Acoustic excitation of hull surfaces by propeller sources

We present preliminary results from our new ship motion model that includes both strong and weak three-dimensional interactions between environmental surface waves and ship bodies in arbitrary water depth. The linear solutions of steady flow using the new model agree well with those obtained using the Green function methods. When the Froude number Fn is large, the fully nonlinear solutions of our model are significantly different from linear solutions, even in calm water. The interactions between the ship and incident gravity waves are completely different from those in linear solutions even with small Fn and moderate-amplitude surface waves (e.g., Fn = 0.25 and a significant wave height of about 1–3m).     

Comparison of CFD and EFD for the Series 60 C B= 0.6 in steady drift motion

 This paper presents comparisons of computational and experimental fluid dynamics results for boundary layers, wakes, and wave fields for the Series 60 C _B= 0.6 ship model in steady drift motion. The numerical method solves the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes and continuity equations with the Baldwin–Lomax turbulence model, exact nonlinear kinematic and approximate dynamic free-surface boundary conditions, and a body/free-surface conforming grid. The experimental and computational conditions, i.e., Froude numbers of 0.16 and 0.316 for the experiments, and Froude numbers of 0 and 0.316 for the computations, allow comparisons of low and high Froude number results, respectively, which allows an evaluation of Froude number effects and validation of the computational fluid dynamics at both low and high Froude numbers. This article gives an overview of this numerical approach, and the computational conditions and uncertainty analysis are described. Results are presented for the wave and flow fields, with emphasis on the important flow features of drift- and wave-induced effects in comparison with the experiments. Finally, conclusions from the present study are given, together with recommendations for future work. Received: August 31, 2001 / Accepted: March 25, 2002     

Hydrodynamic optimization of ship hull forms in shallow water

A computational method for improving hull form in shallow water with respect to wave resistance is presented. The method involves coupling ideas from two distinct research fields: numerical ship hydrodynamics and nonlinear programming techniques. The wave resistance is estimated by means of Morinos panel method, which is extended to free surface flow and considers the influence of finite depth on the wave resistance of ships. This is linked to the optimization procedure of the sequential quadratic programming (SQP) technique, and an optimum hull form can be obtained through a series of iterations giving some design constraints. Sinkage is an important factor in shallow water, and this method considers sinkage as a hydrodynamic design constraint. The optimization procedure developed is demonstrated by selecting a Wigley (C _B = 0.444) hull and the Series 60 (C _B = 0.60) hull, and new hull forms are obtained at Froude number 0.316. The Froude number specified corresponds to a lower than critical speed since most of the ships operating in shallow water move below their critical speed. The numerical results of the optimization procedure indicate that the optimized hull forms yields a reduction in wave resistance.     

潜航体激发类开尔文内波的垂向数值纹影实验研究

运用垂向数值纹影实验技术(NSS_V),研究了潜航体模型在线性分层流体中激发内波的形态特征,测量了类开尔文V形内波的张角、航行方向内波波长 λx与内弗罗德数(Fr=U/DN)之间的关系.实验表明:V型内波张角随着弗罗德数增大而减小,在Fr=1附近出现一个异常缓变平台;波峰线相关波长 λx与弗罗德数呈线性关系:λx=8.57Fr+1.74.对比实验表明潜航体的指挥塔对三维内波流场影响主要表现为其体积效应及角区的湍流尾迹效应.     

An integrated programming model for storage management and vehicle scheduling at container terminals

In this paper, we study the optimization of yard operations, which are critical for the terminal efficiency. A linear mixed integer programming (MIP) model is proposed for scheduling different types of equipment and planning the storage strategy in an integrated way. We also investigate a nonlinear mixed integer programming (NLMIP) model to reduce the number of constraints and the computational time. A set of numerical results are carried out for the comparison between the linear model and the nonlinear model. Finally, we propose a genetic algorithm for the MIP model to illustrate how large scale problems can be solved and to show the effect of different factors on the performances of the optimization model.     

