“冰雪丝路”为中欧贸易开辟新通道

中远海运集团管理的“夏之远6”号半潜船7月27日载着4个天然气开采模块从天津启航,经北极东北航道前往北极圈内的俄罗斯萨别塔港,之后继续沿东北航道前往欧洲. 这是继7月16日“永盛”号启航北极东北航道后,今年第二艘航行北极航道的中国商船,为我国建立北极航行常态化运营迈出了坚实的一步.被称为“冰雪丝绸之路”的北极航道,为中欧贸易开辟了新的通道.     

中国船舶首次穿越北极东北航道纪实

随着全球气候变暖,北冰洋海冰的快速消融,使北极东北航道的开通成为了可能。我国第五次北极科学考察队乘坐中国"雪龙"号极地考察船,完成了我国航海史上在北极东北航道的首次航行。笔者参加了我国第五次北极科学考察,记录了从2012年7月22日至8月2日"雪龙"号船首航东北航道的实际情况和航经水域的气象水文特点,并对东北航道的适航性进行了初步探讨。     

北极东北航道航行体会

0引言北极东北航道是连接东亚和北欧的最短航道,北极通航对航运业意义重大且具有商业价值。随着北极东北航道常态化运营战略的推进,越来越多的船舶将航行于北极东北航道。其特殊的环境,如低温、高纬、能见度不良、冰情严重时的破冰引航等,给船舶通航带来很大困难。2015年7月22日至8月19日,笔者随"永盛"轮自江阴港始发经北极东北航道至欧洲第一卸货港(瑞典瓦尔贝里港),在此期间真切感受到极区航行的各种困难与不便。本文针对北极东北航道与常规水域航行的不     

“永盛”轮穿越北极东北航道航行数据分析

正0引言夏季北极冰雪融化,形成适合船舶北极航行的航道窗口期。从2013年起,中远海运特种运输股份有限公司(以下简称"中远海特运公司")所属的"永盛"轮开启北极东北航道商船通行的探索之旅,在开辟和探索中欧新航线、提升航运企业经济效益和社会影响、打造我国海洋大国形象等方面作出巨大贡献。"永盛"轮2015—2016年持续开展北极东北航道商业化航行,为商船航行北极东北航道积累丰富的经验,并为商船常态化航行北极东北航道奠定基础。"永盛"轮数次穿越北极东北航道均采用"前期     

北极东北航道夏季海冰冰情与适航性分析

利用经过交叉定标处理后的多源被动微波遥感数据,结合我国"雪龙船"科考船和"永盛轮"商船东北航道航行资料,对北极东北航道夏季的海冰冰情进行分析,探讨东北航道2002～2016年7～10月的适航性.结果表明:多源被动微波遥感数据经过交叉定标处理后,可有效减小其数据间的系统差异,获得一致性更好的长时序卫星观测资料;北极东北航道海冰冰情在逐年减轻,航道适航性愈加良好;航道开通时间窗口集中在8月上旬至10月上旬.北极东北航道中段受海冰影响较大,但海冰影响呈减小趋势,可通航天数不断增加,其中维利基茨基海峡是影响通航的关键区域.北极东北航道夏季海冰冰情与适航性分析可为我国科考船和商船北极安全航行提供参考.     

2021年商船北极东北航道航行回顾及思考

比较2020年与2021年夏季同期海冰情况,对2021年北极东北航道航行情况进行回顾,分析东北航道冰区预报调整对航行安全的影响,预测北极东北航道的利用前景,对采用东北航道航行的船公司和船长提出建议.     

北极东北航道关键水域通航环境及沿线主要港口

分析北极东北航道地缘政治,以及高纬、高寒等地理环境对船舶通信等航行设备的影响,结合北方海航段海域、海峡的海冰特点、通航条件,指出决定北极东北航道开通的关键水域和海峡,并搜集整理了东北航道沿线主要港口的通航条件及功能。     

近三年北极东北航道航行探索实践

回顾近三年北极东北航道航线开发的情况及取得的成效,介绍探索和开拓北极项目的最佳实践,包括项目研讨与开发、航海实践与体会、风险分析与控制等。最后总结北极东北航道航线的应用前景及中国积极介入北极事务的意义。     

