水下发射气幕提前喷射时间对载荷影响仿真研究

建立结构网格和流场网格耦合的航行体出筒过程气幕降载计算模型。通过有/无气幕工况的计算对比,发现气幕提前喷射时机对降载效果影响较大。通过对气幕提前航行体发射0.25 s、0.5 s和0.72 s工况的计算,发现航行体横向载荷随着提前喷射时间延长,呈现先降低后升高的变化规律,选择最佳喷射时机可提高降载效果。该规律可用于指导气幕降载工程设计。     

基于 CFD 技术某超大型复杂腔体流场数值研究

为研究复杂腔体内航行体在出筒过程中的燃气流场和腔体内部压力建立情况,采用计算流体力学方法和动网格技术,对航行体出筒过程进行数值模拟。将安置在腔体内的航行体作为运动实体,随着航行体的运动,相应的流场计算边界发生变化。计算过程根据当前时刻喷管内流场及燃气流场计算航行体受力情况,确定航行体在任意计算时刻的运动速度,并由相应的运动边界更新网格,计算新网格下的流场参数分布。计算结果与实验结果符合较好,说明文中方法能够有效地揭示航行体出筒过程中燃气流的动力特性,通过分析这些流动现象,为工程应用提供有意义的参考。     

水下航行体推进轴系多状态下的变形特征分析

[目的]为了研究水下航行体推进轴系在多种状态下的变形及轴承负荷变化规律,[方法]以某水下航行体为研究对象,通过建立的轴系及水下航行体混合有限元模型,对该模型在船台、码头、水下3种工况下施加符合实际情况的载荷,以及设置相应的边界条件,计算航行体结构的变形,分别提取不同工况下的轴承位置变形和轴承负荷,并以轴承1和轴承3的连线为参考线,得到各工况下轴承位置处的相对变形。[结果]结果表明,针对该水下航行体,从船台工况到码头工况再到水下工况,轴系中心线的相对变形及其大小、轴承负荷的改变趋势均有差异;对船台工况的轴系轴承2预设向上0.090 9 mm的初始变形值,可达到轴系在水下工况处于理想状态的目的。[结论]研究结果可为水下航行体后续的轴系校中提供参考。     

入水参数对航行体亚音速入水过程影响的数值研究

基于CFD方法，求解轴对称航行体亚音速入水过程流场的非定常RANS方程，探讨航行体入水速度、入水角和攻角等参数对入水过程流体动力、运动姿态及空泡形态的影响。研究表明：（1）入水速度对入水冲击载荷有显著影响，而且影响入水空泡的长度；（2）入水角主要影响入水冲击阶段的流体动力，对于不同的入水角，在相同的入水距离时，航行体空泡形态除自由面附近外基本保持一致；（3）入水攻角会加剧航行体的姿态变化，严重影响空泡形态；（4）自由面附近的空泡形态受气体流动及压力变化的影响，但入水2倍弹长距离之后的空泡形态受自由面影响较小，可应用理论公式快速计算空泡形态。论文研究成果可为高亚音速入水降载研究提供参考。     

基于乙醇重整燃料发动机建模的基本点火角

为优化发动机控制策略,提升发动机的动力性和经济性,以LJ4K18QS双燃料发动机的点火提前角控制为例,采用GT-Power建模软件进行发动机的建模和仿真,并注入乙醇重整气,进一步构建发动机重整气模型。通过对在重整气模式下各工况点不同点火提前角运行结果的计算进行分析,选择在各工况条件下的最佳点火提前角,组成基于转速和负荷的点火提前角脉谱图。计算结果表明:负荷不变转速增加,点火提前角增大;转速不变负荷增加,点火提前角减小。该研究可对点火提前角的控制策略进行指导,为LJ4K18QS双燃料发动机使用乙醇重整气后选取最优点火提前角提供理论依据。     

气幕的声插入损失模型分析及结构参数逆算

对于一定厚度的水中气幕和声边界条件,通过气幕声反射和声透射理论模型的推导,构建了考虑多体多次散射情况的气幕声插入损失计算模型,并采用与气幕实测谱在频域相比较的方法,实现了用气幕实验数据逆算气幕实际结构参数和数值求解气幕实际声插入损失.     

