波浪作用下矩形沉箱墩群受力规律试验研究*

墩柱式透空码头在波浪作用下的结构受力较复杂,对于矩形沉箱墩,国内现行的港口工程规范只解析了波浪正向和45°斜向作用下单个沉箱所受水平总力,并无墩群中波浪力衰减规律的计算方法,已有研究也少见相关成果。以茂名某重力墩式散货码头工程为例,通过开展三维物理模型试验,研究波浪作用下矩形沉箱墩周围的波高分布及沿程衰减规律、代表性沉箱墩所受水平、侧向和浮托总力及倾覆力矩沿程衰减规律。结果表明：本工程首先受到波浪作用的5个沉箱墩范围内波高衰减幅度最大;不同沉箱所受波浪力的沿程衰减幅度,呈现出与波高沿程衰减一致的规律;规范中的圆柱形墩的群墩系数计算方法不适用于矩形沉箱墩群结构。     

半透空沉箱式防波堤的消波性能试验研究

提出一种新型防波堤——半透空沉箱式防波堤。在玻璃水槽中进行系列水工模型试验,量测在不同波高、周期波浪作用下,半透空沉箱防波堤前后的波浪特征参数,分析半透空沉箱防波堤对不同特征波浪的反射率,波浪周期与波浪尖锐度之关系。探讨该防波堤结构的消波原理与性能,根据试验分析结果,选出最优的透空率及内置斜坡坡度,试验结论可为开敞式港区码头的防波消波方案设计与规划提供一种新思路。     

墩式码头波峰面高度试验研究

通过波浪物理模型试验,研究了圆沉箱墩柱式码头单墩、群墩的波峰面高度变化规律,提出圆沉箱墩柱式码头最大波峰面高度的计算经验公式。研究结果表明,波峰面高度与波高、墩距、墩径、波长、波浪入射角均相关。研究的成果对于开敞式圆沉箱墩柱码头的码头面高程确定具有很好的参考价值。     

港口透水与非透水构筑物结合结构的稳定性研究

为了达到国家围填海管控的要求,基于北部沿海的水文、地质情况,采用了沉箱墩式结构。文章以某北部港口透水构筑物结构为例,通过整体物理模型试验,得到码头上部梁板、沉箱、引桥等结构波浪水平力、浮托力、泊位前波高、码头、引桥面上水等数据,确定了码头稳定性,最终认为沉箱墩式结构顶标高可采用与顺岸结构相同,可供其他北部沿海港口参考。     

振荡浮子式波能俘获装置模型试验研究

针对目前波浪能发电装置能量转化效率较低的问题,设计并制作了圆台形浮子作为能量摄取机构,采取物理模型试验方法,对浮子周围的波浪场要素、俘能系统所受水平波浪力和浮子垂向加速度等进行了同步测量,研究了入射波波高、周期和浮子初始吃水深度等因素对俘能系统工作性能的影响.结果表明:浮子系统所受水平波浪力和垂向加速度与入射波波高成正相关,与周期呈负相关;波陡一定时,适当增加浮子初始吃水对浮子系统所受水平波浪力具有正向激励作用,对浮子垂向加速度影响较小;大波高条件下,俘能装置吸收效率随波陡增加而增加;小波高时,装置吸收效率随波陡增加先增加后减小;波陡较大时,浮子入水截面半径的变化对俘能系统吸收效率影响较大;随着波陡减小,浮子浸没深度对俘能系统吸收效率影响程度增强.     

