喷油器的常见故障与保养维修

喷油器是柴油机的关键部件，它易产生的故障有：滴油、针阀咬死、针阀与针阀导向面磨损、喷孔扩大、喷油器雾化不良、用错针阀偶件、针阀体的端面磨损、喷油器与缸盖结合孔漏气窜油等。详细分析了这些故障产生的原因，并提出了排除故障的方法。     

提高共轨喷油器工作效率研究

根据电磁阀式共轨喷油器工作特点,研究了提高大流量电磁阀式共轨喷油器工作效率的技术途径。以喷孔前的压力为实际喷油压力,其与供油压力的比为共轨喷油器的有效喷油压力效率;以喷油量与喷油量和总回油量之和的比为共轨喷油器的有效喷油量效率。结果表明：喷油器有效喷油压力效率与有效喷油量效率相互影响;采用异型结构喷油嘴偶件可以有效提高喷油器工作效率;喷油器与燃油轨间高压管路长度、喷油嘴偶件及其他结构参数进行综合匹配,能够进一步提高喷油器工作效率。综合匹配的计算结果表明,在160 M Pa 标定压力下,最大有效喷油压力效率达到108．3％,有效喷油量效率达到96．8％。     

一种新型共轨喷油器仿真研究

针对发动机对"先缓后急"喷油规律的需求,研究了一种双控制腔进油量孔的新型共轨喷油器。基于AMESim平台建立了喷油器模型,并应用EFS测试数据进行了模型校准。结果表明:与常规共轨喷油器相比,新型共轨喷油器针阀关闭速度提高了2倍,控制腔进油量孔流通面积减少了50%以上,更容易得到"先缓后急"的靴形喷油规律;减小控制腔容积可以提高喷油响应速度,增加滑阀弹簧预紧力可以提高滑阀恢复速度,以上措施能够提高新型喷油器的多次喷射能力,满足不同发动机性能需求;受滑阀副油道的作用,新型共轨喷油器在单结构参数、单次喷射条件下,喷油一致性受加工误差影响系数降低。     

基于仿真优化的汽油喷油嘴产品加工质量的提升

为了确定不同结构参数对喷油器静态流量的影响,运用GT-Fuel仿真软件建立汽油机喷油器模型,分析关键参数喷孔长径比、喷油器针阀开启高度、喷孔孔径对喷油器静态流量的影响,采用DOE方法对结构参数进行优化,并利用现有的试验以及测量条件,对所制作样件进行试验研究。     

Study of the effects on exhaust emissions in direct injection diesel engines: Effects of fuel injection system,distillation properties and cetane number

The effect of injection nozzle, diesel fuel density (volatility) and cetane number on diesel exhaust emissions were investigated. Decreasing injection nozzle hole diameter decreases PM emission. However, a small nozzle hole increases NO_x emission and decreases the effect of fuel on PM emission. Decreasing fuel density is effective for reduction of NO_x emission. But the effect is smaller than that of nozzle hole diameter and injection pressure. Furthermore injection timing retardation decreases the effect of fuel density on NO_x emission.     

柴油机伞喷喷嘴内部流动的数值模拟

对柴油机伞喷喷雾及喷嘴内部流动的研究现状进行了分析,利用三维计算流体动力学(CFD)程序对喷嘴内气穴多相流计算模型进行了验证,在此基础上对柴油机伞喷喷嘴内部的流动特性进行了模拟计算分析。结果表明,在伞喷喷嘴喷孔进口处形成不对称的气穴,并逐渐延伸至出口处,从而对燃油雾化产生一定影响。     

Comparison of two injection systems in an HSDI diesel engine using split injection and different injector nozzles

The demand for reduced pollutant emissions has motivated various technological advances in passenger car diesel engines. This paper presents a study comparing two fuel injection systems and analyzing their combustion noise and pollutant emissions. The abilities of different injection strategies to meet strict regulations were evaluated. The difficult task of maintaining a constant specific fuel consumption while trying to reduce pollutant emissions was the aim of this study. The engine being tested was a 0.287-liter single-cylinder engine equipped with a common-rail injection system. A solenoid and a piezoelectric injector were tested in the engine. The engine was operated under low load conditions using two injection events, high EGR rates, no swirl, three injection pressures and eight different dwell times. Four injector nozzles with approximately the same fuel injection rate were tested using the solenoid injection system (10 and 12 orifice configuration) and piezoelectric system (6 and 12 orifice design). The injection system had a significant influence on pollutant emissions and combustion noise. The piezoelectric injector presented the best characteristics for future studies since it allows for shorter injection durations and greater precision, which means smaller fuel mass deliveries with faster responses.     

