混合动力汽车驱动系统仿真

混合动力汽车由于具有良好的燃油经济性和排放性以及续驶里程长等优点越来越受到人们的欢迎,是当今汽车工业的发展趋势。文章介绍了混合动力车的前向仿真方法和后向仿真方法,分析了仿真软件ADVISOR的混合仿真方法和工作原理。通过衣田Insight混合动力车的仿真实例,建立了发动机、电动机、蓄电池及发电机等各部件模型、汽车动力学模型及整车的仿真模型,并基于标准道路行驶循环工况分析了整车的动力性、燃油经济性以及排放性能,表明所建立的模型合理准确,能够进行系统的优化设计     

Reduction of engine emissions via a real-time engine combustion control with an egr rate estimation model

Vehicle emissions regulations are becoming increasingly severe and remain a principal issue for vehicle manufacturers. Since, WLTP (Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Procedures) and RDE (real driving emission) regulations have been recently introduced, the engine operating conditions have been rapidly changed during the emission tests. Significantly more emissions are emitted during transient operation conditions compared to those at steady state operation conditions. For a diesel engine, combustion control is one of the most effective approaches to reduce engine exhaust emissions, particularly during the transient operation. The concern of this paper is about reducing emissions using a closed loop combustion control system which includes a EGR rate estimation model. The combustion control system calculates the angular position where 50 % of the injected fuel mass is burned (MFB50) using in-cylinder pressure for every cycle. In addition, the fuel injection timing is changed to make current MFB50 follow the target values. The EGR rate can be estimated by using trapped air mass and in-cylinder pressure when the intake valves are closed. When the EGR rate is different from the normal steady conditions, the target of MFB50 and the fuel injection timing are changed. The accuracy of the model is verified through engine tests, as well as the effect of combustion control. The peaks in NO level was decreased during transient conditions after adoption of the EGR model-based closed loop combustion control system.     

Simulation of a powertrain system for the diesel hybrid electric bus

The plug-in hybrid electric bus (HEB) is designed to overcome the vulnerable driving range and performance limitations of a purely electric vehicle (EV) and have an improved fuel economy and lower exhaust emissions than those of a conventional bus and convention HEBs. The control strategy of the plug-in parallel HEB??s complicated connected propulsion system is one of the most significant factors for achieving a higher fuel economy and lower exhaust emissions than those of the HEV. The proposed powertrain control strategy has flexibility in adapting to the battery??s state of charge (SOC), exhaust emissions, classified driving patterns, driving conditions, and engine temperature. Simulation is required to model hybrid powertrain systems and test and develop powertrain control strategies for the plug-in parallel HEB. This paper describes the simulation analysis tools, powertrain components?? models and modifications, simulation procedure, and simulation results.     

eTS fuzzy driver model for simultaneous longitudinal and lateral vehicle control

In this paper, evolving Takagi-Sugeno (eTS) fuzzy driver model is proposed for simultaneous lateral and longitudinal control of a vehicle in a test track closed to traffic. The developed eTS fuzzy driver model can capture human operator’s driving expertise for generating desired steering angle, throttle angle and brake pedal command values by processing only information which can be supplied by the vehicle’s on-board control systems in real time. Apart from other fuzzy rule based (FRB) models requiring human expert knowledge or off-line clustering, the developed eTS driver model can adapt itself automatically, even ‘from scratch’, by an on-line learning process using eTS algorithm while human driver is supervising the vehicle. Proposed eTS fuzzy driver model’s on-line human driver identification capability and autonomous vehicle driving performance were evaluated on real road profiles created by digitizing two different intercity express ways of Turkey in IPG© CarMaker® software. The training and validation simulation results demonstrated that eTS fuzzy driver model can be used in product development phase to speed up different tests via realistic simulations. Furthermore eTS fuzzy driver model has an application potential in the field of autonomous driving.     

