Benthic community and food web structure on the continental shelf of the Bay of Biscay (North Eastern Atlantic) revealed by stable isotopes analysis

The North Bay of Biscay continental shelf is a major French demersal fishery, but little was known on the trophic food web of its benthic communities. In order to determine the benthic trophic web, the objectives of this study are to describe the macro- and megafaunal benthic community structure (species richness, abundance and biomass) and to establish the trophic pathways (food sources and trophic levels) by applying carbon and nitrogen stable isotopic analysis to the main benthic and demersal species (invertebrates and fish). Two distinct benthic communities have been identified: a muddy sand community within the central part of the bay, and an outer Bay of Biscay Ditrupa sand community of higher species richness, abundance and biomass than the muddy sand community. Deposit-feeders, suspension feeders and predators, distributed in three main trophic levels, dominate both communities. Large differences in stable carbon ratio values within the primary consumers provide evidence of two different food sources: i) a pelagic food source made up of recent sedimenting particulate organic matter on which zooplankton and suprabenthos feed and ii) a benthic detrital food source supplying deposit feeders and partly benthic suspension feeders. Differences in isotopic signatures were also observed within the upper trophic levels that allowed estimation of the contribution of each food source component to the diet of the upper consumers. Finally, the use of stable isotopic composition together with the species' feeding strategy allow identification of the main differences between the trophic functioning of the two benthic communities and highlight the importance of the role of detrital pathways in the carbon cycling within the continental shelf benthic trophic web.     

加强海事队伍建设的几点建议

加强领导,完善政策,营造环境,把提高人的素质放在重要的位置,促进人才资源优势的发挥,是全局工作又好又快发展坚强有力的人才支撑。为保障水上安全形势稳定,海事人才队伍建设至关重要,个中关键则是创新人才工作机制。     

深海潜水器载人舱腐蚀损伤识别方法研究

深海潜水器载人舱是海洋深潜结构物的重要组成部分,保障着工作人员的安全,所以掌握该结构在长期使用过程中的健康安全状况非常必要。本文首先对4500m深海潜水器载人舱6个监测点进行加速度监测,得到其加速度的结点能量；再通过广义回归神经网络和概率神经网络对这些加速度结点能量进行训练；最后用训练好的神经网络进行预测。研究结果表明,对深海潜水器载人舱结构损伤位置的预测正确率可以达到90%左右,可以达到健康监测的目的。     

Population dynamics of the red shrimp Aristeus antennatus in the Balearic Islands (western Mediterranean): Short spatio-temporal differences and influence of environmental factors

The red shrimp Aristeus antennatus is one of the target species of the bottom trawl fishery of the Balearic Islands. The objective of the present paper is to study the short spatial and temporal differences of this important economic resource between two different locations off Mallorca (Cabrera: CA; Sóller: SO), where a fleet mobility pattern has been detected, and to study the influence of environmental conditions on this species. Six simultaneous bottom-trawl and oceanographic surveys were carried out at these two locations in order to collect data from the demersal species, hydrography (temperature and salinity), trophic resources and sediment characteristics. The commercial fleet from both locations was monitored by monthly on-board sampling, log-books and daily landings obtained from sales slips. Additional data was obtained from other fishing surveys. Short spatial and temporal differences have been detected between both locations. The population at CA was more demographically homogeneous, while that at SO showed important variations, like high abundance of juveniles recruiting to fishing grounds in autumn–winter and high abundance of large females during summer. Several differences have also been found in the biology of the species between locations, such as males were more abundant in SO than in CA. Also, the reproductive period started sooner in SO than in CA, and the condition of pre-spawning females was better in SO. The percentage of total lipids in the hepatopancreas was minimal during the spawning period, showing their importance as a reserve of energy for the ovary ripening. Water masses could play an important role in these differences, the characteristics of water masses being more stable in CA than in SO. Red shrimp adult females seemed to be more correlated with the warmer and more saline Levantine Intermediate Waters, while juveniles (males and females) and adult males were more correlated with the colder Western Mediterranean Deep Waters, detected only in SO during autumn–winter. Two different hypothesis of mobility patterns for the species are discussed in relation to these observed differences.     

