陡坡强输沙河道变坡点水位的试验研究

我国山洪灾害频发,人们对其中泥沙致灾的因素越来越重视。采用单因素控制法通过陡比降变化水槽试验,模拟山区河道坡度变化及大量泥沙输送,研究大比降强输沙条件下水位的变化规律。试验结果显示:在携带大量泥沙的情况下,快速落淤泥沙导致局部坡度变缓、流速降低、水位上升;另一方面,泥沙本身的阻力作用导致水位升高。因而导致局部河段急缓流交替水跃发生,显著抬高洪水位,泥沙与水的互馈作用使交界锋面位置处水位显著高于清水水深。研究表明,流量越大、输沙率越大或上游河道比降越大,交界锋面位置处水位越高。伴随着泥沙淤积的逆行发展,异常的水位激增除在边坡交界点附近发生外,还向上游传播,导致漫溢洪水泛滥成灾。     

强潮河口径潮流动力平衡特点研究

以瓯江河口为例,通过建立河口段物理模型进行了水流试验。通过试验资料及天然实测资料的优势流计算,研究了河口区域径流量和潮流量的比值与其动力平衡特征的关系。结果显示,动力平衡点的位置与径流量和潮流量的比值关系密切,径流量与潮流量的比值越大,滞流点越向下游,反之则滞流点越往上游摆动。而河口水下地势变化与动力平衡区域的关系也说明了动力平衡区域可以促使泥沙的聚集,这与拦门沙的形成关系密切。通过强潮河口优势流的计算,可以较清晰地分析该河口段主要动力的强弱,有利于自然现象的分析。     

跨河桥梁建设对山区航道河床演变的影响分析

拟建金建铁路斜跨典型山区航道—兰江,必然改变桥位区河流的水动力条件,进而影响选址区河床演变过程。本次研究建立了桥梁选址段二维水沙模型,模拟建桥前后桥位区水动力条件变化,分析水动力变化对河床冲淤演变的影响。结果显示,桥墩建设减小了河道过水断面面积,造成桥位前大面积壅水,流速降低,河道呈现微淤积;桥位处,受桥墩束水作用影响,墩间流速增大,造成墩间河床冲刷,同时墩后尾水区流速变缓,泥沙淤积;桥位下游中间流速有所减小,但由于桥位上游淤积减小了泥沙来源,泥沙补给不足而导致冲刷。由于山区航道泥沙输运以推移质为主,泥沙就近搬运,跨河桥梁建设对河床演变的影响范围不大,冲淤演变相对较小,不影响桥址河段河床整体稳定性。     

瓯江口水文泥沙特征分析

在大量实测资料的基础上,对瓯江口海区的地貌特征、河道径流特征、河道输沙特征、潮汐特征、潮流特征、余流特征、波浪特征、含沙量特征、泥沙来源、盐度特征、悬沙粒径和底质粒径特征、瓯江南北口的分流和分沙特征、中水道和北水道的分流和分沙特征进行了分析,根据实测资料分析得到了瓯江口挟沙力公式,得到了平衡水深公式,为瓯江河口的工程开发建设和科学研究提供了基础资料。主要研究成果表明:(1)瓯江口的潮汐属正规半日潮类型,平均潮差在4 m以上,属强潮河口;(2)潮流属正规浅海半日潮流类型,呈往复流动,潮流动力强;(3)瓯江为少沙河流,多年平均年悬移质输沙量为205.1万t;(4)瓯江南北口的平均涨潮分流比为21%和79%,落潮平均分流比为26%和74%;(5)瓯江南北口的平均涨潮分沙比为20%和80%,落潮平均分流沙比为22%和78%。     

人工岛工程对河口行洪冲淤的影响分析

以秦皇岛汤河河口人工岛在建工程为背景,采用大、小两重模型嵌套的方式,建立二维平面水动力-泥沙数学模型。在验证模型可行性的基础上,分析了50 a一遇设计洪水条件下工程区的水动力及泥沙冲淤特性,并进一步阐述了人工岛工程建设对工程区流场变化规律、河口冲淤规律以及工程区附近泥沙分布规律的影响。研究表明,在实施河道清淤的情况下,人工岛的建立并不会增加河口工程区附近的泥沙淤积,相反在清淤工程和梭形岛分流作用的影响下,泥沙淤积量有所减少。     

长江河口段平均海面数值模拟研究

为更好研究长江河口段平均海面的特性,建立了大通至长江口感潮河段的二维水动力数学模型,通过模拟径流与潮汐共同作用下的水动力过程,并设置上下游不同条件的对照组,分析了河口段平均海面的影响因子及响应规律。结果表明,长江河口段年平均海面A0值由上游径流和外海潮波共同作用产生,外海潮波给予了河道内平均水位一个沿程定值,而径流使得其产生了沿程衰减的趋势,这是河口段A0特征不同于外海的原因,也说明径流是其主要影响因子。A0只受径流和外海潮位的年平均值影响,而不受两者的年内变化影响。径流量的变化会导致上游A0值比下游发生更加显著的响应;外海A0值的变化会使沿程发生大致等量的变幅。未来全球海平面上升后,河口段A0也将上升相近幅度。     