基于瞬时优化的HEV控制策略

以一种充电保持型并联式混合动力电动汽车（hybrid electrical vehicle，HEV）为具体对象，研究以瞬时等效燃油经济性和排放性能为综合优化目标的控制策略。该策略以传动系统的能量转换效率和排放“效率”作为评价燃油经济性和排放的指标来建立优化目标方程，通过基于HEV整车及动力总成相关数学模型所建立的Matlab／Simulink仿真优化平台，搜寻出全部转速一转矩需求条件下动力总成各元件的理想能量分配及相应档位，并以MAP图的形式存储于车载监控器中。监控器根据HEV荷电保持的设计要求，按瞬时工况调用这些MAP图，以简单查表计算方式对理想值实时地作适当修正和调整。所述监控策略的有效性、实时性通过若干典型行驶工况仿真及实车应用得以证实，展现出良好的实用价值。     

重度混合动力汽车燃油经济性和排放多目标优化

考虑重度混合动力汽车运行模式切换时发动机频繁起停对油耗的影响,建立了整车动态仿真模型和综合考虑燃油消耗和排放的多目标优化模型,采用简化控制变量的动态规划算法并结合自动变速器经济性换挡规律,在NEDC工况下对多目标优化模型进行仿真.结果表明,发动机的频繁起停对整车燃油消耗有显著影响,采用动态规划算法可全局优化整车燃油经济...     

瞬态工况对车辆污染物排放的影响

试验室使用的稳态工况和车辆在城区道路行驶时的瞬态工况有很大差异,测试结果不能真正反映车辆的瞬态排放工况,文章主要介绍了CO,HC及NOx的生成机理,阐述了瞬态工况对汽油车和柴油车各个污染物排放的影响,提出车载排放测试技术可以不受这些因素影响,可以在实际道路运行条件下对车辆排放进行实时测量,真实反映车辆实际道路行驶的排放情况,反映外界环境条件的变化对车辆排放的影响。     

Emissions simulation in a 7000 kg-grade diesel hybrid electric vehicle

Hybrids combine a combustion engine with an electric motor and battery. The two technologies can be combined to reduce fuel consumption and exhaust emissions. This paper presents the concept of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) applied to truck or van vehicles with diesel engines. The simulation results from the advanced vehicle simulator (ADVISOR) demonstrate that the required power may be properly shared between the internal combustion engine and electric motor. The simulation can also be used to prove that the technique is useful for improvements in driving performance; additionally, the technique is suitable for hybrid electric vehicles, allowing for good fuel economy and low emissions performance.     

微型汽车发动机尾气污染排放分析

建立了用于模拟车辆实际运行状况的汽油发动机尾气排放实验测试系统,模拟荣光6450B微型车的不同行驶工况,对其主要有害排放物HC、CO、NOx进行采样,并对各排放物与行驶工况相对应的排放趋势及原因进行了分析。分析结果表明,不同行驶工况和行驶状态对HC、CO和NOx的排放影响较大,各行驶工况中,怠速、加速及减速比例越高,各有害气体的排放越高;当行驶工况匀速比例较高时,排放相对较低。     

Economic value and utility of a powertrain system for a plug-in parallel diesel hybrid electric bus

This research is the first to develop a design for a powertain system of a plug-in parallel diesel hybrid electric bus equipped with a continuously variable transmission (CVT) and presents a new design paradigm of the plug-in hybrid electric bus (HEB). The criteria and method for selecting and sizing powertrain components equipped in the plug-in HEB are presented. The plug-in HEB is designed to overcome the vulnerable limitations of driving range and performance of a purely electric vehicle (EV) and to improve fuel economy and exhaust emissions of conventional bus and conventional HEBs. The control strategy of the complicated connected propulsion system in the plug-in parallel HEB is one of the most significant factors in achieving higher fuel economy and lower exhaust emissions of the HEV. In this research, a new optimal control strategy concept is proposed against existing rule-based control strategies. The optimal powertrain control strategy is obtained through two steps of optimizations: tradeoff optimization for emission control and energy flow optimization based on the instantaneous optimization technique. The proposed powertrain control strategy has the flexibility to adapt to battery SOC, exhaust emission amount, classified driving pattern, driving condition, and engine temperature. The objective of the optimal control strategy is to optimize the fuel consumption, electricity use, and exhaust emissions proper to the performance targets. The proposed control strategy was simulated to prove its validity by using analysis simulation tool ADVISOR (advanced vehicle simulator).     

城市道路车辆排放测试与模拟

以长春市部分主干道为试验研究路段,采用一种车载排放测量仪器在实际道路上进行了单车排放试验,运用多项式回归的方法,整合车辆运行状况和排放数据,建立了单车实际道路微观排放模型。利用合作开发的基于路径的微观交通仿真系统与单车微观排放模型的有机结合,开发了一种可预测不同交通状况下交通干道排放的有效系统,并进行了仿真计算。结果表明:该系统不但可估算并预测车辆在某一路段的污染物排放水平,还可评价交通管理改进措施对车辆排放的影响。     

