信号交叉口行人过街速度调查与分析

为研究城市信号交叉口行人过街的速度及差别,分别对郑州市8种不同过街条件下的行人过街速度进行调查。分析了不同过街条件下行人过街速度的变化以及形成原因;分析了行人年龄、性别、人行横道长度、不同时段对过街速度的影响,为行人过街设计速度提供重要的参考。     

交叉口绿闪信号行人过街行为模型

城市信号交叉口通过设置绿闪信号,在机动车获得通行权之前清空人行横道上的过街行人.为研究行人在此信号期间的过街行为,提出一种绿闪信号时行人过街运动模型.综合分析绿闪信号、周围过街行人、人行横道边界以及右转冲突车辆对行人过街的影响机理,基于社会力模型,建立绿闪后人行横道上行人过街行为模型,并根据实际调查所获得的人行横道尺寸、行人与车辆速度等数据,标定模型参数.基于模型仿真行人运动行为,产生行人分层现象以及与周围行人、冲突车辆避碰等行为,验证模型在宏观层面的有效性;对不同断面的仿真行人与实际过街行人的过街速率变化曲线进行拟合,拟合优度指标显示模型对人行横道前/后半段过街行人模拟精度分别为83% 和95%,验证了模型在微观层面的有效性.      

北京市信号交叉口行人过街忍耐时间研究

行人交通是信号交叉口交通的重要组成部分.目前信号交叉口的规划设计优先考虑机动车效率,为了保障机动车的通行效率,北京市多数行人过街环境遭到破坏,"中国式过马路"应运而生.结合当前北京市交通的特点,以红灯期间到达信号交叉口人行横道等待区的行人为研究对象,运用视频调查和人工调查相结合的方法获取北京市不同影响因素下行人过街忍耐时间的基础数据,采集了9554个行人过街忍耐时间样本.建立信号交叉口行人过街忍耐时间的 Cox 风险回归模型,结果表明信号交叉口行人过街的最大忍耐时间是52.88 s,信号交叉口行人过街忍耐时间与温度、性别、年龄、出行时间、红灯时长、单位机动车流量、人行横道长度等影响因素有关,用地性质对信号交叉口行人过街忍耐时间的影响不显著.      

信号交叉口行人过街特性研究

选取了5个交通流特性具有明显不同的信号交叉口,依据交通流理论和交通控制理论,以信号交叉口的行人过街特性作为研究对象,对在不同时间段、不同区域和不同年龄群体的行人过街交通参数进行调查,并应用相关统计学方法对数据进行对比分析,研究了信号交叉口行人过街的交通特性,为交叉口行人过街的信号灯配时和相关政策的制定和管理设施的设置提供了参考和依据。     

基于安全和效率的平面交叉口行人二次过街设施设计理论和方法

平面交叉口行人二次过街设施设计是交叉口渠化的关键。针对平面交叉口行人安全问题,对二次过街安全性和通行效率进行了详细分析,提出基于安全高效性和信号相位嵌套的行人二次过街设计理论和方法,并结合西安市小寨东路与翠华路交叉口实际调查数据,利用VISSIM仿真软件构建交叉口仿真模型,对比分析行人二次过街改善措施实施前后相关交通运行评价参数。仿真结果表明,合理地将行人过街信号嵌套在机动车相位中,行人二次过街比一次过街安全、高效,可在一定条件下提高平面交叉口的服务水平。     

交叉口人行横道通行能力研究

人行横道通行能力是确定行人过街设施的基础参数。通过分析信号交叉口处人行横道混合交通特征,提出了一定周期时长和单位人行横道宽度的人行横道绿灯时间内的实际通行能力计算公式;以可接受间隙理论为基础,利用概率论的方法,推导出了无信号交叉口处人行横道的通行能力计算公式,并通过实例验算,具有一定的实用价值。     

信号交叉口行人过街形式适用性分析

为确定十字信号交叉口行人过街形式的适用条件,基于行人过街和机动车通行的服务水平分级,提出了不同行人过街形式适用性的判别依据;通过对人车冲突行为分析,构建了信号交叉口人车交互运行元胞自动机模型。按照单因素影响下的多变量梯度变化分析的方案构建思路,选取机动车流量、右转车比例、信号周期、左转相位绿信比、行人流量作为机动车和行人主导影响因素,建立了多变量组合影响下的仿真方案。以主主相交的双向六车道信号交叉口为例,确定了信号交叉口行人过街形式适用性方案。结果表明：交叉口机动车流量、右转车比例、信号周期、左转相位绿信比、行人流量等5个主导影响因素值确定时,可根据其对应的机动车服务水平和行人过街服务水平组合,确定具体的行人过街形式。     

信号交叉口人行横道行人过街服务水平研究

人行横道行人过街服务水平是衡量人行过街设施服务质量的重要指标。文中分析了人行横道处行人的过街特性,给出了基于行人过街延误、基于行人过街饱和度的2种信号交叉口人行横道行人过街服务水平评价方法和服务水平评价标准,确定了规范推荐值法和公式计算法2种设计通行能力计算方法,得到3种行人过街服务水平评价方法,并结合案例分析,总结了3种行人过街服务水平评价方法的优缺点和适用条件。     