杭州湾及洋山深水港动力和泥沙条件分析

杭州湾为强潮河口湾,在杭州湾喇叭口地形条件下,向湾内潮流逐渐增强。杭州湾水体泥沙主要来源于长江口,由于众多岛屿的掩护作用,湾内泥沙输移主要受控于潮流。洋山深水港水域动力和泥沙条件基本也遵循上述规律。杭州湾海域总体上呈冲淤基本平衡、略有淤积形势。据此分析了洋山深水港水域动力和泥沙输移特点,总结出深水港方案规划的16字方针:"封堵汊道、归顺水流、减少回淤、航行安全"。     

细颗粒泥沙絮凝现象研究综述

概述了河口泥沙絮凝研究工作中有关絮凝机理、絮凝特性、影响河口细颗粒泥沙絮凝的若干因子。一般研究表明,泥沙颗粒越细,絮凝现象就越明显。絮团的沉降速度主要取决于絮团密度和絮团大小。水流一方面能加强细颗粒泥沙的相互碰撞,促进絮凝作用的发生,另一方面水流又具有剪切破坏作用,因此水流对细颗粒泥沙絮凝沉降的影响表现为在低流速时的促进絮凝作用和高流速时的阻滞絮凝作用。     

桃源枢纽坝下汇流区推移质运动特性试验研究

为分析桃源枢纽坝下汇流区推移质运动特性,采用整体定床物理模型开展了定床水流和定床输沙试验,观测各级流量下水流要素和输沙带分布。对比分析发现,随来流汇流比的不同,汇流区水动力条件复杂多变,但汇流区泥沙淤积体范围总是与主流带分布密切相关。推移质泥沙沿主流带输移,泥沙淤积体多见于输沙带边线处、流线转折较大处以及河床局部背水面下凹处。中枯水期因下泄水流流速较大,且沿程流速迅速降低,坝下推移质泥沙为短距离泥沙输移;洪水期因河段流速整体较大,为长距离泥沙输移。     

长江口径流来沙量减小对河口含沙量的影响

针对近年来长江流域来沙量大幅减小对长江河口含沙量的影响问题进行统计分析、对比研究。利用大通站来沙量数据,统计分析1950—2011年输沙量的变化,得出长江口近期径流来沙量大幅减少。对长江口各汊道1978—2011年实测含沙量进行统计分析,得知长江口径流来沙量减小对河口含沙量的影响。研究结果表明:1)长江口来沙量减小,使得口内段南支、南港总体含沙量水平明显减小,口外含沙量亦有所减小,但拦门沙区段的含沙量基本不变。减小幅度从内、外两侧向拦门沙降低。2)拦门沙区段水体含沙量主要与河口区滩地泥沙来源丰富、泥沙活动规模大、潮汐动力强以及盐淡水混合综合影响形成河口最大浑浊带等密切相关,上游来沙量减小对该区段含沙量变化规律的影响尚不明显。     

33rd International Conference on Ocean,Offshore and Arctic Engineering （OMAE2014）

正San Francisco,California,June 8-13,2014.OMAE 2014 is the ideal forum for researchers,engineers,managers,technicians and students from the scientific and industrial communities from around the world to:·meet and present advances in technology and its scientific support;·to exchange ideas and experiences whilst promoting technological progress and its application in industry·to promote international cooperation in ocean,offshore and arctic engineering.In line with the tradition of excellence of previous OMAE conferences,more than 900 technical papers are planned for presentation.Outreach for Engineers Specialty Forum This Specialty Forum is designed for students and professionals who may not be familiar with the Ocean and Offshore industry,as well as those who have just recently specialized in this field.     

第十二届深水操作会议和展览会(英文)

正November 4-6,2014Moody Gardens HotelConvention Center/Galveston,TX The Deepwater Operations Conference and Exhibition is celebrating its 12th anniversary this year.This growing event will continue the tradition of excellence in addressing operational challenges involved in developing deepwater resources.We will return to the Moody Gardens Hotel and Convention Center on November 5-7,2014 in Galveston,Texas.     

The 11th International Conference on Hydrodynamics (ICHD 2014)

正19–24 October 2014 SingaporeCONFERENCE THEMES The overall aim of the ICHD Conference is to provide a forum for participants from around the world to review,discuss and present the latest developments in the broad discipline of hydrodynamics and fluid mechanics.The first International Conference on Hydrodynamics(ICHD)was initiated in 1994 in Wuxi,China.Since then,9 more ICHD conferences were held subsequently in Hong Kong,Seoul,Yokohama,Tainan,Perth,Ischia,Nantes,Shanghai and St Petersburg.Evidently the ICHD conference has become an important event among academics,researchers,engineers and operators,working in the fields closely related to the science and technology of hydrodynamics.The 11th ICHD will be held in Singapore in 2014.     