混合动力电动汽车模糊逻辑控制策略的研究与仿真

以四川汽车工业集团野马混合动力电动汽车设计要求为基础,提出了一种混合动力电动汽车模糊逻辑控制策略。这种策略通过对油耗和各排放参数动态地分配权重值确定出发动机的最佳转矩,然后再根据模糊控制原理,以电池SOC值、汽车驱动需求的输出转矩和电动机转速为模糊输入确定出发动机的实际输出转矩,最终实现整车油耗和排放的综合优化。通过在S imu link软件中搭建该控制策略的仿真模型并与基础的电力辅助控制策略相比较,证明了这种控制策略有利于整车运行经济性和环保性的提高。     

稳态工况下汽车污染物排放特性的试验研究

利用底盘测功机模拟汽车实际道路行驶稳态工况,以福莱尔QCJ7081型汽车为研究对象进行了在不同载质量、不同车速、不同挡位下的污染物排放特性试验。并分别拟合出在4挡空载情况下,排放因子CO、HC、NOx和总污染物排放因子随车速的变化规律多项式。结果表明,空载情况下,试验车辆总污染物排放因子最低时的车速约为95km/h。通过换挡规律分析认为,汽车排放污染物是由发动机和催化器的匹配以及发动机和变速器的匹配共同决定的。     

Effect of various LPG supply systems on exhaust particle emission in spark-ignited combustion engine

The particle size distribution and particle number (PN) concentration emitted by internal combustion engine are a subject of significant environmental concern because of their adverse health effects and environmental impact. This subject has recently attracted the attention of the Particle Measurement Programme (PMP). In 2007, the UN-ECE GRPE PMP proposed a new method to measure particle emissions in the diluted exhaust of automotive engines and a regulation limit (<6.0×10¹¹ #/km, number of particles). The specific PN regulation of spark-ignited combustion engine will be regulated starting on September 1, 2014 (EURO 6). In this study, three types of LPG supply systems (a mixer system and a multi-point injection system with gas-phase or liquid-phase LPG fuel) were used for a comparison of the particulate emission characteristics, including the nano-sized particle number density. Each of the three LPG vehicles with various LPG injection systems contained a multi-cylinder engine with same displacement volumes of 2,000 cm³ and a three-way catalytic converter. The test fuel that was used in this study for the spark-ignited combustion engine was n-butane basis LPG fuel, which is primarily used for taxi vehicles in Korea. The characteristics of nano-particle size distribution and number concentration of particle sizes ranging from 20 to 1,000 nm (aerodynamic diameter) that were emitted from the three LPG vehicles with various LPG supply systems were investigated by using a condensation particle counter (CPC), which is recommended by the PMP under both the NEDC and FTP-75 test modes on a chassis dynamometer. The experimental results indicate that the PN emission characteristics that were obtained by the CPC system using the PMP procedure are sufficiently reliable compared to other regulated emissions. Additionally, the sources of PN emissions in ascending order of magnitude are as follows: mixer type, gas-phase LPG injection (LPGi) and liquid-phase LPG injection (LPLi) passenger vehicles. The liquid-phase LPG injection system produced relatively large particle sizes and number concentrations compared to the gaseous system, regardless of the vehicle driving cycle. This phenomenon can be explained by unburned micro-fuel droplets that were generated due to a relatively short homogeneous fuel-air mixture duration in the engine intake manifold. Also the particle number emissions from the LPG vehicle were influenced by the vehicle driving cycle.     

MOVES模型微观层次参数的深圳本土化研究

MOVES模型是基于美国实际情况建立的机动车排放因子模型,在使用该模型模拟我国城市的机动车排放情况时,需要将模型相关参数进行修正.为使MOVES 模型能够准确模拟深圳机动车排放特征,基于深圳市的实际情况对地理信息、车辆类型、燃油、模拟年等MOVES模型微观层次默认参数进行本土化.在明确这些参数在MOVES模型中如何界定的前提下,根据深圳实际机动车相关情况对参数赋值.并且,对比分析了本土化前后MOVES模型估算结果与车载实测排放因子的相对误差.结果表明,NOx模拟效果显著改善,其中在快速路上的相对误差由365%减少至14%;CO2在本土化前后相对误差都较小,并且本土化之后的相对误差控制在20%以内;CO在本土化前后相对误差减少30~50%;但是对于HC而言,本土化前后模拟效果改善不明显,有较大提升空间.      