“永盛”轮北极东北航道商业航行实践

继2013年8月首航北极东北航道后,中远航运旗下"永盛"轮于2015年夏天再次出征北极东北航道,并首次实现往返航行。北极东北航道的探索性商业航行,不仅为极区航行船舶操纵和管理积累了宝贵的经验,还为极区船舶的设计和建造提供了参考,为最终实现中国商船北极航行常态化创造条件。青岛远洋船员职业学院张晓教授作为航海领域专家参加了本次往返航行的西行航次,本刊编辑部特邀请张晓老师撰文介绍"永盛"轮此次北极航行的准备和实施情况,并对北极东北航道航海资料的可信度、极区气象冰情预报的准确性、极区通导设备的误差及可用性、极区船舶遇险搜救能力等关键问题进行分析,供航运界参考。     

北极东北航道短波通信探索

文章介绍了天津海岸电台对北极东北航道短波通信研究及实船测试的结果,分析了短波通信在北极航道上的意义和作用。论述了通过有针对性地对北极短波通信系统进行建设,可以使短波通信在北极航道上发挥通信保障作用,并对北极通信系统建设提出了建议。     

Economic feasibility of an NSR/SCR-combined container service on the Asia-Europe lane: a new approach dynamically considering sea ice extent

The trend towards global warming and the rapid decline in the extent of summer Arctic sea ice over recent years has increased the feasibility of international Arctic shipping. In this study we propose a seasonal NSR (North Sea Route)/SCR (Suez Canal Route)-combined shipping service linking Shanghai and Rotterdam, using the Northern Sea Route during the economical navigable window but using the traditional Suez Canal Route at other times. Different from the previous literatures, this paper dynamically considers the sea ice extent in the model, which is more reasonable for the assessment of Arctic container shipping, because fuel consumption is highly related to ship speed, while ship speed is determined by the relative distances of ice-covered and ice-free route stages. A new approach is developed to predict the time points at which the ship enters and exits the ice-covered stage, given that both the ship position and the extent of sea ice are constantly changing. The results show that the NSR/SCR-combined Arctic container service can be more economical than the SCR, given lower NSR tariffs.     

Distribution of diatoms in the Northeast Water Polynya, Greenland

This study formed part of the Northeast Water project (NEW project) which dealt with physical, geophysical and biological processes in the Northeast Water Polynya off Northeast Greenland. This was part of the International Arctic Polynya Programme (IAPP). The diatom composition of the water masses, sea ice and melt ponds was analysed to show the relationship between ice and the water column near the ice with regard to the origin and fate of the cells in the ice and melt ponds. Fragilariopsis oceanica, Fragiliria sp. I and Chaetoceros socialis usually dominated the phytoplankton, while the ice and melt pond samples showed a wide range of assemblages, with different single-celled pennates and two undescribed species, Navicula sp. 1 and Nitzschia sp. 1 often dominant. Planktonic algae in sea ice can be released into the water column during ice break-up and melt, thus contributing to the spring bloom in the water column, if the timing of the release and the species composition are correct. The number of different ice algal assemblages supports the theory that cells originated from the water column, the benthos and freshwater. In addition, differential growth in the sea ice or melt ponds often altered the relative abundance of species in comparison with what is usually found in their original habitat. However, many of the cells in the ice and melt ponds were dead (empty frustules), making it difficult to determine whether the cells had actually lived in these habitats.     

Ports in Proximity – Competition and Coordination among Adjacent Seaports,edited by Theo Notteboom,Cesar Ducruet,and Peter de Langen

The summer minimum extent of Arctic sea ice shrank drastically in these years, and the opportunity on Arctic international shipping emerged. The Northern Sea Route (NSR), formerly blocked by permanent ice, was completely ice-free in September in the past 3 years. Because this route is much shorter than conventional Asia–Europe shipping lane, many maritime countries have paid attention to exploit the enormous potential of the Arctic Ocean from economical consideration. This study measured the economical advantage of the seasonal NSR by calculating the shipping cost saved.     

辽东湾北部浅水区海冰对航行的影响及对策

辽东湾北部浅水区有许多石油开发区块,由于水浅有冰等因素,使在现有的破冰船和冰区航行技术条件下的航行十分困难。分沿岸冻结区、滩涂堆积区和流冰区等不同区带讨论辽东湾北部海冰存在特征以及海冰对航行的影响,并根据海冰存在特点和海域工程的具体特性提出相应的对策。     