Catalyzing Coastal Management in Kenya and Zanzibar: Building Capacity and Commitment

Site-based projects were initiated in Chawka Bay-Paje, Zanzibar, and Nyali-Bamburi-Shanzu, Kenya, to demonstrate the benefits of an integrated coastal management (ICM) approach for addressing coastal issues such as tourism development and enhancement of resource-dependent village economies in eastern Africa. A two-year, multidonor project used three primary strategies to make rapid, but sustainable, progress toward ICM. These included using interagency government teams for ICM planning, adopting an internationally recognized framework for ICM as a project ''road map,'' and explicitly incorporating capacity-building strategies into all aspects of the project. Within two years, integrated ICM action strategies, prepared through participatory processes, were being implemented at both sites, and both teams were working to expand the scale and scope of ICM in their nation. More importantly, the project helped create committed, capable, interagency groups that continue to work together to address urgent ICM issues.     

舰艇反鱼雷技术

对目前舰艇反鱼雷技术中的非杀伤、软杀伤和硬杀伤等比较先进的手段进行了阐述,并在此基础上分析研究了舰艇反鱼雷技术的发展趋势。     

A simplified method for reliability- and integrity-based design of engineering systems and its application to offshore mooring systems

This paper presents a simplified method for the reliability- and the integrity-based optimal design of engineering systems and its application to offshore mooring systems. The design of structural systems is transitioning from the conventional methods, which are based on factors of safety, to more advanced methods, which require calculation of the failure probability of the designed system for each project. Using factors of safety to account for the uncertainties in the capacity (strength) or demands can lead to systems with different reliabilities. This is because the number and arrangement of components in each system and the correlation of their responses could be different, which could affect the system reliability. The generic factors of safety that are specified at the component level do not account for such differences. Still, using factors of safety, as a measure of system safety, is preferred by many engineers because of the simplicity in their application. The aim of this paper is to provide a simplified method for design of engineering systems that directly involves the system annual failure probability as a measure of system safety, concerning system strength limit state. In this method, using results of conventional deterministic analysis, the optimality factors for an integrity-based optimal design are used instead of generic safety factors to assure the system safety. The optimality factors, which estimate the necessary change in average component capacities, are computed especially for each component and a target system annual probability of system failure using regression models that estimate the effect of short and long term extreme events on structural response. Because in practice, it is convenient to use the return period as a measure to quantify the likelihood of extreme events, the regression model in this paper is a relationship between the component demands and the annual probability density function corresponding to every return period. This method accounts for the uncertainties in the environmental loads and structural capacities, and identifies the target mean capacity of each component for maximizing its integrity and meeting the reliability requirement. In addition, because various failure modes in a structural system can lead to different consequences (including damage costs), a method is introduced to compute optimality factors for designated failure modes. By calculating the probability of system failure, this method can be used for risk-based decision-making that considers the failure costs and consequences. The proposed method can also be used on existing structures to identify the riskiest components as part of inspection and improvement planning. The proposed method is discussed and illustrated considering offshore mooring systems. However, the method is general and applicable also to other engineering systems. In the case study of this paper, the method is first used to quantify the reliability of a mooring system, then this design is revised to meet the DNV recommended annual probability of failure and for maximizing system integrity as well as for a designated failure mode in which the anchor chains are the first components to fail in the system.     

Community-Based Management for Sustainable Fisheries Resources in Phang-nga Bay,Thailand

Fishing communities, the Government of Thailand Department of Fisheries, local nongovermnental organizations, universities, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), and FAO's Bay of Bengal Program have undertaken a partnership in management of Phang-nga Bay's coastal resources. It is the first project of its kind in Thailand, and although still in the early stages, offers insights that may contribute to our knowledge of how we can improve our management of coastal resources, including the importance of (1) building relationships within the governance process; (2) combining education, enforcement, and economic incentives to achieve compliance; (3) implementing solutions early; and (4) government support of community-based decisions. These insights reinforce trends emerging in other coastal management projects in the Asian region.     

含裂纹钢板复合材料修补强度和刚度数值分析

用ANSYS有限元分析软件对复合材料补片修复含边裂纹和中心裂纹钢板的强度和刚度进行了数值分析.引入相对刚度的概念,研究了钻有止裂孔裂纹的长度对损伤钢板相对刚度的影响,分析了损伤钢板刚度复合材料贴片修补效果;引入屈服载荷提高率的概念,分析了损伤钢板强度的修复效果.     

混凝土道路、堆场面层裂缝的产生与防治

从混凝土道路、堆场的各个结构层分析裂缝产生的原因,并针对性地说明预防措施,阐述裂缝维修方法。     

单相PWM整流器的建模与仿真分析

文章详细分析了单相VSR型PWM整流器的整流原理,建立了电流内环,电压外环的单相VSR型PWM整流控制器的数学模型和逻辑框图。在MATLAB／Simulink软件环境中进行了仿真,分析了模型的可行性。