不同控制方式下路段人行横道交通状况的对比分析

人行横道因其建设维护费用低、行人过街便捷等特点,被广泛地应用于行人过街的交通组织之中。在不同控制方式下的人行横道上,行人过街存在不同的问题。以北京市展览馆路段为例,针对有无信号灯控制路段人行横道的交通状况进行了交通调查,在对比分析调查数据的基础上,从行人过街效率、机动车通行效率以及人行横道安全性3个方面,探讨不同的路段人行横道控制方式对交通流的影响。     

路段感应式信号控制行人过街系统设计

为保障路段行人安全过街,提高行人过街效率,设计了基于感应控制的路段行人安全过街系统.该系统分别采用视频和感应线圈实现对过街行人和路段车辆的自动检测,并据此设计行人过街感应信号控制方案,辅以“减速带式”人行横道、路段行人过街通道灯和智能人行道护栏3种过街辅助设施,实现时空上的人车分离.     

Quality of pedestrian flow and crosswalk width at signalized intersections

Among various pedestrian facilities, signalized crosswalks are the most complex and critical ones. Their geometry and configuration including width, position and angle directly affect the safety, cycle length and resulting delays for all users. Existing manuals do not provide clear and rational specifications for the required crosswalk width under different pedestrian demand combinations and properties. Furthermore, they do not consider the bi-directional flow effects on crossing speed and time when addressing pedestrian flow at signalized crosswalks. However, quantifying the effects of such interactions on the behavior of pedestrian flow is a prerequisite for improving the geometric design and configuration of signalized crosswalks. The objective of this paper is to develop a methodology for estimating the required crosswalk width at different pedestrian demand combinations and a pre-defined LOS. The developed methodology is based on theoretical modeling for total pedestrian platoon crossing time, which consists of discharge and crossing times. The developed models are utilized to generate the fundamental diagrams of pedestrian flow at signalized crosswalks. A comprehensive discussion about the effects of bi-directional flow and various pedestrian age groups on the characteristics of pedestrian flow and the capacity of signalized crosswalks is presented. It is found that the maximum reduction in the capacity of signalized crosswalks occurs at roughly equal pedestrian flows from both sides of the crosswalk. By utilizing existing LOS thresholds for pedestrian flow at signalized crosswalks, the required crosswalk widths for various pedestrian demand combinations are proposed for implementation.     

Estimation of left-turning vehicle maneuvers for the assessment of pedestrian safety at intersections

Improving pedestrian safety at intersections remains a critical issue. Although several types of safety countermeasures, such as reforming intersection layouts, have been implemented, methods have not yet been established to quantitatively evaluate the effects of these countermeasures before installation. One of the main issues in pedestrian safety is conflicts with turning vehicles. This study aims to develop an integrated model to represent the variations in the maneuvers of left-turners (left-hand traffic) at signalized intersections that dynamically considers the vehicle reaction to intersection geometry and crossing pedestrians. The proposed method consists of four empirically developed stochastic sub-models, including a path model, free-flow speed profile model, lag/gap acceptance model, and stopping/clearing speed profile model. Since safety assessment is the main objective driving the development of the proposed model, this study uses post-encroachment time (PET) and vehicle speed at the crosswalk as validation parameters. Preliminary validation results obtained by Monte Carlo simulation show that the proposed integrated model can realistically represent the variations in vehicle maneuvers as well as the distribution of PET and vehicle speeds at the crosswalk.     

信号交叉口行人安全岛设计

以北京等大城市信号交叉口行人过街安全问题为研究对象,对40个未设置行人安全岛和5个设置行人安全岛的信号交叉口进行了现场观测,研究分析了为方便行人二次过街、在道路中间分隔带设置行人安全岛的必要性,并提出了一种适合我国国情的安全岛设计型式。     

行人穿越车流的特征性研究

在实地调查测量的基础上,通过统计分析行人穿越车流时的平均步行速度,行人所需要的穿越时间,综合运用交通工程学和心理学理论,分析了影响行人穿越车流的各个因素的特征,得出行人穿行车流过街的流程图,并对防治行人穿越车流过街的违章行为的发生提出了一些建议。     

立体过街设施选址模型初探——以天津滨海新区过街天桥规划为例

立体过街设施是行人安全过街的主要保障措施,立体过街设施的选址是否合理关乎人们使用的便利性设施的利用率.结合行人过街特点布置立体过街设施可以大大提高设施使用率,同时也方便行人的安全过街.行人交通作为城市交通不可忽视的重要部分,通过分析国内外行人过街设施间距、行人交通特性,尝试提出立体行人过街设施选址模型.结合滨海新区的交通特性和城市用地发展布局,将行人过街设施模型进行应用,从而提出立体过街设施规划方案.     