网络损伤模拟测试分析设计

系统阐述网络损伤模拟测试在系统测试中的重要性及其具体的测试组网设计，结合开放业务交换平台，通过具体测试实例，说明了网络损伤模拟测试在网络产品测试中的重要地位。     

浅谈海事网络安全管理

内网安全是网络安全最重要的主题之一,它是保障内网运行畅通的前提和保证。文中分析了当前海事网络建设中存在的安全问题,介绍了海事内网安全管理的重要性,阐述了加强海事内网安全应采取的几项措施,旨在为今后海事内网安全建设提供参考。     

基于Java语言的安全性分析

在网络应用中发挥着重要作用的Java是一种优秀的编程语言。Java的目标是为了满足在不同操作系统平台的网络开发软件,适合于分布式计算环境的面向对象编程语言,其安全性能就显得尤其重要。现从网络应用、语言机制、运行环境三个方面入手,全面地分析比较Java和C 的安全规范,从而使我们能够认识到Java在安全机制上的优势。     

基于Java语言的安全性分析

在网络应用中发挥着重要作用的Java是一种优秀的编程语言.Java的目标是为了满足在不同操作系统平台的网络开发软件,适合于分布式计算环境的面向对象编程语言,其安全性能显得尤其重要.现从网络应用、语言机制、运行环境3方面入手,分析比较Java和C 的安全规范,从而使我们能认识到Java在安全机制上的优势.     

半潜式生活支持平台碰撞敏感性研究

为解决钻井平台服务的半潜式生活支持平台在动力定位或系泊系统失效时会与钻井平台发生碰撞问题,通过不同碰撞速度与不同碰撞位置下的对比分析,研究了两者对于生活支持平台碰撞特性的影响。利用SpaceClaim-HyperMesh软件联合建立了生活支持平台与钻井平台计算模型,从实际靠泊作业出发,确立了对比分析的碰撞速度与碰撞位置。从碰撞力变化、结构损伤、能量转化方面进行了对比分析,得出以下结论:碰撞速度影响碰撞力峰值与结构损伤范围,碰撞力变化在不同碰撞速度下大致相同;随着碰撞速度增大,平台吸收动能占比增大,变形能占比下降;30°斜向撞击时,碰撞剧烈程度明显低于对中正撞,碰撞力峰值小很多,更多的初始动能转化成了2座平台的动能,大幅减少了变形能的吸收,缩短了碰撞持续时间。     

通信设备天线端口电磁脉冲防护技术研究

天线是通信装备最重要的组成部分之一,是接收和发射电磁波信号的＂门户＂,文章研究了短波通信设备天线在强电磁脉冲辐射下的实验方法和耦合效应,并验证了射频前端电磁脉冲防护模块的重要性,提出了天线端口电磁脉冲防护的措施。     

Ecological conversion efficiency and its influencers in twelve species of fish in the Yellow Sea Ecosystem

The ecological conversion efficiencies in twelve species of fish in the Yellow Sea Ecosystem, i.e., anchovy (Engraulis japonicus), rednose anchovy (Thrissa kammalensis), chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus), halfbeak (Hyporhamphus sajori), gizzard shad (Konosirus punctatus), sand lance (Ammodytes personatus), red seabream (Pagrus major), black porgy (Acanthopagrus schlegeli), black rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli), finespot goby (Chaeturichthys stigmatias), tiger puffer (Takifugu rubripes), and fat greenling (Hexagrammos otakii), were estimated through experiments conducted either in situ or in a laboratory. The ecological conversion efficiencies were significantly different among these species. As indicated, the food conversion efficiencies and the energy conversion efficiencies varied from 12.9% to 42.1% and from 12.7% to 43.0%, respectively. Water temperature and ration level are the main factors influencing the ecological conversion efficiencies of marine fish. The higher conversion efficiency of a given species in a natural ecosystem is acquired only under the moderate environment conditions. A negative relationship between ecological conversion efficiency and trophic level among ten species was observed. Such a relationship indicates that the ecological efficiency in the upper trophic levels would increase after fishing down marine food web in the Yellow Sea ecosystem.     

新型电源结构下船舶综合电力系统区域配电网技术

随着船舶行业技术逐渐向高端化发展的趋势,综合电力系统技术作为未来清洁高效环保的发展方向日益被重视.船舶电力系统的电源、配网、用能3部分相互影响,用能日益提高,电源部分的高密度、大容量要求严格,多相设计是满足目前电源大容量需求的主要途径.分析当前常用的配网结构,直流区域配电网技术具有结构适宜、安全性高的特点.结合区域配电的思想,本文提出配电网区域邻接矩阵负荷管理办法,对电网多级负荷的运行状态、负荷计算、能量管理及其网络重构进行分析,对飞轮储能系统进行分析,相比传统的邻矩阵算法,分区管理思路能够减少计算量,辅助能量管理系统提高船舶的管理效率.     