基于遗传算法的船舶螺旋桨优化设计

船舶螺旋桨的设计主要分为理论法与图谱法,目前,图谱法设计已有成熟的计算程序与之匹配,采用遗传算法搜索进行船舶螺旋桨优化设计是一条新的思路。采用Wageningen B图谱的回归多项式,利用遗传算法的高效、并行、基于适应度函数的搜索法,进行螺旋桨优化设计,将螺旋桨直径、螺距比和盘面比作为设计变量,空泡性能作为约束条件,在保证目标转速的前提下优化船舶航速。经优化设计实例计算表明,遗传算法适用于船舶螺旋桨的优化设计。     

水下航行体通气超空泡减阻特性实验研究

为了研究超空泡的减阻效果,保证在较低流速下生成超空泡,在水洞中开展了水下航行体通气超空泡的实验研究.采用通气的方法在较低水速下生成人工通气超空泡,通过改变通气率和弗劳德数,获得了不同条件下通气空泡的长度,以及不同空泡长度下的模型阻力系数.研究表明,来流速度不变时,空泡长度随通气率的增加而增加,阻力系数随空泡长度的增加先递增后递减;空化器直径对阻力系数的影响较大,在大弗劳德数条件下,阻力系数会因空化器直径过大而出现随通气量的增加而变大的趋势.利用商用软件对超空泡形态及阻力系数作了数值仿真,并与实验结果作了对比,两者符合较好.     

两层流中潜体运动与诱发内波特征关系研究

在两层流体中潜体运动会激发生成内波。文章通过编程控制潜体运动,使用动态分层法保证潜体运动时边界层不受影响,基于RANS方程多相流模型,采用求解相的体积分数方式捕捉内界面波形。潜体定常运动计算结果与实验结果相符,通过此方法,对比不同潜深下潜体诱发内波波高和波长随密度Froude数的变化特征,得到了诱发内波波高最大处的临界密度Froude数,重点研究了在临界密度Froude数处潜体加速运动和减速运动对诱发内波幅值及其波动过程的影响。     

Non-intrusive polynomial chaos for efficient uncertainty analysis in parametric roll simulations

Monte Carlo analyses are generally considered the standard for uncertainty analysis. While accurate, these analyses can be expensive computationally. Recently, polynomial chaos has been proposed as an alternative approach to the estimation of uncertainty distributions (Hosder et al. A non-intrusive polynomial chaos method for uncertainty propagation in CFD simulations. In: 44th AIAA aerospace sciences meeting and exhibit, Reno, Nevada, 2006; Wu et al. Uncertainty analysis for parametric roll using non-intrusive polynomial chaos. In: Proceedings of the 12th international ship stability workshop, Washington, DC, USA, 2011). This approach works by representing the function as a series of orthogonal polynomials; the weights for which can be calculated via several methods. Previous studies have demonstrated the usefulness of this technique for comparatively simple systems such as parametric roll modeled by the Mathieu equation with normally distributed parameter values (Wu et al. Uncertainty analysis for parametric roll using non-intrusive polynomial chaos. In: Proceedings of the 12th international ship stability workshop, Washington, DC, USA, 2011). In the present work, a polynomial chaos method is applied to a nonlinear computational ship dynamics model with normally distributed input parameters. Test cases were selected where parametric roll was expected to potentially occur. The resulting probability distributions are compared to the results of a Monte Carlo analysis. In general, these results demonstrate good agreement between Monte Carlo simulation and polynomial chaos in the absence of capsize with significant computation gains found with polynomial chaos. Overall, we conclude that polynomial chaos is an effective tool for reducing simulation time costs when studying parametric roll, and potentially other ship dynamics phenomena, particularly in the absence of capsize-like bifurcations.     

A combined tramp ship routing,fleet deployment,and network design problem

In this paper, a tramp ship routing model of fleet deployment in a hub-and-spoke network is presented. This model simultaneously determines the selection of hubs, the assignment of spokes to hubs, the deployment of feeder-containerships as well as containership routing between spokes and spokes, hubs and spokes, and hubs and hubs. Even though some parts have been studied, this complex combination of shipping problems has never been addressed. Because the problem is NP-hard, a genetic algorithm (GA) with local search is proposed. In the algorithm, a cut-off procedure is applied to fleet deployment in a sub-route strategy. A number of randomly generated problem instances are solved by both a mathematical program and the GA with local search. A simple but realistic heuristic algorithm is also developed. Both the GA with local search and the heuristic algorithm are used to solve a number of real case instances. A comparison of the results shows the efficiency of the GA with local search. The developed model can be used as a route-decision support tool for shipping companies that provide long-haul shipping services in a hub-and-spoke network.     

