基于减隔振措施的曲线段变速地铁列车振动影响研究

为探究运行变速的地铁列车通过减振段引起的环境振动影响，选取成都地铁4号线宽窄巷子—中医大省医院区间钢弹簧浮置板减振段，建立“列车-轨道板-地层”三维有限元模型，并现场测试地铁运行时区间隧道及地表的竖向振动与水平振动，研究减振措施下曲线段变速地铁列车振动特征。结果表明:变速运行列车引起的道床及边墙振动时程曲线呈现出前期增长慢，后期衰减快的特点；列车变速运行下的道床及边墙的振动加速度波形不具备半周期对称性；在曲线段隧道结构的水平振动不可忽略；振动由道床传递至边墙过程中呈跳跃式衰减，钢弹簧浮置板具有良好的减隔振效果；道床和边墙处振动加速度的主要频率范围为60~100 Hz，振动由隧道内传递至地表过程中高频段衰减较快，地表处振动加速度的主要频率范围为5~30 Hz。     

大型高架桥梁爆破拆除塌落触地对地面振动影响分析

针对某城市大型高架桥爆破拆除工程,采用动力有限元法计算了桥梁塌落触地引起的振动响应,并从幅值、频谱成分及衰减特性等方面探讨了振动的传播规律。计算结果表明:塌落触地振动随着距离的增加而衰减显著;竖向振动响应明显大于径向振动;塌落触地振动的振动能量主要分布在0~50Hz频率范围内,且随着距离的增加,低频成分逐渐占主导地位。     

地面交通荷载引发的场地振动实测分析

对城市地面交通引发的场地振动进行现场实测,基于实测数据,在时域和频域内分别统计分析了公交车引发的振动随距离的衰减规律,统计结果表明,衰减速率在近振源区域明显大于远振源区域,振动的影响范围在距振源50 m以内的区域;由公交车引发的振动在影响区域内的卓越频带为7～20 Hz,其中心频率约为11 Hz.最后,亦比较了采用面源荷载引发振动的地表响应经验公式的预测值与实测值,结果表明,经验公式在应用于本文的测试条件时,可能会低估振动水平.     

Vossloh300扣件阻尼频变对高铁高频振动的影响研究

以Vossloh300扣件胶垫为研究对象，利用配备温度箱的万能试验机测得其在-60℃~20℃的耗能刚度。在试验基础上结合温频等效原理及车辆-轨道垂向耦合Timoshenko梁模型，在频域内探究该型扣件频变阻尼对高铁轮轨系统动力特性的影响。结果表明:Vossloh300扣件胶垫在20℃，4 Hz激振频率下阻尼系数约152.2 kN/（m·s-1）。Vossloh300扣件频变阻尼主要影响车辆-轨道垂向耦合系统1/3倍频中心频率22 Hz以上的振动响应，即:①增大车辆和轨道系统22~56 Hz的中高频振动，同时减小其60~256 Hz的高频振动；②在512~1 500 Hz范围内，钢轨垂向1/3倍频加速度振级最大值增大了5 dB，同时，扣件力1/3倍频幅值最大值减小了92%。因此，为精确预测高速铁路车辆及轮下结构随机振动响应，需考虑扣件胶垫的阻尼频变特性。     

振动压实引起环境振动的试验研究

根据BW219DH-3振动压路机压实施工诱发地面振动的实测资料，分析得出了振动压实施工诱发的地面振动的特点、振动加速度的主频特性和振动加速度幅值在不同方向上的衰减特性。通过对加速度幅值回归拟合，得到了加速度衰减规律公式，从而给出了控制施工安全距离的指导公式。     

城市轨道交通系统轨道结构随机动力响应分析

以随机振动理论为基础,考虑轨道不平顺的影响,采用Wilson-θ数值积分方法,得到了列车荷载作用下轻轨系统轨道、道床的垂向动力响应特征,并做了相应的功率谱密度估计.结果表明,钢轨的垂向振动能量主要集中在高频段区域,道床的振动能量则主要集中在100 Hz左右.     

重型卡车消音器降噪性能优化

消音器对降低重型卡车噪声有重要意义。文章提出一种消音器新结构:通过增加分隔板,使气流在腔室中的流动距离增加,同时通过多孔隔板与壁面配合,形成多个抗性消音结构,削弱噪声传递。经对比验证,新结构排气消音器在中、低频段(600Hz以下)噪声传递损失明显增加:原有结构噪声传递损失10-50dB,新结构噪声传递损失51-93dB,噪声抑制能力明显提高。     

夏冬季公路林带降噪效果研究

监测夏冬季双向四车道公路两侧林带降噪效果,分析了夏、冬季植物体内部构造及外部形态特征的不同对交通噪声衰减的影响.结果表明,季节的变化主要影响大于500 Hz频段噪声衰减量,这一频段噪声衰减量变化与叶片数量有关;低于500 Hz频段林带噪声衰减量主要与植物茎的胸径及数量有关,季节变化对此频率段噪声衰减量影响不显著.落叶阔叶林带夏季噪声衰减量大于冬季,常绿林带夏、冬季噪声衰减量大致相同.     