电解水式驻留微气泡减阻技术及其可行性分析

在通常的气幕减阻技术中,由于气泡的不断流失容易产生能耗增大、减阻效果下降等问题。该文提出一种利用驻留微气泡的减阻技术。微气泡产生于阵列布置于航行体表面的微凹坑中,并在航行过程中稳定驻留于凹坑处,从而有效降低局部摩阻系数;微气泡通过电解水产生,并可反过来对电解反应进行自适应控制,从而自适应地控制供气量和气泡形状。通过初步数值模拟和实验,对影响气泡驻留的因素进行了定性的分析。设计了一种电解反应自适应控制的凹坑结构,用于气泡形状和电解反应的自动控制。通过数值计算,对一特定条件下驻留微气泡的理论减阻能力进行了讨论。     

船体结构数字孪生技术及应用

数字孪生技术可真实复刻物理实体至数字空间进行虚实映射，其框架包括物理世界、数字世界、孪生数据池、服务应用和数据连接等五个维度。船体结构数字孪生即在数字世界中建立载荷物理场与结构孪生体并实时获取结构响应状态，可从设计仿真、生产制造和航行运维三个阶段探讨应用方向。本文针对模型降阶技术，基于本征正交分解法对船体结构位移场矩阵计算得到正交基底，截取主要成分构建低阶方程组，可快速求解得到降阶模型在各工况下的位移推算值。本文方法与传统有限元结果吻合较好，计算效率大幅提升，可实现船体结构响应的实时分析，为构建船舶数字孪生体提供基础支撑。     

氮气发生器周边气幕的研究

氮气发生器气体泄漏后聚集会形成安全隐患,需要在周边设置气幕,以将其与机舱环境隔离.该文采用数值模拟方法,分析气幕装置出风口风速对氮气发生器周边流场的影响.研究结果表明:气幕装置送风2风速6.5 m/s时,机舱底部处的气幕阻隔效果不佳,气幕装置内部存在气体滞留区域.调整送风2速度至8 m/s时,增加了气幕阻隔效果;同时,调整气幕装置内部中心区域中心高度,可以有效减小涡旋对气幕的影响.     

高速滑行艇CFD精度研究

文章基于RANSE VOF求解器,对高速滑行艇稳定直航状态下的水动力计算精度进行研究。根据模型试验中的航行姿态,建立水气二相流模型进行数值模拟。分别采用结构化网格和切割体网格对楔形体进行计算,分析阻力和动升力的计算精度。通过比较得知,对于高速滑行表面问题,切割体网格和结构化网格同样可以满足工程精度,而前者能够很好地适应复杂的滑行艇表面且网格生成较为便捷。因此文中进一步采用切割体网格对滑行艇进行数值计算,精度同样满足滑行艇的模型试验,验证了CFD方法可以满足两相流中高速滑行表面的水动力计算精度问题。     

水下航行体垂直发射筒口压力场 L/E耦合数值模拟

采用 Lagrange 结构网格和 Euler 流场网格（L/E）耦合的数值仿真方法,对潜射航行器出筒后筒口压力场进行三维数值仿真分析。计算模型考虑海水的横向来流和航行体出筒过程对筒口气泡脉动的影响。仿真计算获得了筒口压力场气泡脉动主要特征,试验与计算的2个主要压力波峰曲线形状基本一致。通过对比计算表明,考虑横向流作用可以有效减少筒口压力场计算偏差。本文的计算方法及结论可为发射筒口压力场分析提供有益指导。     

锥体海洋平台结构冰荷载的离散单元分析

在冰区油气开发中,锥体结构可以有效降低冰力,避免强烈的冰激振动,是目前渤海油气平台的主要结构形式。为研究海冰与锥体结构的相互作用过程,文章建立了适用于模拟海冰破碎特性的离散单元模型。该模型将海冰离散为若干个具有粘接-破碎功能的颗粒单元,并通过海冰弯曲试验确定了单元间的粘接强度;然后对海冰与锥体结构的作用过程进行了数值计算,获得了相应的动冰荷载及冰振响应;在此基础上讨论了不同锥角影响下冰荷载及结构振动响应的变化规律。结果表明,水平方向冰荷载及结构冰振响应随锥角的增加明显增加,而竖直方向冰荷载则显著降低。该离散单元模型还可进一步应用于不同类型抗冰结构的冰荷载分析,有助于解决冰区结构物的抗冰结构设计和冰致疲劳分析。     