Driving segment simulation for determination of the most effective driving features for HEV intelligent control

This paper presents a methodological approach for determination of the most effective driving features for hybrid electric vehicle intelligent control, using the driving segment simulation. In this approach, driving data gathering is first performed in real traffic conditions using Advanced Vehicle Locator systems. The vehicle's speed time series are then divided into small segments. Subsequently, 19 driving features are defined for each driving segment, and the influence of the driving features on the vehicle's fuel consumption (FC) and exhaust emissions is investigated, using driving the driving segment simulation. The simulation approach is also verified by experimental test. Finally, the driving features are ranked by a new approach based on the definition of an effectiveness index and a correlation analysis. The results demonstrate that the velocity-dependent driving features such as ‘energy’, ‘mean of velocity’, ‘displacement’ and ‘maximum velocity’ are more effective on vehicle's FC and exhaust emissions. However, because of high dependency between these features, this study suggests independent driving features among the most effective driving features.     

Active coolant control strategies in automotive engines

The coolant flow rate in conventional cooling systems in automotive engines is subject to the mechanical water pump speed, and high efficiency in terms of fuel economy and exhaust emission is not possible given this limitation. A new technology must be developed for engine cooling systems. The electronic water pump is used as a substitute for the mechanical water pump in new engine cooling systems. The new cooling system provides more flexible control of the coolant flow rate and engine temperature, which previously relied strongly on engine driving conditions such as load and speed. In this study, the feasibility of two new cooling strategies was investigated using a simulation model that was validated with temperatures measured in a diesel engine. Results revealed that active coolant control using an electronic water pump and valves substantially contributed to a reduction of coolant warm-up time during cold engine starts. Harmful emissions and fuel consumption are expected to decrease as a result of a reduction in warm-up time.     

降低工况法外排放的试验研究

工况法外排放对车辆实际使用排放有较大的影响。在BN6V87QE电控燃油喷射汽油机的标定过程中,对循环外排放进行了试验研究。研究表明,循环外排放主要产生于冷起动和暖机过程、加速过程、高速大负荷阶段。采取在冷起动阶段不使用过小的空燃比,在加速过程中不使空燃比偏离理论空燃比时间过长,及在高速大负荷阶段空燃比不要过小等方法能有效地降低循环外排放。     

新能源插电式混合动力汽车馈电时控制逻辑的分析与驾驶体验优化——不同混动架构与驾驶体验以及与能耗之间的关系分析

时代的发展使得环境污染问题愈发严重,机动车成为排放污染物的重要贡献者。因此,发展新能源汽车具有很强的战略性必要性。常见的混合动力汽车可粗略分为两大类:HEV 普通型混合动力汽车;PHEV 插电式混合动力汽车。前者的代表性车型为:丰田普锐斯、一汽丰田卡罗拉双擎。后者的代表车型为:比亚迪秦、荣威Ei6等国产车型。特殊车型为传祺GA5插电增程式电动车。本文重点介绍PHEV插电式混合动力汽车根据不同混动架构,在馈电时对驾驶质感以及能耗的影响做出分析、以及探讨可采取对应结构的改进方法及手段的可行性分析。PHEV插电式混合动力汽车馈电驾驶质感以及能耗的改变最终通过P0位置加装BSG电机或者P1位置加装ISG电机(适用于P3结构混合动力车型、代表车型比亚迪秦)、采用能量分流的混动架构(例如一汽丰田卡罗拉双擎)以及双电机增程式架构(例如传祺GS4 GA5新能源前轴发动机带动发电机发电输出动力的任务完全交给大功率的独立电机)等。通过该方式使得在馈电状态时,发动机与传动系脱藕,于最佳经济转速只用于发电。从而使能量得到最合理的利用、实现馈电油耗低、以及馈电行驶质感提升的目的。     

A comprehensive study on the stability analysis of vehicle dynamics with pure/combined-slip tyre models

In this paper, a vehicle's lateral dynamic model is developed based on the pure and the combined-slip LuGre tyre models. Conventional vehicle's lateral dynamic methods derive handling models utilising linear tyres and pure-slip assumptions. The current article proposes a general lateral dynamic model, which takes the linear and nonlinear behaviours of the tyre into account using the pure and combined-slip assumptions separately. The developed methodology also incorporates various normal loads at each corner and provides a proper tyre–vehicle platform for control and estimation applications. Steady-state and transient LuGre models are also used in the model development and their responses are compared in different driving scenarios. Considering the fact that the vehicle dynamics is time-varying, the stability of the suggested time-varying model is investigated using an affine quadratic stability approach, and a novel approach to define the critical longitudinal speed is suggested and compared with that of conventional lateral stability methods. Simulations have been conducted and the results are used to validate the proposed method.