基于AMESim的柴油机喷油器的仿真研究

喷油器是柴油机燃油喷射系统的重要组成部件,喷油器性能的好坏直接影响柴油机的整机性能。为了确定不同结构参数对喷油器喷射性能的影响过程,利用AMESim系统仿真软件建立了某柴油机喷油器仿真模型,分析了关键结构参数变化对针阀运动速度、喷油流量和喷油量等的影响规律,研究结果对喷油器的结构设计及改进具有一定的参考价值。     

Common rail injection system iterative learning control based parameter calibration for accurate fuel injection quantity control

This paper presents an accurate engine fuel injection quantity control technique for high pressure common rail (HPCR) injection systems by an iterative learning control (ILC)-based, on-line calibration method. Accurate fuel injection quantity control is of importance in improving engine combustion efficiency and reducing engine-out emissions. Current Diesel engine fuel injection quantity control algorithms are either based on pre-calibrated tables or injector models, which may not adequately handle the effects of disturbances from fuel pressure oscillation in HPCR, rail pressure sensor reading inaccuracy, and the injector aging on injection quantity control. In this paper, by using an exhaust oxygen fraction dynamic model, an on-line parameter calibration method for accurate fuel injection quantity control was developed based on an enhanced iterative learning control (EILC) technique in conjunction with HPCR injection system. A high-fidelity, GT-Power engine model, with parametric uncertainties and measurement disturbances, was utilized to validate such a methodology. Through simulations at different engine operating conditions, the effectiveness of the proposed method in rejecting the effects of uncertainties and disturbance on fuel injection quantity control was demonstrated.     

针阀关闭时刻柴油机不同喷孔内流场的计算

基于开源软件OpenFOAM定义两种连续的网格运动使针阀完全关闭,分三步数值模拟针阀关闭时刻喷孔内的瞬态流场,模拟结果与S ．Jollet试验结果基本吻合。在此基础上研究喷孔结构参数对孔内流场的影响,计算结果表明,随着孔径的增大,喷孔内残余燃油内部有气泡形成;喷孔长度越短,喷孔内残余燃油内部的空气体积越大,形成的气泡越靠近压力室;K系数的减小有利于喷孔内气泡的产生。     

喷嘴内燃油空化及影响因素的实验研究

柴油机燃油喷射雾化过程除受湍流和环境气体的空气动力学效应影响外,还与喷孔内空化有关,因此对喷孔内燃油空化和影响因素的研究有重要的意义。本文中设计了透明喷孔代替原柴油机喷油器的喷孔,采用高速数码相机和高放大倍数、高分辩率的长距离显微成像技术和纳秒级闪光灯作为相机曝光光源,获得了较高分辩率和清晰度的实验图像。对柴油机喷孔内燃油空化产生、发展和分布状态进行显微观测,直观展现喷孔内燃油空化及影响规律,获得了燃油空化过程的直观认识。结果表明,柴油机喷孔内空化流动情况比较复杂,影响因素较多,其中喷孔几何结构对喷嘴内空化过程影响最显著,喷孔内空化首先出现在压力室针阀附近,随后空化区域向喷孔出口处扩散、延伸,对于渐缩喷孔,空化形成受到抑制,而渐扩喷孔则有利于空化形成;减小喷孔直径,不利于空化形成。环境压力对空化起到抑制的作用,环境压力增大,也不利于空化形成。此外还对喷孔内空化强度进行量化描述,通过空化强度对实验获得的图像进行量化分析。     