基于FLUENT的过滤器滤网流场模拟计算

采用CFD软件建立滤网四层烧结金属丝网的三维实体及其流场模型,依据不同的滤网过滤流速,进行模拟计算,并将滤网的模拟值与试验值进行对比,获得其拟合计算方程,并通过滤网内部流场特性的分析,研究结果表明:仿真模拟结果值与试验值相差不大,证实滤网仿真方法的可靠性,并为滤网的性能分析、预测和设计提供一定的参考。     

Long-term correlation structure of wave loads using simulation

This paper proposes a new method for combining the lifetime wave-induced sectional forces and moments that are acting on the ship structure. The method is based on load simulation and can be used to determine the exceedance probabilities of any linear and nonlinear long-term load combination. It can also be used to determine the long-term correlation structure between these loads in the form of the long-term correlation coefficients. They are essential part of the load combination procedures in design and strength evaluations as well as in the fatigue and reliability analysis of ship structures.The simulation method treats the non-stationary wave elevations during the ship’s entire life (long-term) as a sequence of different stationary Gaussian stochastic processes. It uses the rejection sampling technique for the sea state generation, depending on the ship’s current position and the season. Ship’s operational profile is then determined conditional on the current sea state and the ship’s position along its route. The sampling technique significantly reduces the number of sea state-operational profile combinations required for achieving the convergence of the long-term statistical properties of the loads. This technique can even be used in combination with the existing long-term methods in order to reduce the number of required weightings of the short-term CDFs. The simulation method does, however, rely on the assumption that the ship is a linear system, but no assumptions are needed regarding the short-term CDF of the load peaks.The load time series are simulated from the load spectra in each sea state, taking into account the effects of loading condition, heading, speed, seasonality, voluntary as well as involuntary speed reduction in severe sea states and the short-crested nature of the ocean waves. During the simulation procedure, special care has been given to maintaining the correct phase relation between all the loads. Therefore, time series of various load combinations, including the nonlinear ones, can be obtained and their correlation structure examined. The simulation time can be significantly reduced (to the order of minutes rather than hours and days) by introducing the seasonal variations of the ocean waves into a single voyage simulation. The estimate of the long-term correlation coefficient, obtained by simulating only a single voyage with the correct representation of seasonality, approaches the true correlation coefficient in probability. This method can be applied to any ship and any route, or multiple routes as long as the percentage of the ship’s total lifetime spent in each of them is known.A study has been conducted to investigate the effects of ship type, route and the longitudinal position of the loads on the values of the correlation coefficients between six different sectional loads; vertical, horizontal and twisting moments, as well as shear, horizontal and axial forces. Three ocean-going ship types have been considered; bulk carrier, containership and tanker, all navigating on one of the three busy ship routes; North America-Europe, Asia-North America and Asia-Europe. Finally, the correlation coefficient estimates have been calculated for five different positions along the ship’s length to investigate the longitudinal variation of the correlation coefficient.     

A regression and beam theory based approach for fatigue assessment of containership structures including bending and torsion contributions

Container shipping has been expanding dramatically during the last decade. Due to their special structural characteristics, such as the wide breadth and large hatch openings, horizontal bending and torsion play an important role to the fatigue safety of containerships. In this study the fatigue contributions from vertical bending, horizontal bending and torsion are investigated using full-scale measurements of strain records on two containerships. Further, these contributions are compared to results from direct calculations where a nonlinear 3D panel method is used to compute wave loads in time domain. It is concluded that both bending and torsion have significant impacts on the fatigue assessment of containerships. The stresses caused by these loads could be correctly computed by full-ship finite element analysis. However, this requires large computational effort, since for fatigue assessment purposes the FE analysis needs to be carried out for all encountered sea states and operational conditions with sufficient time steps for each condition. In this paper, a new procedure is proposed to run the structure finite element analysis under only one sea condition for only a few time steps. Then, these results are used to obtain a relationship between wave loads and structural stresses through a linear regression analysis. This relation can be further used to compute stresses for arbitrary sea states and operational conditions using the computed wave loads (bending and torsion moments) as input. Based on this proposed method for structure stress analysis, an efficient procedure is formulated and found to be in very good agreement with the full-ship finite element analysis. In addition it is several orders of magnitude more time efficient for fatigue assessment of containership structures.     