不同敏感性参数下船舶-碎冰碰撞的船体结构响应

基于我国第七次北极科学考察获得的夏季北极海冰空间分布情况,模拟真实碎冰分布,采用LS-DYNA软件中的流固耦合方法,研究在船舶航速、碎冰尺度、碎冰厚度及碎冰密集度等因素影响下船舶-碎冰碰撞的船体结构响应。结合试验数据得到船体结构的应力、吸能和碰撞力。结果表明：船舶-碎冰的主要碰撞区域为艏部及舷侧的水线附近;在船舶航行于碎冰域时,船体结构的应力、吸能和碰撞力的峰值随碎冰域的船舶航速、碎冰尺度、碎冰厚度及碎冰密集度的增加而增加,但分布情况不同。研究结果为船舶在极地冰区航行提供一定的安全性参考。     

海难再次提醒我们注意冰区航行

结合“埃德蒙顿”号在白令海冰困遇难的教训,建议船舶应谨慎进入冰区;同时对从事冰区航行的船舶应做的准备、冰区航行的方法以及冰困后的救助措施进行了论述。     

特定航线江海通航船波浪载荷研究

为了能对江海通航船型的结构强度进行合理评估,根据载荷第一原则,按特定航线所在的E1海区的波浪统计资料,对该海区船舶的波浪载荷进行了系统研究,并给出了航行于该海区江海通航船的波浪附加弯矩、波浪附加剪力、波浪水平弯矩及波浪扭矩的长期预报值.本文的研究结果已纳入中国船级社《特定航线江海通航船检验指南》中,对特定航线江海通航船的发展起到了积极的推进作用.     

Examining quick delivery at an affordable cost by the NSR/SCR-combined shipping in the age of Mega-ships

ABSTRACT

The Mega-ships, the maximum containerships represented by 20,000TEU-class (LOA:400m, Breadth: 60m, Draft: 16m) which are able to transit both the Malacca Strait and the Suez Canal, have emerged in 2013, aiming at lower shipping cost by economy of scale. At the same time, they inevitably increased port calls in a rotation to collect more cargo demand, resulting in the longer transit time than ever before. Taking this trend into account, the authors proposed the quick delivery scenario between East Asia and Northwest Europe by the NSR (Northern Sea Route)/SCR (Suez Canal Route)-combined shipping, of which 4,000 TEU ice-class containership transits the NSR during the summer season and the SCR in the wintertime, based on a year-round scheduled operation. The quick delivery scenario gives the shorter transit time at an affordable shipping cost depending on the NSR navigable season length. However, the quick delivery scenario cannot avoid uncertainties in navigation especially via the NSR in the summer season, due to rough weather, sea ice, low visibility and icing in the icy water section of the NSR. The authors preliminarily concluded that a year-round scheduled operation of the NSR/SCR-combined shipping will be secured, if the practical navigation schedule is appropriately prepared.     

基于SPH方法的连续式破冰数值模拟

根据海冰的力学性质,采用光滑粒子流体动力学(SPH)方法建立海冰本构模型,模拟冰锥实验并与实验结果对比,对冰材料模型准确性进行验证.利用显式动力分析软件LS-DYNA模拟破冰船连续式破冰,得到了海冰的损伤变形和破冰阻力,同时研究了船舶航速和海冰厚度等参数对冰载荷的影响.分析研究表明:应用SPH方法建立的海冰模型能够真实的反映海冰的力学性能,对连续式破冰过程实现较为准确的模拟,为船冰碰撞的数值模拟提供了新思路.     

The coastal edge of the Northeast Water polynya in spring 1993

Multidisciplinary, marine ecological observations were conducted at the shallow water edge of the Northeast Water in June, 1993. Although variable in size and shape, a small polynya was constantly present at Eskimonaes, at the fast-ice edge of Ingolfsfjord. A shallow stratified layer developed at the water sufface at negative water and air temperatures—an effect of sea ice melting in cold water early in the season. Nutrients were recorded in considerable quantities, although by mid July NO₃ had become depleted. The chlorophyll and phytoplankton maxima at 8–12 m depth had peak values of 2 mg chl a m⁻³, typical for Arctic algal blooms. The phytoplankton included over 90 species and was dominated by the Fragillariopsis group. Zooplankton was poor in biomass and density, but over 23 taxa were found, with the copepods Oithona similis and Pseudocalanus acuspes being numerically dominant. Sedimentation was approximately 0.2 g dry weight m⁻² d⁻¹ and suspended matter concentrations ranged from 4 to 19 mg l⁻¹. The benthos was represented by hard bottom forms only, with a surprisingly dense cover of macrophytes. Juvenile sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis), brittle stars (Ophiocten sericeum) and amphipods were dominant. Higher trophic levels were represented by benthic feeders, such as eiders and walruses. The area observed was more similar to high Arctic fjord ecosystems than to the offshore central Northeast Water polynya.