航道附近最大波能限值控制估算

本文将航道和波浪作用的全场波能分布极化为回折型反射、绕射和直射3区;利用平底单堤绕射能的经典结果,获得了堤前最大的比波高值不随入射角而变的特点;考虑缓滩坡度的折射影响,和迎浪坡面焦散线的虚拟特性,确定航道附近最大波能限值控制为：计算最大波能位置对应的缓滩纯折射波能的2．34倍。这种控制估算得到了数模计算的支持。     

远破波大波高波浪作用下沉箱抗浪稳定性验算

岸壁码头施工中,沉箱受波高为13.62 m的远破波作用极其罕见,在如此大的波高下,沉箱受波峰压力和波谷压力作用,对沉箱的稳定性影响非常大。为提出合理的方案解决该问题,通过受力分析、计算、物模试验相结合的方法,对烟台西港区一期工程C6,C7,C8沉箱,进行了抗滑和抗倾覆稳定性计算,结果和物理模型试验结果相吻合。利用土力学原理,对远破波大波高作用下的已安装并回填的沉箱,可以通过沉箱背后土压力和孔隙充砂增重相结合的方案,利用土压力抵抗波浪力作用的方法,达到沉箱抗滑和抗倾覆稳定性的要求,确保工程的施工安全。     

开孔沉箱防波堤消浪作用的理论研究及应用

开孔式沉箱防波堤是在沉箱的迎浪面的沉箱外壁上开孔，使波浪遇到开孔壁后，产生波浪的入射，反射，透射等相互作用，减小外壁对入射波的反射作用，与不开孔沉箱防波堤相比，具有液压力小，波高反射小等优点，本文根据微幅波理论给出了高波反射系数的计算式和液压强的计算式，与试验资料相比，吻合程度很好。     

不规则波作用下的泊位长周期波浪试验研究

基于港口波浪整体物理模型试验并将泊位水域的波浪进行长短波分离,对不规则波作用下的泊位水域长周期波高的分布规律进行研究。结果表明:旧防波堤的反射对泊位处的长周期波高影响较大,其反射性能越强,泊位受长波危害越严重,在进行港口规划建设过程中可以通过减少港域原有建筑物的反射性能来减小港内长波;单向不规则波在泊位处的长波波高明显大于多向不规则波,在港口前期建设规划时用单向波来考虑长周期波浪对港内泊稳的影响更偏安全;泊位处的长周期波高随着入射波高、周期的增大而增大且波向的改变对港内的长波有一定的影响,但只当波向变化较大时,长波波高随波向的变化规律才明显。     

中外航道设计中波浪富裕水深确定方法对比

通过对比国内外航道设计规范中波浪富裕水深的确定方法,系统分析影响波浪富裕水深的主要因素,结合全球波浪要素的分布情况讨论各国方法的适用范围,并通过实例计算对波浪要素的影响进行对比分析。结果表明,各国规范大多以波高、船浪夹角、波周期为自变量来确定波浪富裕水深,波浪富裕水深与波高成正比,最不利船浪夹角通常是90°或45°左右,波浪富裕水深通常会随波浪周期的增大而增大,当船舶固有周期接近遭遇波浪周期时有极大值。     

高桩码头上部结构波浪力物理模型试验研究

在不同水位、相同波浪要素组合条件下进行波浪对码头上部结构作用力的模型试验研究,得到上部结构所受最大波浪水平力、最大波浪上托力、最大波浪水平力对应的波浪上托力以及最大波浪上托力对应的波浪水平力,分析最大波浪水平力和最大波浪上托力之间的相位差;并对最大波浪上托力和理论值进行分析比较。试验结果表明:随着水位的增高,作用在码头上部结构的波浪力先增大后减小,在设计高水位时,码头上部结构受到的波浪力最大;最大波浪上托力和最大波浪水平力并不同时出现,存在相位差。     

显式和隐式方法求解防波堤可靠度的差异分析

半圆形防波堤具有稳定性高、结构简单、便于施工等优点。以往对其进行可靠度计算时,根据波高与周期,计算防波堤受到的荷载作用,将荷载作为随机变量,估计其概率分布模型,建立显式的极限状态方程,再进行求解。计算得到的波浪荷载序列对于最优分布线型的离散程度较差。采用基于隐式功能函数的防波堤可靠度分析方法,将波高和周期作为随机变量,无需计算波浪荷载这一中间序列,规避了误差的产生,简化了计算流程。分别采用隐式与显式两种方法对半圆形防波堤进行了可靠性分析。结果表明,两种方法得出的可靠度指标存在差异,这种差异是由于波浪荷载拟合时所产生的误差造成的。     