Experimental study on the nonlinear pressure acting on a high-speed vessel in regular waves

It is well known that the hydrodynamic responses of a high-speed vessel traveling in regular head waves of even moderate wave height can show significant nonlinear behavior, and so linear statistical techniques become insufficient for predicting the statistics of responses in irregular waves. On the other hand, it has been shown that an approximate third-order Volterra model is applicable to handling the statistics of some nonlinear seakeeping problems, such as motions and vertical hull girder loads. In the present study, the focus is on the nonlinear behavior of the pressure responses of the hull surface, especially on the pressures acting on alternately wet and dry areas near the waterline and on the bow zone with high deadrise angles that may be subject to slight impact and water pile-up effects. To clarify the validity of applying Volterra modeling to this problem, a series of experiments in regular and irregular head waves were carried out, and approximate third-order and fifth-order Volterra models with the proposed algorithm for finding frequency response functions (FRFs) were applied as a means of validation. In the present article, the first part of the validation was performed using experimental data in regular waves. It was confirmed that the third-order Volterra model has adequate accuracy to simulate deterministically the variation of pressure responses in regular waves of different wave steepness up to a wave amplitude to wavelength ratio of 0.01 even for the highly nonlinear pressures acting on the above-mentioned areas of the hull surface.     

多舰协同螺旋应召搜潜建模与仿真

基于舰载舰壳声呐搜潜原理及舰艇协同应召螺旋搜潜战术,建立了在潜艇初始位置已知、航向及航速未知的条件下,多舰利用舰壳声呐对潜艇目标搜索的数学模型,基于已建搜索模型及假定的潜艇运动模型,采用蒙特卡洛方法,仿真分析了相同条件、不同潜艇运动模型下,潜艇初始航向角、潜艇初始航向角选定后航向变化次数、航段搜索时间、航段最佳搜索时间等因素对搜潜概率的影响,并进行了分析比较。仿真结果表明,不同目标运动态势对搜索概率均具有较大影响,在对潜艇进行搜索时,只有根据对潜艇目标运动态势的感知程度合理选择搜索模式,才能提高搜索效率。     

高速三体船阻力性能研究

对中体和侧体均为Wigley船型的高速三体船模在Fr=0.1～0.8时3个横向偏距、5个纵向偏距共15个状态进行了阻力试验,将高速三体船线性兴波阻力理论计算结果与模型试验结果进行了比较,并据模型试验结果分析了横向偏距和纵向偏距对兴波阻力系数的影响,其中各状态的形状因子(1 K)按普鲁哈斯卡法确定,对形状因子与偏距的关系也进行了探讨.     

A two-phase tabu search approach to scheduling optimization in container terminals

An optimization model for scheduling of quay cranes （QCs） and yard trailers was proposed to improve the overall efficiency of container terminals. To implement this model, a two-phase tabu search algorithm was designed. In the QCs scheduling phase of the algorithm, a search was performed to determine a good QC unloading operation order. For each QC unloading operation order generated during the QC＇s scheduling phase, another search was run to obtain a good yard trailer routing for the given QC＇s unloading order. Using this information, the time required for the operation was estimated, then the time of return to availability of the units was fed back to the QC scheduler. Numerical tests show that the two-phase Tabu Search algorithm searches the solution space efficiently, decreases the empty distance yard trailers must travel, decreases the number of trailers needed, and thereby reduces time and costs and improves the integration and reliability of container terminal operation systems.     