Decadal-scale variations of trophic levels at high trophic levels in the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea ecosystem

A total of 2759 stomachs collected from a bottom trawl survey carried out by R/V “Bei Dou” in the Yellow Sea between 32°00 and 36°30N in autumn 2000 and spring 2001 were examined. The trophic levels (TL) of eight dominant fish species were calculated based on stomach contents, and trophic levels of 17 dominant species in the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea reported in later 1950s and mid-1980s were estimated so as to be comparable. The results indicated that the mean trophic level at high trophic levels declined from 4.06 in 1959–1960 to 3.41 in 1998–1999, or 0.16–0.19·decade^− 1 (mean 0.17·decade^− 1) in the Bohai Sea, and from 3.61 in 1985–1986 to 3.40 in 2000–2001, or 0.14·decade^− 1 in the Yellow Sea; all higher than global trend. The dominant species composition in the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea changed, with the percentage of planktivorous species increases and piscivorous or omnivorous species decreases, and this was one of the main reasons for the decline in mean trophic level at high tropic levels. Another main reason was intraspecific changes in TL. Similarly, many factors caused decline of trophic levels in the dominant fish species in the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea. Firstly, TL of the same prey got lower, and anchovy (Engraulis japonicus) as prey was most representative. Secondly, TLs of diet composition getting lower resulted in not only decline of trophic levels but also changed feeding habits of some species, such as spotted velvetfish (Erisphex pottii) and Trichiurus muticus in the Yellow Sea. Thirdly, species size getting smaller also resulted in not only decline of trophic levels but also changed feeding habits of some species, such as Bambay duck (Harpodon nehereus) and largehead hairtail (Trichiurus haumela). Furthermore, fishing pressure and climate change may be interfering to cause fishing down the food web in the China coastal ocean.     

城市轨道交通线网规划可实施性探讨

在对城市轨道交通线网规划概述的基础上，研究了其可实施性的一些制约因素，并以武汉和昆明的线网规划为例，分析了线网规划可实施性的重要性，提出了树立绿色综合交通规划和大轨道交通网络系统的理念、加强现场踏勘和收集与分析基础资料、建立城市建设资料以及规划成果集中管理和共享机制的结论和建议。     

基于S_882Z的能源采集电路设计

电源在整个无线传感器网络系统中具有极其重要的意义,为了满足系统为微型传感器节点供电的需求,论文设计了采用充电泵实现超低压启动,双电容蓄能,两级变压的微弱能源采集电路.该电路能够在低温差条件下为蓄能电路积累能量,实现低温差环境下的微弱能量采集,并能够根据无线传感器节点的间歇性工作的特点,快速做好供电准备.     

Effects of the 1988/89 climatic regime shift on the structure and function of the southwestern Japan/East Sea ecosystem

In this study we compared the structure of the ecosystem and the role of major species before and after 1988/89 climatic regime shift (CRS) in the southwestern Japan/East Sea. The 1988/89 CRS event changed the biomass and production of fisheries resources in the southwestern Japan/East Sea. Total biomass of all species groups in the ecosystem increased by 59% after the CRS. These results indicate that there were substantial changes in the function of major species in the southwestern Japan/East Sea ecosystem. The relative contribution of walleye pollock, at trophic level (TL) III, to the total flow of energy decreased drastically from 33.0% in the pre-CRS period to 4.3% in the post-CRS period, while that of common squid, at the same TL, doubled from 34.2% to 72.2% during the periods.     

Fluxes of biogenic carbon in the Southern Ocean: roles of large microphagous zooplankton

The Southern Ocean is an extreme environment, where waters are permanently cold, a seasonal ice cover extends over large areas, and the solar energy available for photosynthesis is severely restricted, either by vertical mixing to considerable depths or, especially south of the Antarctic Circle, by prolonged seasonal periods of low or no irradiance. Such conditions would normally lead to low productivity and a water column dominated by recycling processes involving microbial components of pelagic communities but this does not seem to be the case in the Southern Ocean, where there is efficient export to large apex predators and deep waters. This paper investigates the role of large microphagous zooplankton (salps, krill, and some large copepods) in the partitioning of biogenic carbon among the pools of short- and long-lived organic carbon and sequestered biogenic carbon. Large microphagous zooplankton are able to ingest microbial-sized particles and thus repackage small, non-sinking particles into both metazoan biomass and large, rapidly sinking faeces. Given the wide spatio-temporal extent of microbial trophic pathways in the Southern Ocean, large zooplankton that are omnivorous or able to ingest small food particles have a competitive advantage over herbivorous zooplankton. Krill efficiently transfer carbon to a wide array of apex predators and their faecal pellets are exported to depth during occasional brief sedimentation episodes in spring time. Salps may be a significant link towards some fish (directly) and other apex predators (indirectly) and, at some locations (especially in offshore waters) and time, they may account for most of the downward flux of biogenic carbon. Large copepods are a trophic link towards fish and at least one whale species, and their grazing activity generally impedes the export of organic particles to depth. As a result, biogenic carbon is channelled mainly towards apex predators and episodically into the deep ocean. Without these original interactions, Antarctic waters might well be dominated by microbial components and recycling processes instead of active export from the generally small primary producers towards large apex predators.     