柴油机非对称喷油嘴内部空化流动特性的数值研究

柴油机喷油嘴内部喷嘴流量和空化现象直接影响到燃油的喷射和雾化,进而影响柴油机的性能和排放。以两种非对称柴油机喷油嘴——小压力室喷油嘴(mini-sac)和无压力室喷油嘴(VCO)为例,通过Fluent软件对其进行空化和流量数值仿真,研究入口压力和背压参数对质量流量变化的影响。研究结果表明:在相同进出口压力下,mini-sac型喷油嘴各孔的流量均比VCO型的大;在较低和中等进口压力下VCO型喷油嘴各孔比mini-sac型更容易产生空化,而在较高的进口压力下这两种类型喷油嘴各孔产生空化难易程度基本一致;当进口压力不变时,随着出口压力的降低,在无空化产生时其质量流量与压力差呈线性关系;当空化出现时其质量流量继续增加,当出现超空化现象时该孔的质量流量不再变化;随着各孔的轴向夹角的增大,流量越小,空化越容易;对于这两种喷油嘴来说,只有mini-sac型孔3和孔4的空化出现在喷孔的上端和下端,其余孔的空化都只产生在上端。     

喷孔数调控活性分层对乙醇-柴油双燃料燃烧的影响

基于1台自然吸气的单缸柴油机,结合缸内三维燃烧仿真计算,研究了不同直喷正时、不同预混比例条件下,直喷喷油器的喷孔数对乙醇-柴油双燃料发动机燃烧和排放特性的影响。结果表明,优化直喷喷油器的喷孔数,能影响直喷柴油的缸内分布,调控乙醇-柴油双燃料发动机燃烧过程。减少喷孔数,可以有效降低缸内高活性柴油的分布区域,减少初始着火的位置,从而降低缸内最高燃烧压力和压力升高率,并且可以在炭烟排放保持较低水平的基础上,降低氮氧化物(NO_x)排放。随着乙醇预混比例的增大,喷孔数对燃烧和排放的影响先增大后减小。随着喷油提前角的增大,由于直喷燃油在缸内混合较为均匀,喷孔数的影响作用逐渐减小。     

Effect of injection timing,injector opening pressure,injector nozzle geometry,and swirl on the performance of a direct injection,compression-ignition engine fuelled with honge oil methyl ester (HOME)

Increasing petroleum prices, increasing threat to the environment from exhaust emissions and global warming have generated intense international interest in developing renewable and alternative non-petroleum fuels for engines. Evolving feasible technology and recurring energy crisis necessitated a continued investigation into the search for sustainable and clean-burning renewable fuels. In this investigation, Honge oil methyl ester (HOME) was used in a four stroke, single cylinder diesel engine. Tests were carried out to study the effect of fuel injection timing, fuel injector opening pressure (IOP) and injector nozzle geometry on the performance and combustion of CI engine fuelled with HOME. Injection timing was varied from 19°bTDC (before top dead centre) to 27°bTDC in incremental steps of 4°bTDC; injector opening pressure was varied from 210 bar to 240 bar in steps of 10 bar. Nozzle injectors of 3, 4 and 5 holes, each of 0.2, 0.25 and 0.3 mm size were selected for the study. It was concluded that retarded injection timing of 19°bTDC, increased injector opening pressure of 230 bar and 4 hole nozzle injector of 0.2 mm size resulted in overall better engine performance with increased brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and reduced HC, CO, smoke emissions. Further air-fuel mixing was improved using swirl induced techniques which enhanced the engine performance as well.     

启喷压力对电控单体泵供油系统喷油量的影响机理

以电控单体泵燃油系统为研究对象,研究了启喷压力对循环喷油量的影响。通过计算各工况下循环喷油量随启喷压力变化的百分比,研究了各工况循环喷油量随启喷压力变化的敏感程度,在此基础上进行了启喷压力对循环喷油量影响的机理分析。结果表明:循环喷油量随启喷压力的增加呈减小趋势,随着转速的增加,启喷压力对循环喷油量的影响程度越来越小;在各确定转速下,随着喷油脉宽的增加,循环喷油量对启喷压力变化的敏感程度越来越低;低速时启喷压力主要通过影响喷油器针阀开启关闭的运动过程而影响循环喷油量,中高速时启喷压力主要通过影响有效喷油脉宽而影响循环喷油量。     

Experimental investigation of abrasive flow machining effects on injector nozzle geometries,engine performance,and emissions in a di diesel engine