地铁列车荷载作用下地铁车辆段桩承式复合地基动力响应数值分析

为探讨软土地基经桩体加固后，地铁列车荷载作用下地铁车辆段轨道下部结构的复合地基动力特性及分布规律，采用有限元显式动力学方法，分析比较了广州地铁某车辆段轨道下部软基区域经桩体加固前后以及桩体模量对土体动力特性的影响。数值分析结果表明:(1)经桩体加固后，土体的振动加速度比无桩体加固时衰减更快，土体的动应力幅值有所减小，且土体动应力随桩体模量的增大而减小；(2)土体动应力随横向距离和深度方向变化过程中，局部区域呈现先增大再减小的趋势，说明桩顶和桩底附近出现了应力集中现象；(3)软黏土的动应力幅值和振动加速度幅值沿深度方向先快速衰减，后衰减趋于稳定，说明计算动力附加沉降时主要考虑软土浅层区域。     

春融期重载车辆-路面-路基垂向动力分析模型

针对季节冻土区春融期重载车辆作用下道路病害突出的问题,以三轴重载汽车为例,建立季节冻土区春融期重载车辆-路面-路基体系垂向动力学物理模型;基于D' Alembert原理推导了重载车辆、路面和路基冻结层的振动微分方程,并采用Wilson-θ法对动力方程求解。数值仿真结果表明:建立的路面-路基体系模型能够反映季节冻土区春融期路基呈层状分布且刚度软化的特性;随着车体质量增加和路基融化层刚度的降低,路面振动位移平均峰值和路面振动加速度平均峰值基本呈线性增加;车辆行驶速度增大,路面振动加速度平均峰值增大,优势频段数目增多、优势频率增大;路面振动位移平均峰值呈锯齿型;路基冻结层厚度增加,路面振动位移平均峰值和路面振动加速度平均峰值降低,当其厚度大于0.3 m后趋于稳定。     

High-frequency random vibration analysis of a high-speed vehicle–track system with the frequency-dependent dynamic properties of rail pads using a hybrid SEM–SM method

A hybrid Spectral Element Method (SEM)–Symplectic Method(SM) method for high-efficiency computation of the high-frequency random vibrations of a high-speed vehicle–track system with the frequency-dependent dynamic properties of rail pads is presented. First, the Williams-Landel-Ferry (WLF) formula and Fractional Derivative Zener (FDZ) model were, respectively, applied for prediction and representation of the frequency-dependent dynamic properties of Vossloh 300 rail pads frequently used in China's high-speed railway. Then, the proposed hybrid SEM–SM method was used to investigate the influence of the frequency-dependent dynamic performance of Vossloh 300 rail pads on the high-frequency random vibrations of high-speed vehicle–track systems at various train speeds or different levels of rail surface roughness. The experimental results indicate that the storage stiffness and loss factors of Vossloh 300 rail pad increase with the decrease in dynamic loads or the increase in preloads within 0.1–10,000?Hz at 20°C, and basically linearly increase with frequency in a logarithmic coordinate system. The results computed by the hybrid SEM–SM method demonstrate that the frequency-dependent viscous damping of Vossloh 300 rail pads, compared with its constant viscous damping and frequency-dependent stiffness, has a much more conspicuous influence on the medium-frequency (i.e. 20–63?Hz) random vibrations of car bodies and rail fasteners, and on the mid- (i.e. 20–63?Hz) and high-frequency (i.e. 630–1250?Hz) random vibrations of bogies, wheels and rails, especially with the increase in train speeds or the deterioration of rail surface roughness. The two sensitive frequency bands can also be validated by frequency response function (FRF) analysis of the proposed infinite rail–fastener model. The mid and high frequencies influenced by the frequency-dependent viscous damping of rail pads are exactly the dominant frequencies of ground vibration acceleration and wheel rolling noise caused by high-speed railways, respectively. Even though the existing time-domain (or frequency-domain) finite track models associated with the time-domain (or frequency-domain) fractional derivative viscoelastic (FDV) models of rail pads can also be used to reach the same conclusions, the hybrid SEM–SM method in which only one element is required to compute the high-order vibration modes of infinite rail is more appropriate for high-efficiency analysis of the high-frequency random vibrations of high-speed vehicle–track systems.     