基于凹槽结构的泵喷推进器梢涡控制效果及计算方法

为了降低泵喷推进器的辐射噪声,借鉴航空发动机"处理机匣"技术,在泵喷推进器导管内壁上开设凹槽结构,达到降低泵喷推进器转子梢涡强度、抑制梢涡空化的目的。针对某型泵喷推进器,采用结构化网格,对比分析了无凹槽和有凹槽喷泵喷推进器的梢涡强度,结果显示,导管凹槽能够有效削弱梢涡强度;分析了湍流模型、网格数量和时间步长对计算结果的影响,初步建立了导管凹槽梢涡抑制效果的数值计算方法,研究结果为泵喷推进器梢涡控制提供了新的技术路径和技术支撑。     

Rigid moorings in shallow water: A wave power application. Part I: Experimental verification of methods

Experimental work carried out at 1:60 scale in a wave flume assessed the pitch motion and anchor loading of 3 articulated tower installations in 50 m water depth while being exposed to north Atlantic storms with H_s of 15.2 m and T_p of 18.4 s. The three installations differ only in that their mass and buoyancy characteristics provide a natural period in pitch at equilibrium of 13 s, 20 s and 34 s respectively. It is verified that the dominant behaviour can be simulated by a relatively simple mathematical model, allowing the critical parameters of peak anchor loads and pitch angles to be calculated and extrapolated to full scale. It is demonstrated from the experimental and simulation results that the mass characteristics of a non surface piercing tower can be used to offset some of the challenges of moving to shallow water. If done correctly, it is possible to keep horizontal anchor loads under control and reduce vortex-induced transverse loading at the expense of increased pitch motions. Overall, the use of articulated tower installations in water depths of 50 m would appear to be technically feasible, even in exposed areas. The limitations on the size of such structures and the consequences of the resulting pitch accelerations and induced anchor loads are the subject of further study. It is proposed that the model verified herein can be used to further assess their potential at delivering viable wave power position mooring systems.     

冲击波和气泡脉动联合作用下加筋板的毁伤仿真研究

运用有限元程序MSC．Dytran对无限水域近场非接触爆炸冲击波和气泡脉动载荷下加筋板的毁伤进行研究，分析两种冲击载荷的不同作用方式、作用位置和毁伤效果。在此基础上分析加筋板结构和气泡脉动的相互影响，距离参数的改变对气泡中心移动方向、射流方向和射流强度的影响。并对Blake准则在弹性结构边界下的使用范围进行探讨。     

Structural behaviour of a high tensile steel deck using trapezoidal stiffeners and dynamics of vehicle–deck interactions

As an early part of a large design and fabrication-oriented project FasdHTS funded by the GROWTH programme of the European Commission, an exotic concept ship was designed in very high tensile steel (EHS690) with the purpose of finding out consequences for design and production. The project has already produced a considerable bank of knowledge for design and shipyard production in this material.This paper presents analysis and discussions on static and dynamic behaviour of a high tensile steel deck designed with trapezoidal stiffeners. First, a finite element model of the deck structure is created. The influence of support condition for the longitudinal girders, and the contact area between the vehicle tyre and panel were analysed. The results from modal analysis of the structure under different load conditions are presented. The different load conditions comprise the unloaded and loaded deck, and the load type, i.e. cargo loads or vehicle loads (car loads or truck loads). From the frequency response analysis under harmonic excitation, it shows how the locations and numbers of cars parked on the deck influence the dynamic response of the structure. Furthermore, by studying the car–deck interaction, it is found that the effects of normal cargo loads are quite different from the vehicle loads due to the spring/damping effects of the vehicles. It is suggested that the carloads have a similar mechanism to that of tuned mass dampers. Finally, two transient analyses of the structure due to excitations transferred from deck supports and lorry braking-induced loading are performed. It is suggested that the deck structure and vehicle design could have more interactions with each other.     

Numerical study of ice-induced loads on ship hulls

A numerical model is introduced in this paper to investigate both global and local ice loads on ship hulls. This model is partly based on empirical data, by which the observed phenomena of continuous icebreaking can be well reproduced. In the simulation of a full-scale icebreaking trial, the interdependence between the ice load and the ship’s motion is considered, and the three degree-of-freedom rigid body equations of surge, sway and yaw are solved by numerical integration. The variations in the level ice thickness and in the strength properties of ice can also be taken into account. The simulated ice loads on ship hulls are discussed through two case studies, in which the ship’s performance, the statistics of ice-induced frame loads, and the spatial distribution of ice loads around the hull are analyzed and compared with field measurements. As far as we know the present paper is the first to integrate all the features above. It is hoped that further studies on this numerical model can supplement the field and laboratory measurements in establishing a design basis for the ice-going ships especially for ships navigating in the first-year ice.