The effects of the Abrasive Flow Machining (AFM) process on a direct injection (DI) Diesel engine fuel injector nozzle are studied. Geometry characterization techniques were developed to measure the microscopic variations inside the nozzle before and after the process. This paper also provides empirically-based correlations of the nozzle geometry changes due to the AFM process. The resulting impact of the process on the engine performance and emissions are also assessed with a DI Diesel engine test setup. This study shows that properly AFM-processed injectors can enhance engine performance and improve emissions due to the improved quality of the nozzle characteristics. However, an extended process can also cause enlargement of the nozzle hole as a side effect, which can adversely affect emissions. Emission measurements show the trade-off for the minimum levels as the process proceeds. Since the enlargement of the hole during the AFM process is not avoidable and must be minimized, strict control over the process is required. This control can be enforced by either limiting the AFM processing period, or by properly preparing the initial hole diameter so as to accommodate the inevitable changes in the nozzle geometry.     

喷油器参数对柴油机燃烧特性影响的数值模拟

应用三维CFD模拟软件FIRE,对1台135柴油机的喷雾与燃烧过程进行了数值模拟。通过缸内流场分析和浓度分析,研究了喷孔数、喷孔锥角对燃烧过程的影响及对NOx和炭烟生成的影响。结果表明,喷孔数和喷孔锥角影响燃油的喷雾质量和油气混合质量,进而影响燃烧过程和排放物的生成;CFD模拟计算对优化喷油器参数,从而改进燃烧系统具有指导意义。     

电控单体泵系统喷射特性仿真研究

对电控单体泵的喷射特性进行了建模仿真。研究了燃油系统结构参数对喷射压力和喷油速率的影响以及转速对喷射延迟的影响。结果表明:喷射延迟时间随着转速的增加而增加;喷射压力与柱塞—喷孔直径比成正比,而喷油速率与柱塞—喷孔直径比成反比,柱塞—喷孔的直径比决定了燃油喷射系统可能达到的最大喷油压力和最大喷油速率;最大喷射压力和最大喷射速率都随着长度比的升高而降低,最大喷射压力受长度比的影响比最大喷射速率更加敏感。     

Investigation on Spray Behavior and NOx Conversion Characteristic of a Secondary Injector for a Lean NOx Trap Catalyst

Lean NOx trap (LNT) catalyst has been used to reduce NOx emissions from diesel engines. The LNT absorbs NOx in lean condition and discharges N2 by reducing NOx in rich conditions. Thus, it is necessary to make exhaust gas lean or rich conditions for controlling LNT system. For making a rich condition, a secondary injector was adopted to inject a diesel fuel into the exhaust pipe. In the case of secondary injector, the behavior of spray is easily affected by high temperature (i.e., 250 ～ 350 °C) occurred in the exhaust manifold. Therefore, it is needed to investigate the spray behavior of diesel fuel injected into an exhaust manifold, as well as the conversion characteristics for a lean NOx trap of a diesel engine with LNT catalyst. The characteristics of exhaust emissions in NEDC (New European Driving Cycle) mode were analyzed and spray behaviors were visualized in various exhaust gas conditions. The results show that as the exhaust gas mass flow increases, the spray cone angle becomes broad and the fuel is directed to the flow field. Besides, the cone angle of spray is decreased by centrifugal force caused in exhaust gas flow field. In addition, the effects of nozzle installation degree, injection quantity, and exhaust gas flow on NOx conversion performance were clarified.     

PFI增压汽油机机油稀释试验研究

在一款1．0 L 气道喷射增压汽油机上研究了机油稀释的分布区域及其产生机理,发现机油稀释严重的区域主要集中在高速大负荷工况。通过对喷油器喷孔直径、喷油相位、VVT 动作角、空燃比、水泵流量、机油冷却器散热量、曲轴箱强制通风系统 PCV 阀补气量等相关特性参数的调整验证,发现喷油相位靠后、空燃比过浓是机油稀释严重的主要原因,水泵流量、PCV 阀补气量、VVT 动作角、机油冷却器散热量对机油稀释也有一定的影响,喷油器喷孔直径的变化对机油稀释无影响。最终在该款发动机上综合采用优化喷油相位、水泵流量、PCV 阀补气量、机油冷却器散热量的措施,最大机油稀释水平控制在5％以下。