高压缩比使发动机爆震倾向严重,限制发动机外特性扭矩;通过匹配小涡轮增压器低速扭矩有所改善。     

二甲醚均质充量压燃发动机燃烧特性试验研究

通过改造一台压缩比为16．5的2-135柴油机,在其上实现DME的HCCI燃烧方式。试验结果表明,DME HCCI发动机不但可以实现无烟燃烧,而且可以有效控制发动机NOx排放,使其接近0排放。在试验负荷范围内,CO排放随负荷增加而降低;HC的排放随负荷变化不大。     

正丁醇-柴油对柴油机燃烧及排放影响的试验研究

通过配制不同正丁醇掺混比例的正丁醇-柴油混合油,在不改变供油提前角和燃油系统的条件下,测量了柴油机燃用正丁醇-柴油混合油的气缸压力、放热率以及NOx、炭烟等排放污染物,探讨了正丁醇掺混比例对柴油机燃烧过程的影响规律,分析了正丁醇对排放污染物的作用过程。结果表明:正丁醇掺混比例为0%,5%,10%时,低转速、低负荷工况下,缸内最大燃烧压力分别为6.2MPa,5.9MPa和5.8MPa,与燃烧柴油相比略有降低;高转速、高负荷工况时,缸内最大燃烧压力分别为7.5 MPa,7.6 MPa,7.7 MPa,与燃烧柴油相比稍有增加;随着正丁醇掺混比例增加,柴油机的CO和HC排放升高,在中低负荷下NOx排放有所降低,高负荷时升高明显,平均增加了6.4%,炭烟排放降低明显,燃用正丁醇添加比例为5%和10%时,在高负荷下炭烟分别下降了25%和36%。     

Combustion and emission characteristics of a lean burn natural gas engine

Lean burn is an effective way to improve spark ignition engine fuel economy. In this paper, the combustion and emission characteristics of a lean burn natural gas fuelled spark ignition engine were investigated at various throttle positions, fuel injection timings, spark timings and air fuel ratios. The results show that ignition timings, the combustion duration, the coefficient of variation (COV) of the indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) and engine-out emissions are dependent on the overall air fuel ratio, spark timings, throttle positions and fuel injection timings. With the increase of the air fuel ratio, the ignition delays and combustion duration increases. Fuel injection timings affect ignition timings, combustion duration, IMEP, and the COV of the IMEP. Late fuel injection timings can decrease the COV of the IMEP. Moreover, the change in the fuel injection timings reduces the engine-out CO, total hydrocarbon (THC) emissions. Lean burn can significantly reduce NOx emissions, but it results in high cyclic variations.