Processing method and governing parameters for horizontal wave impact loads on a semi-submersible

Semi-submersible platform has been widely used in offshore oil exploitation due to its excellent performance, but can be attacked by wave impact loads in extreme ocean environments. Determining wave impact loads accurately is of great significance to the design and operation of offshore structures. An experimental study was carried out to investigate the critical governing parameters for the horizontal wave impact loads on a semi-submersible. The wavelet denoising technique and the frequency response function method are employed successfully to remove the effect of noise and dynamic contamination from the experimental data. The strongly nonlinear characteristics of the wave impact load are demonstrated. The results show that wave impact events are governed by the upwell height and upwell velocity. Most major wave impact events occur where both the two parameters are large, and the upwell velocity is more dominant in the wave impact process. In general, larger parameters tend to result in larger peak pressures and higher probabilities of wave impacts. The motion behaviors of the platform are benefit to reduce the occurrence probabilities of wave impact events and maximum impact pressures, owing to the escape velocities following the wave direction and the rotations leading to the above-water structure away from the waves. The insights given in this study provide a motivation and foundation for developing a sophisticated prediction model of the wave impact load on floating platforms.     

Discussion on the parameters of design waves

In order to respond the discredit on the design wave standard and to recommend new consideration on design wave parameters, based on the long-term distribution of statistic characteristics of waves and the short-term probability properties of sea state defined by giving the return period, the calculation of the return period, the height, the period, and the oceanic wave parameters of the design wave and the forecasting methods are discussed in this paper. To provide references for the operation reliability of floating structures in the extreme sea state, the method of determining the design wave parameters is resurveyed. A proposal is recommended that the design wave, which can be either significant wave with 500-year of the return period, or the maximum wave with 1/N of exceeding probability, 100-year of the return period, can be applied in the engineering design practice.     

斜坡基床上防浪结构设计探讨

直立式防波堤承受波峰推力一般是波谷吸力的1.3～1.6倍,斜坡式防波堤和护岸顶部的防浪墙,波峰作用力是结构的控制荷载,波谷时基本不受波吸力作用,结构承受的控制水平力具有方向性。提出防浪块体设置在斜坡基床上的方案,利用斜坡方向的自重力分力克服部分波峰水平力,实现防浪结构在波峰、波谷作用下的稳定性基本处于同一水平。通过结构受力特点和施工可行性分析,初步认为在防浪结构的稳定性由基床顶面抗滑控制的情况下,该方案结构受力合理,具有可实施性和应用价值。     

Response spectrum method for extreme wave loading with higher order components of drag force

Response spectra of fixed offshore structures impacted by extreme waves are investigated based on the higher order components of the nonlinear drag force. In this way, steel jacket platforms are simplified as a mass attached to a light cantilever cylinder and their corresponding deformation response spectra are estimated by utilizing a generalized single degree of freedom system. Based on the wave data recorded in the Persian Gulf region, extreme wave loading conditions corresponding to different return periods are exerted on the offshore structures. Accordingly, the effect of the higher order components of the drag force is considered and compared to the linearized state for different sea surface levels. When the fundamental period of the offshore structure is about one third of the main period of wave loading, the results indicate the linearized drag term is not capable of achieving a reliable deformation response spectrum.     