高速双体船的阻力计算

本文根据16条对称片作圆舭型高速双体船的阻力试验资料，运用多元线性回归分析方法，研究高速双体船剩余阻力系数C_r随傅汝德数Fn的变化规律，提出了剩余阻力系数曲线（C_r～Fn曲线）的表达方法。用本文提出的方法计算圆船型高速双体船的剩余阻力系数，在95％的概率下，误差小于5％，较目前使用的其它方法计算简便、精确度高、适用的速度范围广，可供高速双体船设计时估算阻力使用。     

基于量子行为遗传算法的船体局部结构优化设计

采用遗传算法解决船舶复杂结构中混合设计变量优化问题时,其效果很有效,且能获得全局最优可行解。然而,简单遗传算法局部搜索能力差且易于早熟。为了提高对船舶复杂结构设计变量解空间的搜索能力,该文设计了一种基于二进制编码的适用于混合变量的量子行为遗传算法,比较适合于复杂函数的全局寻优,且搜索能力优于标准遗传算法。通过三个算例对算法的寻优能力进行测试,实验结果表明,采用量子行为遗传算法进行的船体局部结构优化设计具有较好的计算质量与计算效率。     

消波型高速船剩余阻力系数的回归分析

消波型高速船是介于排水型、滑行型船之间的一种优化过渡型船型,具有优良的快速性能,目前已广泛应用于内河及沿海。本文根据近20艘该船型的船模试验及实船试航资料,运用回归分析方法,给出了以傅汝德数、长度排水量系数、方型系数、宽度吃水比为自变量的剩余阻力系数回归公式。     

Self-propulsion computations using a speed controller and a discretized propeller with dynamic overset grids

A method that can be used to perform self-propulsion computations of surface ships is presented. The propeller is gridded as an overset object with a rotational velocity that is imposed by a speed controller, which finds the self-propulsion point when the ship reaches the target Froude number in a single transient computation. Dynamic overset grids are used to allow different dynamic groups to move independently, including the hull and appendages, the propeller, and the background (where the far-field boundary conditions are imposed). Predicted integral quantities include propeller rotational speed, propeller forces, and ship’s attitude, along with the complete flow field. The fluid flow is solved by employing a single-phase level set approach to model the free surface, along with a blended k−ω/k−ɛ based DES model for turbulence. Three ship hulls are evaluated: the single-propeller KVLCC1 tanker appended with a rudder, the twin propeller fully appended surface combatant model DTMB 5613, and the KCS container ship without a rudder, and the results are compared with experimental data obtained at the model scale. In the case of KCS, a more complete comparison with propulsion data is performed. It is shown that direct computation of self-propelled ships is feasible, and though very resource intensive, it provides a tool for obtaining vast flow detail.     

搜索算法在无人艇航迹规划中的应用

[目的]为了更加有效地利用无人艇(USV)执行复杂的海洋作业,需要可靠的航迹规划算法。针对现有路径规划算法研究,提出一种基于2D扫描思想的搜索扫描算法。[方法]首先,建立环境空间模型,在起点与终点之间存在障碍物的前提下,通过起点360°扫描获取周围障碍物信息,并确定子节点。然后,通过确定代价函数获取子节点,不断扫描最优子节点并更新下一代子节点以扫描到终点,最终确定规划路线。最后,使用LabView2017平台编写算法仿真软件并进行实验。[结果]结果表明,搜索扫描算法在规划路径上和蚁群算法相比生成的路径质量更高。[结论]搜索扫描算法减少了传统算法规划路径中结果非最优解的问题,能有效提高算法应用于二维空间路径规划时的可靠性。     

Two-dimensional numerical simulation of water splash phenomena with and without surface tension

Two-dimensional numerical analyses were conducted and analyzed to simulate water splash produced by free falling object models starting from the resting position. The equilateral prism-shaped object models were allowed to fall onto the free surface of the water. The moving-particle semi-implicit (MPS) method was used to solve the unsteady Navier-Stokes equation for incompressible fluid flows with and without the surface tension effect. Froude numbers of 0.75, 1.0, and 1.25 were used with different model sizes for the entry velocity at the free surface. Splashes obtained by numerical computation closely agreed with the experimental results. The surface tension force, the Froude number, and the Weber number were found in these calculations to play major roles in determining various types of splash shapes. Model size was found to influence splash phenomena, even if the Froude number remained the same. The dependencies on these two nondimensional numbers and the fundamental law of similarity on water splash with and without the surface tension effect were thoroughly investigated in this research. Several two-dimensional numerical simulations are presented in this article to describe the hydrodynamic behaviors of water splash with and without the surface tension effect.