基于RSView实现船舶能量管理系统网络管理的研究

文章介绍了组态软件RSView32的功能和特点,并使用组态软件RSView32及Logic5000,RSLinx等相关软件实现了船舶的网络管理与控制,其中简单地介绍了能量管理系统的概况,详细介绍了针对交换机设备的网络管理功能的实现过程,完成了船舶能量管理系统信息网络监控界面图的设计,结果表明能对整个网络系统进行有效的管理。     

Carbon flows in Baltic Sea food webs — a re-evaluation using a mass balance approach

The brackish Baltic Sea has been seen as particularly suitable for studies of food webs. Compared to fully marine ecosystems, it has low species diversity, which means fewer trophic linkages to analyse. The Baltic Sea is also one of the best-studied areas of the world, suggesting that most data requirements for food web models should be fulfilled. Nevertheless, the influence of physical and biological factors on trophic interactions and biogeochemical patterns varies spatially in the Baltic Sea, adding considerable complexity to food web studies. Food web structure and processes can be described and compared quantitatively between areas by estimating the flow of matter or energy through the organisms. Most such models have been based on carbon, though studies of complementary flows of other elements limiting production, such as nitrogen and phosphorus would be desirable. However, since ratios between carbon and other elements are used in calculating these flows, it is crucial, as a first step, to quantify the flows of carbon as accurately as possible.In this study, we used the EcopathII software (ver 3.1) to analyse models of carbon flow through the food webs in the three main areas of the Baltic Sea; the Baltic proper, Bothnian Sea and Bothnian Bay. A previously published study on carbon flow in the Baltic Sea [Elmgren, R. 1984. Trophic dynamics in the enclosed, brackish Baltic Sea. Rapp. P.-V. Reun. — Cons. Int. Explor. Mer. (183) 152–169.] was complemented with the data on respiration and flow to detritus [Wulff, F., Ulanowicz, R. 1989. A comparative anatomy of the Baltic Sea and Chesapeeake Bay ecosystems. In: F. Wulff, J.G. Field, K.H. Mann (Eds.), Flow Analysis of Marine Ecosystems: Theory and Practice. New York: Springer-Verlag.] in order to present complete mass balance models of carbon. The purpose of re-evaluating previous models with new analytic tools was to check how well their carbon flows balance, and to provide a basis for improved mass balance models using more recent data, including nutrients other than carbon.The resulting mass balance networks for the Baltic proper, Bothnian Sea and the Bothnian Bay were shown to deviate from steady state. There was an organic carbon surplus of 45, 25 and 18 g C m⁻² year⁻¹ in the pelagic zones of the Baltic proper, Bothnian Sea and Bothnian Bay, respectively. The Ecopath network analysis confirmed that the overall carbon flow was highest in the Baltic proper, somewhat lower in the Bothnian Sea and much lower in the Bothnian Bay. The only clear differences in food web structure between the basins was that the average trophic level was lower for demersal fish in the Bothnian Sea and higher for macrofauna in the Bothnian Bay, compared to the other basins. The analysis showed weakness in our current understanding in Baltic Sea food webs and highlighted areas where improvements could be made with more recent data.     

大型浮式结构物结构碰撞性能分析

碰撞事故是基于事故极限状态设计重点考虑的对象,在设计中越来越受到重视。文章以某大型浮式结构物为研究对象,总结分析ISO、API、HSE、DNV、ABS、BV、LR等标准及规范对碰撞场景的相关规定,提出碰撞分析场景及设计衡准;基于简化分析技术建立碰撞力学模型,利用动态非线性结构分析软件ABAQUS进行仿真分析,通过分析塑性应变、塑性变形、吸能、碰撞力及运动等,校核评估舷侧结构的耐撞性能;分析不同碰撞位置、撞击船型式等对碰撞性能的影响。研究表明:目标大型浮式结构物舷侧结构碰撞事故极限强度满足规范要求,首柱撞击相对比较危险,可作为计算分析控制工况。