越浪水体对堤后靠船墩的冲击试验研究

通过三维的波浪物理模型试验,研究了斜坡堤掩护下的靠船墩受力特性,分析不规则波作用下越浪高度和不同波向对靠船墩波浪力的影响规律。试验结果表明:1)当波浪传播到斜坡堤上时,一部分波浪破碎后越过堤顶直接冲击在靠船墩上,另外一部分波浪则会绕过斜坡堤在堤身后方形成绕射波对靠船墩形成冲击。2)由于波浪垂向作用的冲击特性较强,作用在靠船墩上的垂向波浪力要大于正向波浪力和横向波浪力。3)随着越浪高度增大,作用在靠船墩上的垂向波浪力和正向波浪力增大,横向波浪力则没有明显的增大趋势。同时更大的越浪高度也会导致垂向波浪力与横向波浪力的比值增大。4)当越浪高度较小时,波浪正向入射与斜向入射造成的波浪力相差不大;当越浪高度较大时,斜向入射的波浪会引起靠船墩上更大的波浪力,此时波浪的绕射效应也会增强,正向波浪力与横向波浪力的比值会减小。     

考虑高阶拖曳力的导管架平台极端载荷响应谱方法（英文）

Response spectra of fixed offshore structures impacted by extreme waves are investigated based on the higher order components of the nonlinear drag force. In this way, steel jacket platforms are simplified as a mass attached to a light cantilever cylinder and their corresponding deformation response spectra are estimated by utilizing a generalized single degree of freedom system. Based on the wave data recorded in the Persian Gulf region, extreme wave loading conditions corresponding to different return periods are exerted on the offshore structures. Accordingly, the effect of the higher order components of the drag force is considered and compared to the linearized state for different sea surface levels. When the fundamental period of the offshore structure is about one third of the main period of wave loading, the results indicate the linearized drag term is not capable of achieving a reliable deformation response spectrum.     

An experimental study of wave-in-deck loading and its dependence on the properties of the topside structure

This paper concerns the largest and arguably the most threatening wave loading component experienced by a broad range of offshore structures. It arises when an incident wave crest exceeds the elevation of the underside of the deck structure, leading to direct wave-in-deck (WID) loading. The extent of this loading may be limited to the partial submergence of some of the lowermost deck beams, or could involve the large-scale inundation of the entire deck area. Either way, very large loads can arise which must be taken into account when assessing the reliability of the structure. In an earlier contribution Ma and Swan (2020) provided an extensive laboratory study exploring the variation of these loads with the properties of the incident wave. The present paper describes a second stage of this experimental study in which the variation of the WID loads with the properties of the topside structure is addressed. Specifically, it considers the porosity, position and orientation of the topside relative to the incident wave conditions, and seeks to explore both the variations in the maximum load and the loading time–history resulting from these changes.Given the highly transitory nature of a WID loading event, coupled with the fact that the problem is governed by flow conditions at, or very close to, the instantaneous water surface, the loading process is driven by an exchange of momentum from the wave crest to the topside structure. A recently developed WID load model, based on exactly these arguments (Ma and Swan 2020), is used alongside the laboratory data to provide a break-down of the load into its component parts. This provides an enhanced physical understanding of the resulting load time–history. The first part of the study is based upon an idealised generic topside structure, allowing a systematic variation in key parameters, particularly porosity. The second part addresses a realistic topside structure demonstrating the practical relevance of earlier work. Taken together, the analysis clearly establishes the importance of the topside porosity, clarifies the spatial effects associated with the evolution of a large ocean wave beneath the plan area of a structure and explains the unexpected occurrence of impact-type loading on topside structures having a high porosity. Most importantly, the paper highlights those properties of a topside structure which must be incorporated if the WID loads are to be accurately predicted.     

海洋平台设计中的风浪参数选取标准

以我国渤海某区1970年至1993年风暴过程的后报资料为基础,提出了泊松二维冈贝尔逻辑分布,并将其用于风暴过程中伴生的风速与波高的联合概率计算,给出了美国石油协会(API)行业标准有关环境条件三种设计标准的具体做法.基于新的统计模式,同时提出了联合概率法设计标准.比较了多种标准所得设计参数的差异,给出了适合工程所在海区的环境荷载参数.计算结果表明,新的统计模式适用于遭受风暴影响的海洋工程结构设计,特别是边际油田的开发建设.