Effect of temperature- and frequency-dependent dynamic properties of rail pads on high-speed vehicle–track coupled vibrations

The soft under baseplate pad of WJ-8 rail fastener frequently used in China’s high-speed railways was taken as the study subject, and a laboratory test was performed to measure its temperature and frequency-dependent dynamic performance at 0.3?Hz and at ?60°C to 20°C with intervals of 2.5°C. Its higher frequency-dependent results at different temperatures were then further predicted based on the time–temperature superposition (TTS) and Williams–Landel–Ferry (WLF) formula. The fractional derivative Kelvin–Voigt (FDKV) model was used to represent the temperature- and frequency-dependent dynamic properties of the tested rail pad. By means of the FDKV model for rail pads and vehicle–track coupled dynamic theory, high-speed vehicle–track coupled vibrations due to temperature- and frequency-dependent dynamic properties of rail pads was investigated. Finally, further combining with the measured frequency-dependent dynamic performance of vehicle’s rubber primary suspension, the high-speed vehicle–track coupled vibration responses were discussed. It is found that the storage stiffness and loss factor of the tested rail pad are sensitive to low temperatures or high frequencies. The proposed FDKV model for the frequency-dependent storage stiffness and loss factors of the tested rail pad can basically meet the fitting precision, especially at ordinary temperatures. The numerical simulation results indicate that the vertical vibration levels of high-speed vehicle–track coupled systems calculated with the FDKV model for rail pads in time domain are higher than those calculated with the ordinary Kelvin–Voigt (KV) model for rail pads. Additionally, the temperature- and frequency-dependent dynamic properties of the tested rail pads would alter the vertical vibration acceleration levels (VALs) of the car body and bogie in 1/3 octave frequencies above 31.5?Hz, especially enlarge the vertical VALs of the wheel set and rail in 1/3 octave frequencies of 31.5–100?Hz and above 315?Hz, which are the dominant frequencies of ground vibration acceleration and rolling noise (or bridge noise) caused by high-speed railways respectively. Since the fractional derivative value of the adopted rubber primary suspension, unlike the tested rail pad, is very close to 1, its frequency-dependent dynamic performance has little effect on high-speed vehicle–track coupled vibration responses.     

地铁列车振动荷载引起的隧道动力响应分析

已开通运营地铁工程长期承受地铁列车振动荷载的影响,会造成地表不均匀沉降,管片结构附加应力增大,地表振动频率过大易出现城市环境振动污染,影响居民正常生活。以某运营城际铁路为工程依托,采用人工数定激振力函数模拟地铁列车振动荷载,建立了地铁列车振动荷载下隧道动力响应分析模型,对隧道管片结构弯矩及上部地层竖向位移进行监测分析,将地表竖向位移振动加速度换算为等效声级,结合城市环境振动标准,可知列车行驶过程中,地表振动环境污染符合城市环境振动标准规定的限值。     

不同频率地震波作用下的土质边坡动力响应研究

运用有限差分软件FLAC2D，通过改变正弦波的频率，研究边坡的位移、加速度和速度的动力响应。结果表明:坡体对地震波加速度有放大作用，随着竖直高度的增加或距离坡面距离的减小，放大效应愈加明显，且在坡顶处放大系数最大；在坡面中部，坡体对地震波速度有削弱作用，但在坡顶和坡脚处表现为放大作用，且速度最大值位于坡脚处。边坡在地震波持续作用下位移增大，且最大位移出现在坡脚处，当其达到临界状态时边坡失稳。当地震波频率逐渐增大，加速度峰值放大系数呈增大趋势，速度放大系数呈增大趋势，坡体位移呈减小趋势。     

大跨度人行斜拉桥TMD减振分析

为避免人行桥发生共振,以新金牛(岛型)公园C、D地块人行斜拉桥为例,通过数值仿真和脉动试验得到了人行斜拉桥的一阶自振频率。进一步地,选取人行激励荷载,确定舒适度评价标准。最后,数值分析了原桥的振动响应,并根据原桥动力分析结果设计了调谐质量阻尼器(TMD)减振方案。研究结果表明：本桥端跨的一阶竖弯频率为2.73 Hz,跨中频率为1.51 Hz；安装TMD后,端跨和跨中的加速度峰值符合舒适度标准,TMD减振效果最大可达到60%。     

减低交通荷载引起地面振动的三维数值分析

针对高速铁路和高等级公路的运行产生振动波可能带来严重的噪音和地面振动等环境问题,运用LS-DYNA软件,选用更适合岩土介质的弹塑性模型,对高速列车作用下地面振动及连续墙挡板的防护能力进行三维数值模拟分析。研究了5～20 Hz荷载下混凝土桩组成的不同尺寸挡板的减振效果,并与日本某现场试验结果比较。结果表明,尽管无填充壕沟的防护效果最佳,但钢筋混凝土桩墙更具可操作性,稳定性,且混凝土桩减振挡板可以显著减低地面的振动加速度幅值,与波长有关。挡板长度和深度直接影响混凝土减振挡板的防护效果和防护范围,挡板深度对防护效果的影响更为明显,挡板宽度的尺寸主要影响防护范围。