Exploring pedestrian surrogate safety measures by road geometry at midblock crosswalks: A perspective under mixed traffic conditions

Pedestrian safety is generally assessed using frequency of crashes, based on historical data, for a given transportation facility. However, the lack of good and reliable crash data has hampered its apposite analyses and in evaluating the effectiveness of pedestrian safety programs. To overcome this gap, traffic conflict technique (TCT) which relies mainly on the observations of critical traffic situations for safety analysis were developed. However, the applicability of TCTs and related measures under varying non-lane based heterogeneous traffic conditions prevailing in countries such as India is not widely explored. This paper attempts to evaluate pedestrian safety at urban midblock crosswalk using different surrogate safety measures, including vehicle crossing speed, post encroachment time (PET), yielding compliance of driver as well as pedestrian, and conflict rate. The number of conflicts were observed to increase as the average vehicle crossing speed increases, indicating that pedestrians are extremely vulnerable while crossing the road. The PET value for the smaller vehicles, such as two-wheelers and three-wheelers, is recorded to be lower than the heavy vehicles, such as trucks and buses. With the addition of one lane, there is a significant decrease in the PET value. The average PET values for the vehicle on eight-lane divided road is less than the six-lane divided, four-lane divided, and two-lane undivided roads. Further, the yielding compliance of the driver as well as of the pedestrian depends on the crossing speed of the approaching vehicle and the type of road geometry. Further, the rate and severity of conflicts increased with a decrease in the pedestrian crossing speed. The yielding behaviour of the drivers as well as the pedestrian's yielding compliance varies by location, highlighting the effect of individual and demographic characteristics on pedestrian crossing behaviour.     

Assessment of distracted pedestrian crossing behavior at midblock crosswalks

Risk of pedestrian-vehicle crashes increased with distraction of pedestrians at roadway crossings. Aims of the study included analysing distracted pedestrian crossing behavior, identifying factors that influence pedestrian crossing speed at a midblock crosswalk, and determining the influence of road cross-section (RCS) on pedestrian walking speed.Three cities in Oregon State in the USA were included in the study: Corvallis, Albany, and Eugene. A combination of digital video and researcher field notes were used to obtain the data at each site. A total of 1045 pedestrian crossings from 23 midblock crossings were observed and analysed to determine the association of distraction type, road cross-section, and other in situ factors with pedestrian walking speed. Data analysis was conducted in two stages. First, the effect of each distraction type (looking at a handheld device, talking on a cell phone, wearing headphones, walking in a pair, walking in a group, and other distractions) on the pedestrian walking speed was examined. The results showed that average walking speed was 4.8 ft./s (1.46 m/s). Pedestrians walking with headphones crossed more quickly (0.91 ft./s) (0.28 m/s) than those with no distractions (5.14 ft./s) (1.57 m/s). In addition, talking on a cell phone was not significantly correlated with walking speed. Moreover, the other four distraction types were associated with decreasing the walking speed by 0.29 ft./s (0.09 m/s) to 0.83 ft./s (0.25 m/s). Second, the influence of pedestrian distraction, crosswalk configuration, land use, compliance rate, and pedestrian demographics on the pedestrian walking speed were examined in this study. Findings indicated that distracted pedestrian in two road cross-sections would require more crossing time than an elderly pedestrian. Pedestrian safety is a key concern in transportation research, and improved understanding of the factors contributing to pedestrian fatalities could enable safer roadways to be designed.     

What affects pedestrian crossing difficulty at urban intersections in a developing country?

In developing countries, road traffic crashes involving pedestrians have become a foremost concern. At present, road safety assessment plans and selection of interventions are primarily restricted to traditional approaches that depend on the investigations of historical crash data. However, in developing countries such as India, the availability, consistency, and accuracy of crash data are major concerns. In contrast, proactive approaches such as studying road users' risk perception have emerged as a substitute method of examining potential risk factors. An individual's risk perception offers vital information on probable crash risk, which may be beneficial in detecting high-risk locations and major causes of crashes. Since the pedestrian fatality risk is not uniform across the urban road network level, it may be expected that pedestrians' perceived risk measured in terms of “crossing difficulty” would also vary across the sites. In this perspective, the present paper establishes a mathematical association between the pedestrians' perceived “crossing difficulty” and actual crashes. The model outcome confirms that pedestrians' perceived crossing difficulty is a good surrogate of fatal pedestrian crashes at the intersection level in Kolkata City, India. Subsequently, to examine the impact of traffic exposures, road infrastructure, land use, spatial factors, and pedestrian-level attributes on pedestrians' “crossing difficulty”; a set of Ordered Logit models are developed. The model outcomes show that high vehicle and pedestrian volume, vehicular speed, absence of designated bus stop, the presence of inaccessible pedestrian crosswalk, on-street parking, lack of signalized control (for both vehicle and pedestrian), inadequate sight distance, land use pattern, slum population, pedestrian-vehicular post encroachment time, waiting time before crossing, road width, and absence of police enforcement at an intersection significantly and positively increase pedestrian's crossing difficulty at urban intersections. To end, the model findings are advantageously utilized to develop a set of countermeasures across 3E's of road safety.